Part 135 — CCAR-135 小型航空器商业运输
小型航空器商业运输运营人的合格审定和运行规范。
FAR Part 135 原文
Part 135
Source:
§ 135.1
Applicability.
(a) This part prescribes rules governing—
(1) The commuter or on-demand operations of each person who holds or is required to hold an Air Carrier Certificate or Operating Certificate under part 119 of this chapter.
(2) Each person employed or used by a certificate holder conducting operations under this part including the maintenance, preventative maintenance and alteration of an aircraft.
(3) The transportation of mail by aircraft conducted under a postal service contract awarded under 39 U.S.C. 5402c.
(4) Each person who applies for provisional approval of an Advanced Qualification Program curriculum, curriculum segment, or portion of a curriculum segment under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter of 14 CFR part 121 and each person employed or used by an air carrier or commercial operator under this part to perform training, qualification, or evaluation functions under an Advanced Qualification Program under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter of 14 CFR part 121.
(5) Nonstop Commercial Air Tour flights conducted for compensation or hire in accordance with § 119.1(e)(2) of this chapter that begin and end at the same airport and are conducted within a 25-statute-mile radius of that airport; provided further that these operations must comply only with the drug and alcohol testing requirements in §§ 120.31, 120.33, 120.35, 120.37, and 120.39 of this chapter; and with the provisions of part 136, subpart A, and § 91.147 of this chapter by September 11, 2007.
(6) Each person who is on board an aircraft being operated under this part.
(7) Each person who is an applicant for an Air Carrier Certificate or an Operating Certificate under 119 of this chapter, when conducting proving tests.
(8) Commercial Air tours conducted by holders of operations specifications issued under this part must comply with the provisions of part 136, Subpart A of this chapter by September 11, 2007.
(9) Helicopter air ambulance operations as defined in § 135.601(b)(1).
(b) [Reserved]
(c) An operator who does not hold a part 119 certificate and who operates under the provisions of § 91.147 of this chapter is permitted to use a person who is otherwise authorized to perform aircraft maintenance or preventive maintenance duties and who is not subject to anti-drug and alcohol misuse prevent programs to perform—
(1) Aircraft maintenance or preventive maintenance on the operator's aircraft if the operator would otherwise be required to transport the aircraft more than 50 nautical miles further than the repair point closest to operator's principal place of operation to obtain these services; or
(2) Emergency repairs on the operator's aircraft if the aircraft cannot be safely operated to a location where an employee subject to FAA-approved programs can perform the repairs.
§ 135.1
Applicability.
(d) Additional requirements for powered-lift operations, training, checking, and testing, are set forth in part 194 of this chapter.
§ 135.2
Compliance schedule for operators that transition to part 121 of this chapter; certain new entrant operators.
(a) Applicability. This section applies to the following:
(1) Each certificate holder that was issued an air carrier or operating certificate and operations specifications under the requirements of part 135 of this chapter or under SFAR No. 38-2 of 14 CFR part 121 before January 19, 1996, and that conducts scheduled passenger-carrying operations with:
(i) Nontransport category turbopropeller powered airplanes type certificated after December 31, 1964, that have a passenger seat configuration of 10-19 seats;
(ii) Transport category turbopropeller powered airplanes that have a passenger seat configuration of 20-30 seats; or
(iii) Turbojet engine powered airplanes having a passenger seat configuration of 1-30 seats.
(2) Each person who, after January 19, 1996, applies for or obtains an initial air carrier or operating certificate and operations specifications to conduct scheduled passenger-carrying operations in the kinds of airplanes described in paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii), or paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section.
(b) Obtaining operations specifications. A certificate holder described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section may not, after March 20, 1997, operate an airplane described in paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii), or (a)(1)(iii) of this section in scheduled passenger-carrying operations, unless it obtains operations specifications to conduct its scheduled operations under part 121 of this chapter on or before March 20, 1997.
(c) Regular or accelerated compliance. Except as provided in paragraphs (d), and (e) of this section, each certificate holder described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall comply with each applicable requirement of part 121 of this chapter on and after March 20, 1997 or on and after the date on which the certificate holder is issued operations specifications under this part, whichever occurs first. Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, each person described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall comply with each applicable requirement of part 121 of this chapter on and after the date on which that person is issued a certificate and operations specifications under part 121 of this chapter.
(d) Delayed compliance dates. Unless paragraph (e) of this section specifies an earlier compliance date, no certificate holder that is covered by paragraph (a) of this section may operate an airplane in 14 CFR part 121 operations on or after a date listed in this paragraph unless that airplane meets the applicable requirement of this paragraph:
(1) Nontransport category turbopropeller powered airplanes type certificated after December 31, 1964, that have a passenger seat configuration of 10-19 seats. No certificate holder may operate under this part an airplane that is described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section on or after a date listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section unless that airplane meets the applicable requirement listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section:
(i) December 20, 1997:
(A) Section 121.289, Landing gear aural warning.
(B) Section 121.308, Lavatory fire protection.
(C) Section 121.310(e), Emergency exit handle illumination.
(D) Section 121.337(b)(8), Protective breathing equipment.
(E) Section 121.340, Emergency flotation means.
(ii) December 20, 1999: Section 121.342, Pitot heat indication system.
(iii) December 20, 2010:
(A) For airplanes described in § 121.157(f), the Airplane Performance Operating Limitations in §§ 121.189 through 121.197.
(B) Section 121.161(b), Ditching approval.
(C) Section 121.305(j), Third attitude indicator.
(D) Section 121.312(c), Passenger seat cushion flammability.
(iv) March 12, 1999: Section 121.310(b)(1), Interior emergency exit locating sign.
(2) Transport category turbopropeller powered airplanes that have a passenger seat configuration of 20-30 seats. No certificate holder may operate under this part an airplane that is described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section on or after a date listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this section unless that airplane meets the applicable requirement listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this section:
(i) December 20, 1997:
(A) Section 121.308, Lavatory fire protection.
(B) Section 121.337(b) (8) and (9), Protective breathing equipment.
(C) Section 121.340, Emergency flotation means.
(ii) December 20, 2010: Section 121.305(j), Third attitude indicator.
(e) Newly manufactured airplanes. No certificate holder that is described in paragraph (a) of this section may operate under part 121 of this chapter an airplane manufactured on or after a date listed in this paragraph (e) unless that airplane meets the applicable requirement listed in this paragraph (e).
(1) For nontransport category turbopropeller powered airplanes type certificated after December 31, 1964, that have a passenger seat configuration of 10-19 seats:
(i) Manufactured on or after March 20, 1997:
(A) Section 121.305(j), Third attitude indicator.
(B) Section 121.311(f), Safety belts and shoulder harnesses.
(ii) Manufactured on or after December 20, 1997: Section 121.317(a), Fasten seat belt light.
(iii) Manufactured on or after December 20, 1999: Section 121.293, Takeoff warning system.
(iv) Manufactured on or after March 12, 1999: Section 121.310(b)(1), Interior emergency exit locating sign.
(2) For transport category turbopropeller powered airplanes that have a passenger seat configuration of 20-30 seats manufactured on or after March 20, 1997: Section 121.305(j), Third attitude indicator.
(f) New type certification requirements. No person may operate an airplane for which the application for a type certificate was filed after March 29, 1995, in 14 CFR part 121 operations unless that airplane is type certificated under part 25 of this chapter.
(g) Transition plan. Before March 19, 1996 each certificate holder described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section must submit to the FAA a transition plan (containing a calendar of events) for moving from conducting its scheduled operations under the commuter requirements of part 135 of this chapter to the requirements for domestic or flag operations under part 121 of this chapter. Each transition plan must contain details on the following:
(1) Plans for obtaining new operations specifications authorizing domestic or flag operations;
(2) Plans for being in compliance with the applicable requirements of part 121 of this chapter on or before March 20, 1997; and
(3) Plans for complying with the compliance date schedules contained in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.
§ 135.3
Rules applicable to operations subject to this part.
(a) Each person operating an aircraft in operations under this part shall—
(1) While operating inside the United States, comply with the applicable rules of this chapter; and
(2) While operating outside the United States, comply with Annex 2, Rules of the Air, to the Convention on International Civil Aviation or the regulations of any foreign country, whichever applies, and with any rules of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter and this part that are more restrictive than that Annex or those regulations and that can be complied with without violating that Annex or those regulations. Annex 2 is incorporated by reference in § 91.703(b) of this chapter.
(b) Each certificate holder that conducts commuter operations under this part with airplanes in which two pilots are required by the type certification rules of this chapter shall comply with subparts N and O of part 121 of this chapter instead of the requirements of subparts E, G, and H of this part. Notwithstanding the requirements of this paragraph, a pilot serving under this part as second in command in a commuter operation with airplanes in which two pilots are required by the type certification rules of this chapter may meet the requirements of § 135.245 instead of the requirements of § 121.436.
(d) Additional limitations applicable to certificate holders that are required by paragraph (b) of this section or authorized in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, to comply with part 121, subparts N and O of this chapter instead of subparts E, G, and H of this part.
(1) Upgrade training. (i) Each certificate holder must include in upgrade ground training for pilots, instruction in at least the subjects identified in § 121.419(a) of this chapter, as applicable to their assigned duties; and, for pilots serving in crews of two or more pilots, instruction and facilitated discussion in the subjects identified in § 121.419(c) of this chapter.
(ii) Each certificate holder must include in upgrade flight training for pilots, flight training for the maneuvers and procedures required in § 121.424(a), (c), (e), and (f) of this chapter; and, for pilots serving in crews of two or more pilots, the flight training required in § 121.424(b) of this chapter.
(2) Initial and recurrent leadership and command and mentoring training. Certificate holders are not required to include leadership and command training in §§ 121.409(b)(2)(ii)(F), 121.419(c)(1), 121.424(b) and 121.427(d)(1) of this chapter and mentoring training in §§ 121.419(c)(2) and 121.427(d)(1) of this chapter in initial and recurrent training for pilots in command who serve in operations that use only one pilot.
(3) One-time leadership and command and mentoring training. Section 121.429 of this chapter does not apply to certificate holders conducting operations under this part when those operations use only one pilot.
§ 135.4
Applicability of rules for eligible on-demand operations.
(a) An “eligible on-demand operation” is an on-demand operation conducted under this part that meets the following requirements:
(1) Two-pilot crew. The flightcrew must consist of at least two qualified pilots employed or contracted by the certificate holder.
(2) Flight crew experience. The crewmembers must have met the applicable requirements of part 61 of this chapter and have the following experience and ratings:
(i) Total flight time for all pilots:
(A) Pilot in command—A minimum of 1,500 hours.
(B) Second in command—A minimum of 500 hours.
(ii) For multi-engine turbine-powered fixed-wing and powered-lift aircraft, the following FAA certification and ratings requirements:
(A) Pilot in command—Airline transport pilot and applicable type ratings.
(B) Second in command—Commercial pilot and instrument ratings.
(iii) For all other aircraft, the following FAA certification and rating requirements:
(A) Pilot in command—Commercial pilot and instrument ratings.
(B) Second in command—Commercial pilot and instrument ratings.
(3) Pilot operating limitations. If the second in command of a fixed-wing aircraft has fewer than 100 hours of flight time as second in command flying in the aircraft make and model and, if a type rating is required, in the type aircraft being flown, and the pilot in command is not an appropriately qualified check pilot, the pilot in command shall make all takeoffs and landings in any of the following situations:
(i) Landings at the destination airport when a Destination Airport Analysis is required by § 135.385(f); and
(ii) In any of the following conditions:
(A) The prevailing visibility for the airport is at or below 3/4 mile.
(B) The runway visual range for the runway to be used is at or below 4,000 feet.
(C) The runway to be used has water, snow, slush, ice, or similar contamination that may adversely affect aircraft performance.
(D) The braking action on the runway to be used is reported to be less than “good.”
(E) The crosswind component for the runway to be used is in excess of 15 knots.
(F) Windshear is reported in the vicinity of the airport.
(G) Any other condition in which the pilot in command determines it to be prudent to exercise the pilot in command's authority.
(4) Crew pairing. Either the pilot in command or the second in command must have at least 75 hours of flight time in that aircraft make or model and, if a type rating is required, for that type aircraft, either as pilot in command or second in command.
(b) The Administrator may authorize deviations from paragraphs (a)(2)(i) or (a)(4) of this section if the responsible Flight Standards office that issued the certificate holder's operations specifications finds that the crewmember has comparable experience, and can effectively perform the functions associated with the position in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. The Administrator may, at any time, terminate any grant of deviation authority issued under this paragraph. Grants of deviation under this paragraph may be granted after consideration of the size and scope of the operation, the qualifications of the intended personnel and the following circumstances:
(2) An existing certificate holder adds to its fleet a new category and class aircraft not used before in its operation.
(3) An existing certificate holder establishes a new base to which it assigns pilots who will be required to become qualified on the aircraft operated from that base.
(c) An eligible on-demand operation may comply with alternative requirements specified in §§ 135.225(b), 135.385(f), and 135.387(b) instead of the requirements that apply to other on-demand operations.
§ 135.7
Applicability of rules to unauthorized operators.
The rules in this part which apply to a person certificated under part 119 of this chapter also apply to a person who engages in any operation governed by this part without an appropriate certificate and operations specifications required by part 119 of this chapter.
§ 135.12
Previously trained crewmembers.
A certificate holder may use a crewmember who received the certificate holder's training in accordance with subparts E, G, and H of this part before March 19, 1997 without complying with initial training and qualification requirements of subparts N and O of part 121 of this chapter. The crewmember must comply with the applicable recurrent training requirements of part 121 of this chapter.
§ 135.19
Emergency operations.
(a) In an emergency involving the safety of persons or property, the certificate holder may deviate from the rules of this part relating to aircraft and equipment and weather minimums to the extent required to meet that emergency.
(b) In an emergency involving the safety of persons or property, the pilot in command may deviate from the rules of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency.
(c) Each person who, under the authority of this section, deviates from a rule of this part shall, within 10 days, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and Federal holidays, after the deviation, send to the responsible Flight Standards office charged with the overall inspection of the certificate holder a complete report of the aircraft operation involved, including a description of the deviation and reasons for it.
§ 135.21
Manual requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder, other than one who uses only one pilot in the certificate holder's operations, shall prepare and keep current a manual setting forth the certificate holder's procedures and policies acceptable to the Administrator. This manual must be used by the certificate holder's flight, ground, and maintenance personnel in conducting its operations. However, the Administrator may authorize a deviation from this paragraph if the Administrator finds that, because of the limited size of the operation, all or part of the manual is not necessary for guidance of flight, ground, or maintenance personnel.
(b) Each certificate holder shall maintain at least one copy of the manual at its principal base of operations.
(c) The manual must not be contrary to any applicable Federal regulations, foreign regulation applicable to the certificate holder's operations in foreign countries, or the certificate holder's operating certificate or operations specifications.
(d) A copy of the manual, or appropriate portions of the manual (and changes and additions) shall be made available to maintenance and ground operations personnel by the certificate holder and furnished to—
(1) Its flight crewmembers; and
(2) Representatives of the Administrator assigned to the certificate holder.
(e) Each employee of the certificate holder to whom a manual or appropriate portions of it are furnished under paragraph (d)(1) of this section shall keep it up to date with the changes and additions furnished to them.
(f) The certificate holder must ensure the appropriate parts of the manual are accessible to flight, ground, and maintenance personnel at all times when such personnel are performing their assigned duties.
(g) The information and instructions contained in the manual must be displayed clearly and be retrievable in the English language.
§ 135.23
Manual contents.
Each manual accessed in paper format must display the date of last revision on each page. Each manual accessed in electronic format must display the date of last revision in a manner in which a person can immediately ascertain it. The manual must include:
(a) The name of each management person required under § 119.69(a) of this chapter who is authorized to act for the certificate holder, the person's assigned area of responsibility, the person's duties, responsibilities, and authority, and the name and title of each person authorized to exercise operational control under § 135.77;
(b) Procedures for ensuring compliance with aircraft weight and balance limitations and, for multiengine aircraft, for determining compliance with § 135.185;
(c) Copies of the certificate holder's operations specifications or appropriate extracted information, including area of operations authorized, category and class of aircraft authorized, crew complements, and types of operations authorized;
(d) Procedures for complying with accident notification requirements;
(e) Procedures for ensuring that the pilot in command knows that required airworthiness inspections have been made and that the aircraft has been approved for return to service in compliance with applicable maintenance requirements;
(f) Procedures for reporting and recording mechanical irregularities that come to the attention of the pilot in command before, during, and after completion of a flight;
(g) Procedures to be followed by the pilot in command for determining that mechanical irregularities or defects reported for previous flights have been corrected or that correction has been deferred;
(h) Procedures to be followed by the pilot in command to obtain maintenance, preventive maintenance, and servicing of the aircraft at a place where previous arrangements have not been made by the operator, when the pilot is authorized to so act for the operator;
(i) Procedures under § 135.179 for the release for, or continuation of, flight if any item of equipment required for the particular type of operation becomes inoperative or unserviceable en route;
(j) Procedures for refueling aircraft, eliminating fuel contamination, protecting from fire (including electrostatic protection), and supervising and protecting passengers during refueling;
(k) Procedures to be followed by the pilot in command in the briefing under § 135.117;
(l) Flight locating procedures, when applicable;
(m) Procedures for ensuring compliance with emergency procedures, including a list of the functions assigned each category of required crewmembers in connection with an emergency and emergency evacuation duties under § 135.123;
(n) En route qualification procedures for pilots, when applicable;
(o) The approved aircraft inspection program, when applicable;
(p)(1) Procedures and information, as described in paragraph (p)(2) of this section, to assist each crewmember and person performing or directly supervising the following job functions involving items for transport on an aircraft:
(i) Acceptance;
(ii) Rejection;
(iii) Handling;
(iv) Storage incidental to transport;
(v) Packaging of company material; or
(vi) Loading.
(2) Ensure that the procedures and information described in this paragraph are sufficient to assist a person in identifying packages that are marked or labeled as containing hazardous materials or that show signs of containing undeclared hazardous materials. The procedures and information must include:
(i) Procedures for rejecting packages that do not conform to the Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR parts 171 through 180 or that appear to contain undeclared hazardous materials;
(ii) Procedures for complying with the hazardous materials incident reporting requirements of 49 CFR 171.15 and 171.16 and discrepancy reporting requirements of 49 CFR 175.31.
(iii) The certificate holder's hazmat policies and whether the certificate holder is authorized to carry, or is prohibited from carrying, hazardous materials; and
(iv) If the certificate holder's operations specifications permit the transport of hazardous materials, procedures and information to ensure the following:
(A) That packages containing hazardous materials are properly offered and accepted in compliance with 49 CFR parts 171 through 180;
(B) That packages containing hazardous materials are properly handled, stored, packaged, loaded and carried on board an aircraft in compliance with 49 CFR parts 171 through 180;
(C) That the requirements for Notice to the Pilot in Command (49 CFR 175.33) are complied with; and
(D) That aircraft replacement parts, consumable materials or other items regulated by 49 CFR parts 171 through 180 are properly handled, packaged, and transported.
(q) Procedures for the evacuation of persons who may need the assistance of another person to move expeditiously to an exit if an emergency occurs; and
(r) If required by § 135.385, an approved Destination Airport Analysis establishing runway safety margins at destination airports, taking into account the following factors as supported by published aircraft performance data supplied by the aircraft manufacturer for the appropriate runway conditions—
(1) Pilot qualifications and experience;
(2) Aircraft performance data to include normal, abnormal and emergency procedures as supplied by the aircraft manufacturer;
(3) Airport facilities and topography;
(4) Runway conditions (including contamination);
(5) Airport or area weather reporting;
(6) Appropriate additional runway safety margins, if required;
(7) Airplane inoperative equipment;
(8) Environmental conditions; and
(9) Other criteria affecting aircraft performance.
(s) Other procedures and policy instructions regarding the certificate holder's operations issued by the certificate holder.
§ 135.25
Aircraft requirements.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no certificate holder may operate an aircraft under this part unless that aircraft—
(1) Is registered as a civil aircraft of the United States and carries an appropriate and current airworthiness certificate issued under this chapter; and
(2) Is in an airworthy condition and meets the applicable airworthiness requirements of this chapter, including those relating to identification and equipment.
(b) Each certificate holder must have the exclusive use of at least one aircraft that meets the requirements for at least one kind of operation authorized in the certificate holder's operations specifications. In addition, for each kind of operation for which the certificate holder does not have the exclusive use of an aircraft, the certificate holder must have available for use under a written agreement (including arrangements for performing required maintenance) at least one aircraft that meets the requirements for that kind of operation. However, this paragraph does not prohibit the operator from using or authorizing the use of the aircraft for other than operations under this part and does not require the certificate holder to have exclusive use of all aircraft that the certificate holder uses.
(c) For the purposes of paragraph (b) of this section, a person has exclusive use of an aircraft if that person has the sole possession, control, and use of it for flight, as owner, or has a written agreement (including arrangements for performing required maintenance), in effect when the aircraft is operated, giving the person that possession, control, and use for at least 6 consecutive months.
(d) A certificate holder may operate in common carriage, and for the carriage of mail, a civil aircraft which is leased or chartered to it without crew and is registered in a country which is a party to the Convention on International Civil Aviation if—
(1) The aircraft carries an appropriate airworthiness certificate issued by the country of registration and meets the registration and identification requirements of that country;
(2) The aircraft is of a type design which is approved under a U.S. type certificate and complies with all of the requirements of this chapter (14 CFR chapter I) that would be applicable to that aircraft were it registered in the United States, including the requirements which must be met for issuance of a U.S. standard airworthiness certificate (including type design conformity, condition for safe operation, and the noise, fuel venting, and engine emission requirements of this chapter), except that a U.S. registration certificate and a U.S. standard airworthiness certificate will not be issued for the aircraft;
(3) The aircraft is operated by U.S.-certificated airmen employed by the certificate holder; and
(4) The certificate holder files a copy of the aircraft lease or charter agreement with the FAA Aircraft Registry, Department of Transportation, 6400 South MacArthur Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK (Mailing address: P.O. Box 25504, Oklahoma City, OK 73125).
§ 135.41
Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.
If the holder of a certificate operating under this part allows any aircraft owned or leased by that holder to be engaged in any operation that the certificate holder knows to be in violation of § 91.19(a) of this chapter, that operation is a basis for suspending or revoking the certificate.
§ 135.43
Crewmember certificates: International operations.
(a) This section describes the certificates that were issued to United States citizens who were employed by air carriers at the time of issuance as flight crewmembers on United States registered aircraft engaged in international air commerce. The purpose of the certificate is to facilitate the entry and clearance of those crewmembers into ICAO contracting states. They were issued under Annex 9, as amended, to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.
(b) The holder of a certificate issued under this section, or the air carrier by whom the holder is employed, shall surrender the certificate for cancellation at the responsible Flight Standards office at the termination of the holder's employment with that air carrier.
§ 135.61
General.
This subpart prescribes rules, in addition to those in part 91 of this chapter, that apply to operations under this part.
§ 135.63
Recordkeeping requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder shall keep at its principal business office or at other places approved by the Administrator, and shall make available for inspection by the Administrator the following—
(1) The certificate holder's operating certificate;
(2) The certificate holder's operations specifications;
(3) A current list of the aircraft used or available for use in operations under this part and the operations for which each is equipped;
(4) An individual record of each pilot used in operations under this part, including the following information:
(i) The full name of the pilot.
(ii) The pilot certificate (by type and number) and ratings that the pilot holds.
(iii) The pilot's aeronautical experience in sufficient detail to determine the pilot's qualifications to pilot aircraft in operations under this part.
(iv) The pilot's current duties and the date of the pilot's assignment to those duties.
(v) The effective date and class of the medical certificate that the pilot holds.
(vi) The date and result of each of the initial and recurrent competency tests and proficiency and route checks required by this part and the type of aircraft flown during that test or check.
(vii) The pilot's flight time in sufficient detail to determine compliance with the flight time limitations of this part.
(viii) The pilot's check pilot authorization, if any.
(ix) Any action taken concerning the pilot's release from employment for physical or professional disqualification.
(x) The date of the completion of the initial phase and each recurrent phase of the training required by this part; and
(5) An individual record for each flight attendant who is required under this part, maintained in sufficient detail to determine compliance with the applicable portions of § 135.273 of this part.
(b) Each certificate holder must keep each record required by paragraph (a)(3) of this section for at least 6 months, and must keep each record required by paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section for at least 12 months.
(c) For multiengine aircraft, each certificate holder is responsible for the preparation and accuracy of a load manifest in duplicate containing information concerning the loading of the aircraft. The manifest must be prepared before each takeoff and must include:
(1) The number of passengers;
(2) The total weight of the loaded aircraft;
(3) The maximum allowable takeoff weight for that flight;
(4) The center of gravity limits;
(5) The center of gravity of the loaded aircraft, except that the actual center of gravity need not be computed if the aircraft is loaded according to a loading schedule or other approved method that ensures that the center of gravity of the loaded aircraft is within approved limits. In those cases, an entry shall be made on the manifest indicating that the center of gravity is within limits according to a loading schedule or other approved method;
(6) The registration number of the aircraft or flight number;
(7) The origin and destination; and
(8) Identification of crew members and their crew position assignments.
(d) The pilot in command of an aircraft for which a load manifest must be prepared shall carry a copy of the completed load manifest in the aircraft to its destination. The certificate holder shall keep copies of completed load manifests for at least 30 days at its principal operations base, or at another location used by it and approved by the Administrator.
§ 135.64
Retention of contracts and amendments: Commercial operators who conduct intrastate operations for compensation or hire.
Each commercial operator who conducts intrastate operations for compensation or hire shall keep a copy of each written contract under which it provides services as a commercial operator for a period of at least one year after the date of execution of the contract. In the case of an oral contract, it shall keep a memorandum stating its elements, and of any amendments to it, for a period of at least one year after the execution of that contract or change.
§ 135.65
Reporting mechanical irregularities.
(a) Each certificate holder shall provide an aircraft maintenance log to be carried on board each aircraft for recording or deferring mechanical irregularities and their correction.
(b) The pilot in command shall enter or have entered in the aircraft maintenance log each mechanical irregularity that comes to the pilot's attention during flight time. Before each flight, the pilot in command shall, if the pilot does not already know, determine the status of each irregularity entered in the maintenance log at the end of the preceding flight.
(c) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a reported or observed failure or malfunction of an airframe, powerplant, propeller, rotor, or appliance, shall record the action taken in the aircraft maintenance log under the applicable maintenance requirements of this chapter.
(d) Each certificate holder shall establish a procedure for keeping copies of the aircraft maintenance log required by this section in the aircraft for access by appropriate personnel and shall include that procedure in the manual required by § 135.21.
§ 135.67
Reporting potentially hazardous meteorological conditions and irregularities of ground facilities or navigation aids.
Whenever a pilot encounters a potentially hazardous meteorological condition or an irregularity in a ground facility or navigation aid in flight, the knowledge of which the pilot considers essential to the safety of other flights, the pilot shall notify an appropriate ground radio station as soon as practicable.
§ 135.69
Restriction or suspension of operations: Continuation of flight in an emergency.
(a) During operations under this part, if a certificate holder or pilot in command knows of conditions, including airport and runway conditions, that are a hazard to safe operations, the certificate holder or pilot in command, as the case may be, shall restrict or suspend operations as necessary until those conditions are corrected.
(b) No pilot in command may allow a flight to continue toward any airport of intended landing under the conditions set forth in paragraph (a) of this section, unless, in the opinion of the pilot in command, the conditions that are a hazard to safe operations may reasonably be expected to be corrected by the estimated time of arrival or, unless there is no safer procedure. In the latter event, the continuation toward that airport is an emergency situation under § 135.19.
§ 135.71
Airworthiness check.
The pilot in command may not begin a flight unless the pilot determines that the airworthiness inspections required by § 91.409 of this chapter, or § 135.419, whichever is applicable, have been made.
§ 135.73
Inspections and tests.
Each certificate holder and each person employed by the certificate holder shall allow the Administrator, at any time or place, to make inspections or tests (including en route inspections) to determine the holder's compliance with the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, applicable regulations, and the certificate holder's operating certificate, and operations specifications.
§ 135.75
Inspectors credentials: Admission to pilots' compartment: Forward observer's seat.
(a) Whenever, in performing the duties of conducting an inspection, an FAA inspector presents an Aviation Safety Inspector credential, FAA Form 110A, to the pilot in command of an aircraft operated by the certificate holder, the inspector must be given free and uninterrupted access to the pilot compartment of that aircraft. However, this paragraph does not limit the emergency authority of the pilot in command to exclude any person from the pilot compartment in the interest of safety.
(b) A forward observer's seat on the flight deck, or forward passenger seat with headset or speaker must be provided for use by the Administrator while conducting en route inspections. The suitability of the location of the seat and the headset or speaker for use in conducting en route inspections is determined by the Administrator.
§ 135.76
DOD Commercial Air Carrier Evaluator's Credentials: Admission to pilots compartment: Forward observer's seat.
(a) Whenever, in performing the duties of conducting an evaluation, a DOD commercial air carrier evaluator presents S&A Form 110B, “DOD Commercial Air Carrier Evaluator's Credential,” to the pilot in command of an aircraft operated by the certificate holder, the evaluator must be given free and uninterrupted access to the pilot's compartment of that aircraft. However, this paragraph does not limit the emergency authority of the pilot in command to exclude any person from the pilot compartment in the interest of safety.
(b) A forward observer's seat on the flight deck or forward passenger seat with headset or speaker must be provided for use by the evaluator while conducting en route evaluations. The suitability of the location of the seat and the headset or speaker for use in conducting en route evaluations is determined by the FAA.
§ 135.77
Responsibility for operational control.
Each certificate holder is responsible for operational control and shall list, in the manual required by § 135.21, the name and title of each person authorized by it to exercise operational control.
§ 135.78
Instrument approach procedures and IFR landing minimums.
No person may make an instrument approach at an airport except in accordance with IFR weather minimums and instrument approach procedures set forth in the certificate holder's operations specifications.
§ 135.79
Flight locating requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder must have procedures established for locating each flight, for which an FAA flight plan is not filed, that—
(1) Provide the certificate holder with at least the information required to be included in a VFR flight plan;
(2) Provide for timely notification of an FAA facility or search and rescue facility, if an aircraft is overdue or missing; and
(3) Provide the certificate holder with the location, date, and estimated time for reestablishing communications, if the flight will operate in an area where communications cannot be maintained.
(b) Flight locating information shall be retained at the certificate holder's principal place of business, or at other places designated by the certificate holder in the flight locating procedures, until the completion of the flight.
(c) Each certificate holder shall furnish the representative of the Administrator assigned to it with a copy of its flight locating procedures and any changes or additions, unless those procedures are included in a manual required under this part.
§ 135.81
Informing personnel of operational information and appropriate changes.
Each certificate holder shall inform each person in its employment of the operations specifications that apply to that person's duties and responsibilities and shall make available to each pilot in the certificate holder's employ the following materials in current form:
(a) Airman's Information Manual (Alaska Supplement in Alaska and Pacific Chart Supplement in Pacific-Asia Regions) or a commercial publication that contains the same information.
(b) This part and part 91 of this chapter.
(c) Aircraft Equipment Manuals, and Aircraft Flight Manual or equivalent.
(d) For foreign operations, the International Flight Information Manual or a commercial publication that contains the same information concerning the pertinent operational and entry requirements of the foreign country or countries involved.
§ 135.83
Operating information required.
(a) The operator of an aircraft must provide the following materials, in current and appropriate form, accessible to the pilot at the pilot station, and the pilot shall use them:
(1) A cockpit checklist.
(2) For multiengine aircraft or for aircraft with retractable landing gear, an emergency cockpit checklist containing the procedures required by paragraph (c) of this section, as appropriate.
(3) Pertinent aeronautical charts.
(4) For IFR operations, each pertinent navigational en route, terminal area, and approach and letdown chart.
(5) For multiengine aircraft, one-engine-inoperative climb performance data and if the aircraft is approved for use in IFR or over-the-top operations, that data must be sufficient to enable the pilot to determine compliance with § 135.181(a)(2).
(b) Each cockpit checklist required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section must contain the following procedures:
(1) Before starting engines;
(2) Before takeoff;
(3) Cruise;
(4) Before landing;
(5) After landing;
(6) Stopping engines.
(c) Each emergency cockpit checklist required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section must contain the following procedures, as appropriate:
(1) Emergency operation of fuel, hydraulic, electrical, and mechanical systems.
(2) Emergency operation of instruments and controls.
(3) Engine inoperative procedures.
(4) Any other emergency procedures necessary for safety.
§ 135.85
Carriage of persons without compliance with the passenger-carrying provisions of this part.
The following persons may be carried aboard an aircraft without complying with the passenger-carrying requirements of this part:
(a) A crewmember or other employee of the certificate holder.
(b) A person necessary for the safe handling of animals on the aircraft.
(c) A person necessary for the safe handling of hazardous materials (as defined in subchapter C of title 49 CFR).
(d) A person performing duty as a security or honor guard accompanying a shipment made by or under the authority of the U.S. Government.
(e) A military courier or a military route supervisor carried by a military cargo contract air carrier or commercial operator in operations under a military cargo contract, if that carriage is specifically authorized by the appropriate military service.
(h) A DOD commercial air carrier evaluator conducting an en route evaluation.
§ 135.87
Carriage of cargo including carry-on baggage.
No person may carry cargo, including carry-on baggage, in or on any aircraft unless—
(a) It is carried in an approved cargo rack, bin, or compartment installed in or on the aircraft;
(b) It is secured by an approved means; or
(c) It is carried in accordance with each of the following:
(1) For cargo, it is properly secured by a safety belt or other tie-down having enough strength to eliminate the possibility of shifting under all normally anticipated flight and ground conditions, or for carry-on baggage, it is restrained so as to prevent its movement during air turbulence.
(2) It is packaged or covered to avoid possible injury to occupants.
(3) It does not impose any load on seats or on the floor structure that exceeds the load limitation for those components.
(4) It is not located in a position that obstructs the access to, or use of, any required emergency or regular exit, or the use of the aisle between the crew and the passenger compartment, or located in a position that obscures any passenger's view of the “seat belt” sign, “no smoking” sign, or any required exit sign, unless an auxiliary sign or other approved means for proper notification of the passengers is provided.
(5) It is not carried directly above seated occupants.
(6) It is stowed in compliance with this section for takeoff and landing.
(7) For cargo only operations, paragraph (c)(4) of this section does not apply if the cargo is loaded so that at least one emergency or regular exit is available to provide all occupants of the aircraft a means of unobstructed exit from the aircraft if an emergency occurs.
(d) Each passenger seat under which baggage is stowed shall be fitted with a means to prevent articles of baggage stowed under it from sliding under crash impacts severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in the emergency landing condition regulations under which the aircraft was type certificated.
(e) When cargo is carried in cargo compartments that are designed to require the physical entry of a crewmember to extinguish any fire that may occur during flight, the cargo must be loaded so as to allow a crewmember to effectively reach all parts of the compartment with the contents of a hand fire extinguisher.
§ 135.89
Pilot requirements: Use of oxygen.
(a) Unpressurized aircraft. Each pilot of an unpressurized aircraft shall use oxygen continuously when flying—
(1) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 12,000 feet MSL for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration; and
(2) Above 12,000 feet MSL.
(b) Pressurized aircraft. (1) Whenever a pressurized aircraft is operated with the cabin pressure altitude more than 10,000 feet MSL, each pilot shall comply with paragraph (a) of this section.
(2) Whenever a pressurized aircraft is operated at altitudes above 25,000 feet through 35,000 feet MSL, unless each pilot has an approved quick-donning type oxygen mask—
(i) At least one pilot at the controls shall wear, secured and sealed, an oxygen mask that either supplies oxygen at all times or automatically supplies oxygen whenever the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 12,000 feet MSL; and
(ii) During that flight, each other pilot on flight deck duty shall have an oxygen mask, connected to an oxygen supply, located so as to allow immediate placing of the mask on the pilot's face sealed and secured for use.
(3) Whenever a pressurized aircraft is operated at altitudes above 35,000 feet MSL, at least one pilot at the controls shall wear, secured and sealed, an oxygen mask required by paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section.
(4) If one pilot leaves a pilot duty station of an aircraft when operating at altitudes above 25,000 feet MSL, the remaining pilot at the controls shall put on and use an approved oxygen mask until the other pilot returns to the pilot duty station of the aircraft.
§ 135.91
Oxygen and portable oxygen concentrators for medical use by passengers.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, no certificate holder may allow the carriage or operation of equipment for the storage, generation or dispensing of medical oxygen unless the conditions in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section are satisfied. Beginning August 22, 2016, a certificate holder may allow a passenger to carry and operate a portable oxygen concentrator when the conditions in paragraphs (b) and (f) of this section are satisfied.
(1) The equipment must be—
(i) Of an approved type or in conformity with the manufacturing, packaging, marking, labeling, and maintenance requirements of title 49 CFR parts 171, 172, and 173, except § 173.24(a)(1);
(ii) When owned by the certificate holder, maintained under the certificate holder's approved maintenance program;
(iii) Free of flammable contaminants on all exterior surfaces;
(iv) Constructed so that all valves, fittings, and gauges are protected from damage during carriage or operation; and
(v) Appropriately secured.
(2) When the oxygen is stored in the form of a liquid, the equipment must have been under the certificate holder's approved maintenance program since its purchase new or since the storage container was last purged.
(3) When the oxygen is stored in the form of a compressed gas as defined in title 49 CFR 173.115(b)—
(i) When owned by the certificate holder, it must be maintained under its approved maintenance program; and
(ii) The pressure in any oxygen cylinder must not exceed the rated cylinder pressure.
(4) The pilot in command must be advised when the equipment is on board, and when it is intended to be used.
(5) The equipment must be stowed, and each person using the equipment must be seated, so as not to restrict access to or use of any required emergency or regular exit, or of the aisle in the passenger compartment.
(b) No person may smoke or create an open flame and no certificate holder may allow any person to smoke or create an open flame within 10 feet of oxygen storage and dispensing equipment carried under paragraph (a) of this section or a portable oxygen concentrator carried and operated under paragraph (f) of this section.
(c) No certificate holder may allow any person other than a person trained in the use of medical oxygen equipment to connect or disconnect oxygen bottles or any other ancillary component while any passenger is aboard the aircraft.
(d) Paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section does not apply when that equipment is furnished by a professional or medical emergency service for use on board an aircraft in a medical emergency when no other practical means of transportation (including any other properly equipped certificate holder) is reasonably available and the person carried under the medical emergency is accompanied by a person trained in the use of medical oxygen.
(e) Each certificate holder who, under the authority of paragraph (d) of this section, deviates from paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section under a medical emergency shall, within 10 days, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and Federal holidays, after the deviation, send to the responsible Flight Standards office a complete report of the operation involved, including a description of the deviation and the reasons for it.
(f) Portable oxygen concentrators —(1) Acceptance criteria. A passenger may carry or operate a portable oxygen concentrator for personal use on board an aircraft and a certificate holder may allow a passenger to carry or operate a portable oxygen concentrator on board an aircraft operated under this part during all phases of flight if the portable oxygen concentrator satisfies all of the requirements of this paragraph (f):
(i) Is legally marketed in the United States in accordance with Food and Drug Administration requirements in title 21 of the CFR;
(ii) Does not radiate radio frequency emissions that interfere with aircraft systems;
(iii) Generates a maximum oxygen pressure of less than 200 kPa gauge (29.0 psig/43.8 psia) at 20 °C (68 °F);
(iv) Does not contain any hazardous materials subject to the Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR parts 171 through 180) except as provided in 49 CFR 175.10 for batteries used to power portable electronic devices and that do not require aircraft operator approval; and
(v) Bears a label on the exterior of the device applied in a manner that ensures the label will remain affixed for the life of the device and containing the following certification statement in red lettering: “The manufacturer of this POC has determined this device conforms to all applicable FAA acceptance criteria for POC carriage and use on board aircraft.” The label requirements in this paragraph (f)(1)(v) do not apply to the following portable oxygen concentrators approved by the FAA for use on board aircraft prior to May 24, 2016:
(A) AirSep Focus;
(B) AirSep FreeStyle;
(C) AirSep FreeStyle 5;
(D) AirSep LifeStyle;
(E) Delphi RS-00400;
(F) DeVilbiss Healthcare iGo;
(G) Inogen One;
(H) Inogen One G2;
(I) Inogen One G3;
(J) Inova Labs LifeChoice;
(K) Inova Labs LifeChoice Activox;
(L) International Biophysics LifeChoice;
(M) Invacare Solo2;
(N) Invacare XPO2;
(O) Oxlife Independence Oxygen Concentrator;
(P) Oxus RS-00400;
(Q) Precision Medical EasyPulse;
(R) Respironics EverGo;
(S) Respironics SimplyGo;
(T) SeQual Eclipse;
(U) SeQual eQuinox Oxygen System (model 4000);
(V) SeQual Oxywell Oxygen System (model 4000);
(W) SeQual SAROS; and
(X) VBox Trooper Oxygen Concentrator.
(2) Operating requirements. Portable oxygen concentrators that satisfy the acceptance criteria identified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section may be carried on or operated by a passenger on board an aircraft provided the aircraft operator ensures that all of the conditions in this paragraph (f)(2) are satisfied:
(i) Exit seats. No person operating a portable oxygen concentrator is permitted to occupy an exit seat.
(ii) Stowage of device. During movement on the surface, takeoff and landing, the device must be stowed under the seat in front of the user, or in another approved stowage location so that it does not block the aisle way or the entryway to the row. If the device is to be operated by the user, it must be operated only at a seat location that does not restrict any passenger's access to, or use of, any required emergency or regular exit, or the aisle(s) in the passenger compartment.
§ 135.93
Minimum altitudes for use of autopilot.
(a) Definitions. For purpose of this section—
(1) Altitudes for takeoff/initial climb and go-around/missed approach are defined as above the airport elevation.
(2) Altitudes for enroute operations are defined as above terrain elevation.
(3) Altitudes for approach are defined as above the touchdown zone elevation (TDZE), unless the altitude is specifically in reference to DA (H) or MDA, in which case the altitude is defined by reference to the DA(H) or MDA itself.
(b) Takeoff and initial climb. No person may use an autopilot for takeoff or initial climb below the higher of 500 feet or an altitude that is no lower than twice the altitude loss specified in the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM), except as follows—
(1) At a minimum engagement altitude specified in the AFM; or
(2) At an altitude specified by the Administrator, whichever is greater.
(c) Enroute. No person may use an autopilot enroute, including climb and descent, below the following—
(1) 500 feet;
(2) At an altitude that is no lower than twice the altitude loss specified in the AFM for an autopilot malfunction in cruise conditions; or
(3) At an altitude specified by the Administrator, whichever is greater.
(d) Approach. No person may use an autopilot at an altitude lower than 50 feet below the DA(H) or MDA for the instrument procedure being flown, except as follows—
(1) For autopilots with an AFM specified altitude loss for approach operations—
(i) An altitude no lower than twice the specified altitude loss if higher than 50 feet below the MDA or DA(H);
(ii) An altitude no lower than 50 feet higher than the altitude loss specified in the AFM, when the following conditions are met—
(A) Reported weather conditions are less than the basic VFR weather conditions in § 91.155 of this chapter;
(B) Suitable visual references specified in § 91.175 of this chapter have been established on the instrument approach procedure; and
(C) The autopilot is coupled and receiving both lateral and vertical path references;
(iii) An altitude no lower than the higher of the altitude loss specified in the AFM or 50 feet above the TDZE, when the following conditions are met—
(A) Reported weather conditions are equal to or better than the basic VFR weather conditions in § 91.155 of this chapter; and
(B) The autopilot is coupled and receiving both lateral and vertical path references; or
(iv) A greater altitude specified by the Administrator.
(2) For autopilots with AFM specified approach altitude limitations, the greater of—
(i) The minimum use altitude specified for the coupled approach mode selected;
(ii) 50 feet; or
(iii) An altitude specified by Administrator.
(3) For autopilots with an AFM specified negligible or zero altitude loss for an autopilot approach mode malfunction, the greater of—
(i) 50 feet; or
(ii) An altitude specified by Administrator.
(4) If executing an autopilot coupled go-around or missed approach using a certificated and functioning autopilot in accordance with paragraph (e) in this section.
(e) Go-Around/Missed Approach. No person may engage an autopilot during a go-around or missed approach below the minimum engagement altitude specified for takeoff and initial climb in paragraph (b) in this section. An autopilot minimum use altitude does not apply to a go-around/missed approach initiated with an engaged autopilot. Performing a go-around or missed approach with an engaged autopilot must not adversely affect safe obstacle clearance.
(f) Landing. Notwithstanding paragraph (d) of this section, autopilot minimum use altitudes do not apply to autopilot operations when an approved automatic landing system mode is being used for landing. Automatic landing systems must be authorized in an operations specification issued to the operator.
(g) This section does not apply to operations conducted in rotorcraft.
§ 135.95
Airmen: Limitations on use of services.
(a) No certificate holder may use the services of any person as an airman unless the person performing those services—
(1) Holds an appropriate and current airman certificate; and
(2) Is qualified, under this chapter, for the operation for which the person is to be used.
(b) A certificate holder may obtain approval to provide a temporary document verifying a flightcrew member's airman certificate and medical certificate privileges under an approved certificate verification plan set forth in the certificate holder's operations specifications. A document provided by the certificate holder may be carried as an airman certificate or medical certificate on flights within the United States for up to 72 hours.
§ 135.97
Aircraft and facilities for recent flight experience.
Each certificate holder shall provide aircraft and facilities to enable each of its pilots to maintain and demonstrate the pilot's ability to conduct all operations for which the pilot is authorized.
§ 135.98
Operations in the North Polar Area.
After August 13, 2008, no certificate holder may operate an aircraft in the region north of 78° N latitude (“North Polar Area”), other than intrastate operations wholly within the state of Alaska, unless authorized by the FAA. The certificate holder's operation specifications must include the following:
(a) The designation of airports that may be used for en-route diversions and the requirements the airports must meet at the time of diversion.
(b) Except for all-cargo operations, a recovery plan for passengers at designated diversion airports.
(c) A fuel-freeze strategy and procedures for monitoring fuel freezing for operations in the North Polar Area.
(d) A plan to ensure communication capability for operations in the North Polar Area.
(e) An MEL for operations in the North Polar Area.
(f) A training plan for operations in the North Polar Area.
(g) A plan for mitigating crew exposure to radiation during solar flare activity.
(h) A plan for providing at least two cold weather anti-exposure suits in the aircraft, to protect crewmembers during outside activity at a diversion airport with extreme climatic conditions. The FAA may relieve the certificate holder from this requirement if the season of the year makes the equipment unnecessary.
§ 135.99
Composition of flight crew.
(a) No certificate holder may operate an aircraft with less than the minimum flight crew specified in the aircraft operating limitations or the Aircraft Flight Manual for that aircraft and required by this part for the kind of operation being conducted.
(b) No certificate holder may operate an aircraft without a second in command if that aircraft has a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of ten seats or more.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, a certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under instrument flight rules may receive authorization from the Administrator through its operations specifications to establish a second-in-command professional development program. As part of that program, a pilot employed by the certificate holder may log time as second in command in operations conducted under this part and part 91 of this chapter that do not require a second pilot by type certification of the aircraft or the regulation under which the flight is being conducted, provided the flight operation is conducted in accordance with the certificate holder's operations specifications for second-in-command professional development program; and—
(1) The certificate holder:
(i) Maintains records for each assigned second in command consistent with the requirements in § 135.63;
(ii) Provides a copy of the records required by § 135.63(a)(4)(vi) and (x) to the assigned second in command upon request and within a reasonable time; and
(iii) Establishes and maintains a data collection and analysis process that will enable the certificate holder and the FAA to determine whether the second-in-command professional development program is accomplishing its objectives.
(2) The aircraft is a multiengine airplane or a single-engine turbine-powered airplane. The aircraft must have an independent set of controls for a second pilot flightcrew member, which may not include a throwover control wheel. The aircraft must also have the following equipment and independent instrumentation for a second pilot:
(i) An airspeed indicator;
(ii) Sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure;
(iii) Gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator;
(iv) Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator combined with an integral slip-skid indicator;
(v) Gyroscopic direction indicator;
(vi) For IFR operations, a vertical speed indicator;
(vii) For IFR operations, course guidance for en route navigation and instrument approaches; and
(viii) A microphone, transmit switch, and headphone or speaker.
(3) The pilot assigned to serve as second in command satisfies the following requirements:
(i) The second in command qualifications in § 135.245;
(ii) The flight time and duty period limitations and rest requirements in subpart F of this part;
(iii) The crewmember testing requirements for second in command in subpart G of this part; and
(iv) The crewmember training requirements for second in command in subpart H of this part.
(4) The pilot assigned to serve as pilot in command satisfies the following requirements:
(i) Has been fully qualified to serve as a pilot in command for the certificate holder for at least the previous 6 calendar months; and
(ii) Has completed mentoring training, including techniques for reinforcing the highest standards of technical performance, airmanship and professionalism within the preceding 36 calendar months.
(d) The following certificate holders are not eligible to receive authorization for a second-in-command professional development program under paragraph (c) of this section:
(1) A certificate holder that uses only one pilot in its operations; and
(2) A certificate holder that has been approved to deviate from the requirements in § 135.21(a), § 135.341(a), or § 119.69(a) of this chapter.
§ 135.100
Flight crewmember duties.
(a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. Duties such as company required calls made for such nonsafety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft.
(b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. Activities such as eating meals, engaging in nonessential conversations within the cockpit and nonessential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft.
(c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight.
§ 135.100
Flight crewmember duties.
(d) For the purposes of this section, taxi is defined as movement of an aircraft under its own power on the surface of an airport and includes hover taxi which is movement of a helicopter or any vertical takeoff and landing aircraft conducted above the surface and in ground effect at airspeeds less than approximately 20 knots, and air taxi which is movement of a helicopter or any vertical takeoff and landing aircraft conducted above the surface but normally not above 100 feet AGL.
§ 135.101
Second in command required under IFR.
Except as provided in § 135.105, no person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers under IFR unless there is a second in command in the aircraft.
§ 135.103
§ 135.105
Exception to second in command requirement: Approval for use of autopilot system.
(a) Except as provided in §§ 135.99 and 135.111, unless two pilots are required by this chapter for operations under VFR, a person may operate an aircraft without a second in command, if it is equipped with an operative approved autopilot system and the use of that system is authorized by appropriate operations specifications. No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as a pilot in command under this section of an aircraft operated in a commuter operation, as defined in part 119 of this chapter unless that person has at least 100 hours pilot in command flight time in the make and model of aircraft to be flown and has met all other applicable requirements of this part.
(b) The certificate holder may apply for an amendment of its operations specifications to authorize the use of an autopilot system in place of a second in command.
(c) The Administrator issues an amendment to the operations specifications authorizing the use of an autopilot system, in place of a second in command, if—
(1) The autopilot is capable of operating the aircraft controls to maintain flight and maneuver it about the three axes; and
(2) The certificate holder shows, to the satisfaction of the Administrator, that operations using the autopilot system can be conducted safely and in compliance with this part.
The amendment contains any conditions or limitations on the use of the autopilot system that the Administrator determines are needed in the interest of safety.
§ 135.107
Flight attendant crewmember requirement.
No certificate holder may operate an aircraft that has a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of more than 19 unless there is a flight attendant crewmember on board the aircraft.
§ 135.109
Pilot in command or second in command: Designation required.
(a) Each certificate holder shall designate a—
(1) Pilot in command for each flight; and
(2) Second in command for each flight requiring two pilots.
(b) The pilot in command, as designated by the certificate holder, shall remain the pilot in command at all times during that flight.
§ 135.111
Second in command required in Category II operations.
No person may operate an aircraft in a Category II operation unless there is a second in command of the aircraft.
§ 135.113
Passenger occupancy of pilot seat.
No certificate holder may operate an aircraft type certificated after October 15, 1971, that has a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of more than eight seats if any person other than the pilot in command, a second in command, a company check pilot, or an authorized representative of the Administrator, the National Transportation Safety Board, or the United States Postal Service occupies a pilot seat.
§ 135.115
Manipulation of controls.
No pilot in command may allow any person to manipulate the flight controls of an aircraft during flight conducted under this part, nor may any person manipulate the controls during such flight unless that person is—
(a) A pilot employed by the certificate holder and qualified in the aircraft; or
§ 135.117
Briefing of passengers before flight.
(a) Before each takeoff each pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on—
(1) Smoking. Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where, and under what conditions smoking is prohibited (including, but not limited to, any applicable requirements of part 252 of this title). This briefing shall include a statement that the Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger compliance with the lighted passenger information signs (if such signs are required), posted placards, areas designated for safety purposes as no smoking areas, and crewmember instructions with regard to these items. The briefing shall also include a statement (if the aircraft is equipped with a lavatory) that Federal law prohibits: tampering with, disabling, or destroying any smoke detector installed in an aircraft lavatory; smoking in lavatories; and, when applicable, smoking in passenger compartments.
(2) The use of safety belts, including instructions on how to fasten and unfasten the safety belts. Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where, and under what conditions the safety belt must be fastened about that passenger. This briefing shall include a statement that the Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger compliance with lighted passenger information signs and crewmember instructions concerning the use of safety belts.
(3) The placement of seat backs in an upright position before takeoff and landing;
(4) Location and means for opening the passenger entry door and emergency exits;
(5) Location of survival equipment;
(6) If the flight involves extended overwater operation, ditching procedures and the use of required flotation equipment;
(7) If the flight involves operations above 12,000 feet MSL, the normal and emergency use of oxygen; and
(8) Location and operation of fire extinguishers.
(9) If a rotorcraft operation involves flight beyond autorotational distance from the shoreline, as defined in § 135.168(a), use of life preservers, ditching procedures and emergency exit from the rotorcraft in the event of a ditching; and the location and use of life rafts and other life preserver devices if applicable.
(b) Before each takeoff the pilot in command shall ensure that each person who may need the assistance of another person to move expeditiously to an exit if an emergency occurs and that person's attendant, if any, has received a briefing as to the procedures to be followed if an evacuation occurs. This paragraph does not apply to a person who has been given a briefing before a previous leg of a flight in the same aircraft.
(c) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be given by the pilot in command or a crewmember.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (c) of this section, for aircraft certificated to carry 19 passengers or less, the oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be given by the pilot in command, a crewmember, or other qualified person designated by the certificate holder and approved by the Administrator.
(e) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section must be supplemented by printed cards which must be carried in the aircraft in locations convenient for the use of each passenger. The cards must—
(1) Be appropriate for the aircraft on which they are to be used;
(2) Contain a diagram of, and method of operating, the emergency exits;
(3) Contain other instructions necessary for the use of emergency equipment on board the aircraft; and
(4) No later than June 12, 2005, for scheduled Commuter passenger-carrying flights, include the sentence, “Final assembly of this aircraft was completed in [INSERT NAME OF COUNTRY].”
(f) The briefing required by paragraph (a) may be delivered by means of an approved recording playback device that is audible to each passenger under normal noise levels.
(g) If any passengers on board a flight conducted under this part are secured with a supplemental restraint system, the pilot in command of that flight must ensure those passengers are briefed in accordance with § 91.108(g) of this chapter.
§ 135.119
Prohibition against carriage of weapons.
No person may, while on board an aircraft being operated by a certificate holder, carry on or about that person a deadly or dangerous weapon, either concealed or unconcealed. This section does not apply to—
(a) Officials or employees of a municipality or a State, or of the United States, who are authorized to carry arms; or
(b) Crewmembers and other persons authorized by the certificate holder to carry arms.
§ 135.120
Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.
No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with a crewmember in the performance of the crewmember's duties aboard an aircraft being operated under this part.
§ 135.121
Alcoholic beverages.
(a) No person may drink any alcoholic beverage aboard an aircraft unless the certificate holder operating the aircraft has served that beverage.
(b) No certificate holder may serve any alcoholic beverage to any person aboard its aircraft if that person appears to be intoxicated.
(c) No certificate holder may allow any person to board any of its aircraft if that person appears to be intoxicated.
§ 135.122
Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
(a) No certificate holder may move an aircraft on the surface, take off, or land when any food, beverage, or tableware furnished by the certificate holder is located at any passenger seat.
(b) No certificate holder may move an aircraft on the surface, take off, or land unless each food and beverage tray and seat back tray table is secured in its stowed position.
(c) No certificate holder may permit an aircraft to move on the surface, take off, or land unless each passenger serving cart is secured in its stowed position.
(d) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given by a crewmember with regard to compliance with this section.
§ 135.123
Emergency and emergency evacuation duties.
(a) Each certificate holder shall assign to each required crewmember for each type of aircraft as appropriate, the necessary functions to be performed in an emergency or in a situation requiring emergency evacuation. The certificate holder shall ensure that those functions can be practicably accomplished, and will meet any reasonably anticipated emergency including incapacitation of individual crewmembers or their inability to reach the passenger cabin because of shifting cargo in combination cargo-passenger aircraft.
(b) The certificate holder shall describe in the manual required under § 135.21 the functions of each category of required crewmembers assigned under paragraph (a) of this section.
§ 135.125
Aircraft security.
Certificate holders conducting operators conducting operations under this part must comply with the applicable security requirements in 49 CFR chapter XII.
§ 135.127
Passenger information requirements and smoking prohibitions.
(a) No person may conduct a scheduled flight on which smoking is prohibited by part 252 of this title unless the “No Smoking” passenger information signs are lighted during the entire flight, or one or more “No Smoking” placards meeting the requirements of § 25.1541 of this chapter are posted during the entire flight. If both the lighted signs and the placards are used, the signs must remain lighted during the entire flight segment.
(b) No person may smoke while a “No Smoking” sign is lighted or while “No Smoking” placards are posted, except as follows:
(1) On-demand operations. The pilot in command of an aircraft engaged in an on-demand operation may authorize smoking on the flight deck (if it is physically separated from any passenger compartment), except in any of the following situations:
(i) During aircraft movement on the surface or during takeoff or landing;
(ii) During scheduled passenger-carrying public charter operations conducted under part 380 of this title;
(iii) During on-demand operations conducted interstate that meet paragraph (2) of the definition “On-demand operation” in § 110.2 of this chapter, unless permitted under paragraph (b)(2) of this section; or
(iv) During any operation where smoking is prohibited by part 252 of this title or by international agreement.
(2) Certain intrastate commuter operations and certain intrastate on-demand operations. Except during aircraft movement on the surface or during takeoff or landing, a pilot in command of an aircraft engaged in a commuter operation or an on-demand operation that meets paragraph (2) of the definition of “On-demand operation” in § 110.2 of this chapter may authorize smoking on the flight deck (if it is physically separated from the passenger compartment, if any) if—
(i) Smoking on the flight deck is not otherwise prohibited by part 252 of this title;
(ii) The flight is conducted entirely within the same State of the United States (a flight from one place in Hawaii to another place in Hawaii through the airspace over a place outside Hawaii is not entirely within the same State); and
(iii) The aircraft is either not turbojet-powered or the aircraft is not capable of carrying at least 30 passengers.
(c) No person may smoke in any aircraft lavatory.
(d) No person may operate an aircraft with a lavatory equipped with a smoke detector unless there is in that lavatory a sign or placard which reads: “Federal law provides for a penalty of up to $2,000 for tampering with the smoke detector installed in this lavatory.”
(e) No person may tamper with, disable, or destroy any smoke detector installed in any aircraft lavatory.
(f) On flight segments other than those described in paragraph (a) of this section, the “No Smoking” sign required by § 135.177(a)(3) of this part must be turned on during any movement of the aircraft on the surface, for each takeoff or landing, and at any other time considered necessary by the pilot in command.
(g) The passenger information requirements prescribed in § 91.517 (b) and (d) of this chapter are in addition to the requirements prescribed in this section.
(h) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given him or her by crewmembers regarding compliance with paragraphs (b), (c), and (e) of this section.
§ 135.128
Use of safety belts and child restraint systems.
(a) Except as provided in this paragraph, each person on board an aircraft operated under this part shall occupy an approved seat or berth with a separate safety belt properly secured about him or her during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing. For seaplane and float equipped rotorcraft operations during movement on the surface, the person pushing off the seaplane or rotorcraft from the dock and the person mooring the seaplane or rotorcraft at the dock are excepted from the preceding seating and safety belt requirements. A safety belt provided for the occupant of a seat may not be used by more than one person who has reached his or her second birthday. Notwithstanding the preceding requirements, a child may:
(1) Be held by an adult, except as outlined in § 91.108(j) of this chapter, who is occupying an approved seat or berth, provided the child has not reached his or her second birthday and the child does not occupy or use any restraining device; or
(2) Notwithstanding any other requirement of this chapter, occupy an approved child restraint system furnished by the certificate holder or one of the persons described in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, provided:
(i) The child is accompanied by a parent, guardian, or attendant designated by the child's parent or guardian to attend to the safety of the child during the flight;
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(D) of this section, the approved child restraint system bears one or more labels as follows:
(A) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards between January 1, 1981, and February 25, 1985, must bear the label: “This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards”;
(B) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards on or after February 26, 1985, must bear two labels:
( 1 ) “This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards”; and
( 2 ) “THIS RESTRAINT IS CERTIFIED FOR USE IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT” in red lettering;
(C) Seats that do not qualify under paragraphs (a)(2)(ii)(A) and (a)(2)(ii)(B) of this section must bear a label or markings showing:
( 1 ) That the seat was approved by a foreign government;
( 2 ) That the seat was manufactured under the standards of the United Nations;
( 3 ) That the seat or child restraint device furnished by the certificate holder was approved by the FAA through Type Certificate or Supplemental Type Certificate; or
( 4 ) That the seat or child restraint device furnished by the certificate holder, or one of the persons described in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, was approved by the FAA in accordance with § 21.8(d) of this chapter or Technical Standard Order C-100b, or a later version. The child restraint device manufactured by AmSafe, Inc. (CARES, Part No. 4082) and approved by the FAA in accordance with § 21.305(d) (2010 ed.) of this chapter may continue to bear a label or markings showing FAA approval in accordance with § 21.305(d) (2010 ed.) of this chapter.
(D) Except as provided in § 135.128(a)(2)(ii)(C)( 3 ) and § 135.128(a)(2)(ii)(C)( 4 ), booster-type child restraint systems (as defined in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213 (49 CFR 571.213)), vest- and harness-type child restraint systems, and lap held child restraints are not approved for use in aircraft; and
(iii) The certificate holder complies with the following requirements:
(A) The restraint system must be properly secured to an approved forward-facing seat or berth;
(B) The child must be properly secured in the restraint system and must not exceed the specified weight limit for the restraint system; and
(C) The restraint system must bear the appropriate label(s).
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, the following prohibitions apply to certificate holders:
(1) Except as provided in § 135.128 (a)(2)(ii)(C)( 3 ) and § 135.128 (a)(2)(ii)(C)( 4 ), no certificate holder may permit a child, in an aircraft, to occupy a booster-type child restraint system, a vest-type child restraint system, a harness-type child restraint system, or a lap held child restraint system during take off, landing, and movement on the surface.
(2) Except as required in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, no certificate holder may prohibit a child, if requested by the child's parent, guardian, or designated attendant, from occupying a child restraint system furnished by the child's parent, guardian, or designated attendant provided:
(i) The child holds a ticket for an approved seat or berth or such seat or berth is otherwise made available by the certificate holder for the child's use;
(ii) The requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section are met;
(iii) The requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section are met; and
(iv) The child restraint system has one or more of the labels described in paragraphs (a)(2)(ii)(A) through (a)(2)(ii)(C) of this section.
(3) This section does not prohibit the certificate holder from providing child restraint systems authorized by this or, consistent with safe operating practices, determining the most appropriate passenger seat location for the child restraint system.
§ 135.129
Exit seating.
(a)(1) Applicability. This section applies to all certificate holders operating under this part, except for on-demand operations with aircraft having 19 or fewer passenger seats and commuter operations with aircraft having 9 or fewer passenger seats.
(2) Duty to make determination of suitability. Each certificate holder shall determine, to the extent necessary to perform the applicable functions of paragraph (d) of this section, the suitability of each person it permits to occupy an exit seat. For the purpose of this section—
(i) Exit seat means—
(A) Each seat having direct access to an exit; and
(B) Each seat in a row of seats through which passengers would have to pass to gain access to an exit, from the first seat inboard of the exit to the first aisle inboard of the exit.
(ii) A passenger seat having direct access means a seat from which a passenger can proceed directly to the exit without entering an aisle or passing around an obstruction.
(3) Persons designated to make determination. Each certificate holder shall make the passenger exit seating determinations required by this paragraph in a non-discriminatory manner consistent with the requirements of this section, by persons designated in the certificate holder's required operations manual.
(4) Submission of designation for approval. Each certificate holder shall designate the exit seats for each passenger seating configuration in its fleet in accordance with the definitions in this paragraph and submit those designations for approval as part of the procedures required to be submitted for approval under paragraphs (n) and (p) of this section.
(b) No certificate holder may seat a person in a seat affected by this section if the certificate holder determines that it is likely that the person would be unable to perform one or more of the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section because—
(1) The person lacks sufficient mobility, strength, or dexterity in both arms and hands, and both legs:
(i) To reach upward, sideways, and downward to the location of emergency exit and exit-slide operating mechanisms;
(ii) To grasp and push, pull, turn, or otherwise manipulate those mechanisms;
(iii) To push, shove, pull, or otherwise open emergency exits;
(iv) To lift out, hold, deposit on nearby seats, or maneuver over the seatbacks to the next row objects the size and weight of over-wing window exit doors;
(v) To remove obstructions of size and weight similar over-wing exit doors;
(vi) To reach the emergency exit expeditiously;
(vii) To maintain balance while removing obstructions;
(viii) To exit expeditiously;
(ix) To stabilize an escape slide after deployment; or
(x) To assist others in getting off an escape slide;
(2) The person is less than 15 years of age or lacks the capacity to perform one or more of the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section without the assistance of an adult companion, parent, or other relative;
(3) The person lacks the ability to read and understand instructions required by this section and related to emergency evacuation provided by the certificate holder in printed or graphic form or the ability to understand oral crew commands.
(4) The person lacks sufficient visual capacity to perform one or more of the applicable functions in paragraph (d) of this section without the assistance of visual aids beyond contact lenses or eyeglasses;
(5) The person lacks sufficient aural capacity to hear and understand instructions shouted by flight attendants, without assistance beyond a hearing aid;
(6) The person lacks the ability adequately to impart information orally to other passengers; or,
(7) The person has:
(i) A condition or responsibilities, such as caring for small children, that might prevent the person from performing one or more of the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section; or
(ii) A condition that might cause the person harm if he or she performs one or more of the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section.
(c) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given by a crewmember or other authorized employee of the certificate holder implementing exit seating restrictions established in accordance with this section.
(d) Each certificate holder shall include on passenger information cards, presented in the language in which briefings and oral commands are given by the crew, at each exit seat affected by this section, information that, in the event of an emergency in which a crewmember is not available to assist, a passenger occupying an exit seat may use if called upon to perform the following functions:
(1) Locate the emergency exit;
(2) Recognize the emergency exit opening mechanism;
(3) Comprehend the instructions for operating the emergency exit;
(4) Operate the emergency exit;
(5) Assess whether opening the emergency exit will increase the hazards to which passengers may be exposed;
(6) Follow oral directions and hand signals given by a crewmember;
(7) Stow or secure the emergency exit door so that it will not impede use of the exit;
(8) Assess the condition of an escape slide, activate the slide, and stabilize the slide after deployment to assist others in getting off the slide;
(9) Pass expeditiously through the emergency exit; and
(10) Assess, select, and follow a safe path away from the emergency exit.
(e) Each certificate holder shall include on passenger information cards, at each exit seat—
(1) In the primary language in which emergency commands are given by the crew, the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of this section, and a request that a passenger identify himself or herself to allow reseating if he or she—
(i) Cannot meet the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of this section;
(ii) Has a nondiscernible condition that will prevent him or her from performing the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section;
(iii) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of those functions; or
(iv) Does not wish to perform those functions; and,
(2) In each language used by the certificate holder for passenger information cards, a request that a passenger identify himself or herself to allow reseating if he or she lacks the ability to read, speak, or understand the language or the graphic form in which instructions required by this section and related to emergency evacuation are provided by the certificate holder, or the ability to understand the specified language in which crew commands will be given in an emergency;
(3) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of those functions; or,
(4) Does not wish to perform those functions.
A certificate holder shall not require the passenger to disclose his or her reason for needing reseating.
(f) Each certificate holder shall make available for inspection by the public at all passenger loading gates and ticket counters at each airport where it conducts passenger operations, written procedures established for making determinations in regard to exit row seating.
(g) No certificate holder may allow taxi or pushback unless at least one required crewmember has verified that no exit seat is occupied by a person the crewmember determines is likely to be unable to perform the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section.
(h) Each certificate holder shall include in its passenger briefings a reference to the passenger information cards, required by paragraphs (d) and (e), the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b), and the functions to be performed, set forth in paragraph (d) of this section.
(i) Each certificate holder shall include in its passenger briefings a request that a passenger identify himself or herself to allow reseating if he or she—
(1) Cannot meet the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of this section;
(2) Has a nondiscernible condition that will prevent him or her from performing the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section;
(3) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of those functions; or,
(4) Does not wish to perform those functions.
A certificate holder shall not require the passenger to disclose his or her reason for needing reseating.
(j) [Reserved]
(k) In the event a certificate holder determines in accordance with this section that it is likely that a passenger assigned to an exit seat would be unable to perform the functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section or a passenger requests a non-exit seat, the certificate holder shall expeditiously relocate the passenger to a non-exit seat.
(l) In the event of full booking in the non-exit seats and if necessary to accommodate a passenger being relocated from an exit seat, the certificate holder shall move a passenger who is willing and able to assume the evacuation functions that may be required, to an exit seat.
(m) A certificate holder may deny transportation to any passenger under this section only because—
(1) The passenger refuses to comply with instructions given by a crewmember or other authorized employee of the certificate holder implementing exit seating restrictions established in accordance with this section, or
(2) The only seat that will physically accommodate the person's handicap is an exit seat.
(n) In order to comply with this section certificate holders shall—
(1) Establish procedures that address:
(i) The criteria listed in paragraph (b) of this section;
(ii) The functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section;
(iii) The requirements for airport information, passenger information cards, crewmember verification of appropriate seating in exit seats, passenger briefings, seat assignments, and denial of transportation as set forth in this section;
(iv) How to resolve disputes arising from implementation of this section, including identification of the certificate holder employee on the airport to whom complaints should be addressed for resolution; and,
(2) Submit their procedures for preliminary review and approval to the principal operations inspectors assigned to them at the responsible Flight Standards office.
(o) Certificate holders shall assign seats prior to boarding consistent with the criteria listed in paragraph (b) and the functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section, to the maximum extent feasible.
(p) The procedures required by paragraph (n) of this section will not become effective until final approval is granted by the Executive Director, Flight Standards Service, Washington, DC. Approval will be based solely upon the safety aspects of the certificate holder's procedures.
§ 135.141
Applicability.
This subpart prescribes aircraft and equipment requirements for operations under this part. The requirements of this subpart are in addition to the aircraft and equipment requirements of part 91 of this chapter. However, this part does not require the duplication of any equipment required by this chapter.
§ 135.143
General requirements.
(a) No person may operate an aircraft under this part unless that aircraft and its equipment meet the applicable regulations of this chapter.
(b) Except as provided in § 135.179, no person may operate an aircraft under this part unless the required instruments and equipment in it have been approved and are in an operable condition.
(c) ATC transponder equipment installed within the time periods indicated below must meet the performance and environmental requirements of the following TSO's:
(1) Through January 1, 1992: (i) Any class of TSO-C74b or any class of TSO-C74c as appropriate, provided that the equipment was manufactured before January 1, 1990; or
(ii) The appropriate class of TSO-C112 (Mode S).
(2) After January 1, 1992: The appropriate class of TSO-C112 (Mode S). For purposes of paragraph (c)(2) of this section, “installation” does not include—
(i) Temporary installation of TSO-C74b or TSO-C74c substitute equipment, as appropriate, during maintenance of the permanent equipment;
(ii) Reinstallation of equipment after temporary removal for maintenance; or
(iii) For fleet operations, installation of equipment in a fleet aircraft after removal of the equipment for maintenance from another aircraft in the same operator's fleet.
§ 135.144
Portable electronic devices.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may operate, nor may any operator or pilot in command of an aircraft allow the operation of, any portable electronic device on any U.S.-registered civil aircraft operating under this part.
(b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to—
(1) Portable voice recorders;
(2) Hearing aids;
(3) Heart pacemakers;
(4) Electric shavers;
(5) Portable oxygen concentrators that comply with the requirements in § 135.91; or
(6) Any other portable electronic device that the part 119 certificate holder has determined will not cause interference with the navigation or communication system of the aircraft on which it is to be used.
(c). The determination required by paragraph (b)(6) of this section shall be made by that part 119 certificate holder operating the aircraft on which the particular device is to be used.
§ 135.145
Aircraft proving and validation tests.
(a) No certificate holder may operate an aircraft, other than a turbojet aircraft, for which two pilots are required by this chapter for operations under VFR, if it has not previously proved such an aircraft in operations under this part in at least 25 hours of proving tests acceptable to the Administrator including—
(1) Five hours of night time, if night flights are to be authorized;
(2) Five instrument approach procedures under simulated or actual conditions, if IFR flights are to be authorized; and
(3) Entry into a representative number of en route airports as determined by the Administrator.
(b) No certificate holder may operate a turbojet airplane if it has not previously proved a turbojet airplane in operations under this part in at least 25 hours of proving tests acceptable to the Administrator including—
(1) Five hours of night time, if night flights are to be authorized;
(2) Five instrument approach procedures under simulated or actual conditions, if IFR flights are to be authorized; and
(3) Entry into a representative number of en route airports as determined by the Administrator.
(c) No certificate holder may carry passengers in an aircraft during proving tests, except those needed to make the tests and those designated by the Administrator to observe the tests. However, pilot flight training may be conducted during the proving tests.
(d) Validation testing is required to determine that a certificate holder is capable of conducting operations safely and in compliance with applicable regulatory standards. Validation tests are required for the following authorizations:
(1) The addition of an aircraft for which two pilots are required for operations under VFR or a turbojet airplane, if that aircraft or an aircraft of the same make or similar design has not been previously proved or validated in operations under this part.
(2) Operations outside U.S. airspace.
(4) Special performance or operational authorizations.
(e) Validation tests must be accomplished by test methods acceptable to the Administrator. Actual flights may not be required when an applicant can demonstrate competence and compliance with appropriate regulations without conducting a flight.
(f) Proving tests and validation tests may be conducted simultaneously when appropriate.
(g) The Administrator may authorize deviations from this section if the Administrator finds that special circumstances make full compliance with this section unnecessary.
§ 135.147
Dual controls required.
No person may operate an aircraft in operations requiring two pilots unless it is equipped with functioning dual controls. However, if the aircraft type certification operating limitations do not require two pilots, a throwover control wheel may be used in place of two control wheels.
§ 135.149
Equipment requirements: General.
No person may operate an aircraft unless it is equipped with—
(a) A sensitive altimeter that is adjustable for barometric pressure;
(b) Heating or deicing equipment for each carburetor or, for a pressure carburetor, an alternate air source;
(c) For turbojet airplanes, in addition to two gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicators (artificial horizons) for use at the pilot stations, a third indicator that is installed in accordance with the instrument requirements prescribed in § 121.305(j) of this chapter.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) For turbine powered aircraft, any other equipment as the Administrator may require.
§ 135.150
Public address and crewmember interphone systems.
No person may operate an aircraft having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of more than 19 unless it is equipped with—
(a) A public address system which—
(1) Is capable of operation independent of the crewmember interphone system required by paragraph (b) of this section, except for handsets, headsets, microphones, selector switches, and signaling devices;
(2) Is approved in accordance with § 21.305 of this chapter;
(3) Is accessible for immediate use from each of two flight crewmember stations in the pilot compartment;
(4) For each required floor-level passenger emergency exit which has an adjacent flight attendant seat, has a microphone which is readily accessible to the seated flight attendant, except that one microphone may serve more than one exit, provided the proximity of the exits allows unassisted verbal communication between seated flight attendants;
(5) Is capable of operation within 10 seconds by a flight attendant at each of those stations in the passenger compartment from which its use is accessible;
(6) Is audible at all passenger seats, lavatories, and flight attendant seats and work stations; and
(7) For transport category airplanes manufactured on or after November 27, 1990, meets the requirements of § 25.1423 of this chapter.
(b) A crewmember interphone system which—
(1) Is capable of operation independent of the public address system required by paragraph (a) of this section, except for handsets, headsets, microphones, selector switches, and signaling devices;
(2) Is approved in accordance with § 21.305 of this chapter;
(3) Provides a means of two-way communication between the pilot compartment and—
(i) Each passenger compartment; and
(ii) Each galley located on other than the main passenger deck level;
(4) Is accessible for immediate use from each of two flight crewmember stations in the pilot compartment;
(5) Is accessible for use from at least one normal flight attendant station in each passenger compartment;
(6) Is capable of operation within 10 seconds by a flight attendant at each of those stations in each passenger compartment from which its use is accessible; and
(7) For large turbojet-powered airplanes—
(i) Is accessible for use at enough flight attendant stations so that all floor-level emergency exits (or entryways to those exits in the case of exits located within galleys) in each passenger compartment are observable from one or more of those stations so equipped;
(ii) Has an alerting system incorporating aural or visual signals for use by flight crewmembers to alert flight attendants and for use by flight attendants to alert flight crewmembers;
(iii) For the alerting system required by paragraph (b)(7)(ii) of this section, has a means for the recipient of a call to determine whether it is a normal call or an emergency call; and
(iv) When the airplane is on the ground, provides a means of two-way communication between ground personnel and either of at least two flight crewmembers in the pilot compartment. The interphone system station for use by ground personnel must be so located that personnel using the system may avoid visible detection from within the airplane.
§ 135.151
Cockpit voice recorders.
(a) No person may operate a multiengine, turbine-powered airplane or rotorcraft having a passenger seating configuration of six or more and for which two pilots are required by certification or operating rules unless it is equipped with an approved cockpit voice recorder that:
(1) Is installed in compliance with § 23.1457(a)(1) and (2), (b), (c), (d)(1)(i), (2) and (3), (e), (f), and (g); § 25.1457(a)(1) and (2), (b), (c), (d)(1)(i), (2) and (3), (e), (f), and (g), § 27.1457(a)(1) and (2), (b), (c), (d)(1)(i), (2) and (3), (e), (f), and (g); or § 29.1457(a)(1) and (2), (b), (c), (d)(1)(i), (2) and (3), (e), (f), and (g) of this chapter, as applicable; and
(2) Is operated continuously from the use of the check list before the flight to completion of the final check list at the end of the flight.
(b) No person may operate a multiengine, turbine-powered airplane or rotorcraft having a passenger seating configuration of 20 or more seats unless it is equipped with an approved cockpit voice recorder that—
(1) Is installed in accordance with the requirements of § 23.1457 (except paragraphs (a)(6), (d)(1)(ii), (4), and (5)); § 25.1457 (except paragraphs (a)(6), (d)(1)(ii), (4), and (5)); § 27.1457 (except paragraphs (a)(6), (d)(1)(ii), (4), and (5)); or § 29.1457 (except paragraphs (a)(6), (d)(1)(ii), (4), and (5)) of this chapter, as applicable; and
(2) Is operated continuously from the use of the check list before the flight to completion of the final check list at the end of the flight.
(c) In the event of an accident, or occurrence requiring immediate notification of the National Transportation Safety Board which results in termination of the flight, the certificate holder shall keep the recorded information for at least 60 days or, if requested by the Administrator or the Board, for a longer period. Information obtained from the record may be used to assist in determining the cause of accidents or occurrences in connection with investigations. The Administrator does not use the record in any civil penalty or certificate action.
(d) For those aircraft equipped to record the uninterrupted audio signals received by a boom or a mask microphone the flight crewmembers are required to use the boom microphone below 18,000 feet mean sea level. No person may operate a large turbine engine powered airplane manufactured after October 11, 1991, or on which a cockpit voice recorder has been installed after October 11, 1991, unless it is equipped to record the uninterrupted audio signal received by a boom or mask microphone in accordance with § 25.1457(c)(5) of this chapter.
(e) In complying with this section, an approved cockpit voice recorder having an erasure feature may be used, so that during the operation of the recorder, information:
(1) Recorded in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section and recorded more than 15 minutes earlier; or
(2) Recorded in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section and recorded more than 30 minutes earlier; may be erased or otherwise obliterated.
(f) By April 7, 2012, all airplanes subject to paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section that are manufactured before April 7, 2010, and that are required to have a flight data recorder installed in accordance with § 135.152, must have a cockpit voice recorder that also—
(1) Meets the requirements in § 23.1457(d)(6) or § 25.1457(d)(6) of this chapter, as applicable; and
(2) If transport category, meet the requirements in § 25.1457(a)(3), (a)(4), and (a)(5) of this chapter.
(g)(1) No person may operate a multiengine, turbine-powered airplane or rotorcraft that is manufactured on or after April 7, 2010, that has a passenger seating configuration of six or more seats, for which two pilots are required by certification or operating rules, and that is required to have a flight data recorder under § 135.152, unless it is equipped with an approved cockpit voice recorder that also—
(i) Is installed in accordance with the requirements of § 23.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)); § 25.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)); § 27.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)); or § 29.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)) of this chapter, as applicable; and
(ii) Is operated continuously from the use of the check list before the flight, to completion of the final check list at the end of the flight; and
(iii) Retains at least the last 2 hours of recorded information using a recorder that meets the standards of TSO-C123a, or later revision.
(iv) For all airplanes or rotorcraft manufactured on or after December 6, 2010, also meets the requirements of § 23.1457(a)(6); § 25.1457(a)(6); § 27.1457(a)(6); or § 29.457(a)(6) of this chapter, as applicable.
(2) No person may operate a multiengine, turbine-powered airplane or rotorcraft that is manufactured on or after April 7, 2010, has a passenger seating configuration of 20 or more seats, and that is required to have a flight data recorder under § 135.152, unless it is equipped with an approved cockpit voice recorder that also—
(i) Is installed in accordance with the requirements of § 23.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)); § 25.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)); § 27.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)); or § 29.1457 (except for paragraph (a)(6)) of this chapter, as applicable; and
(ii) Is operated continuously from the use of the check list before the flight, to completion of the final check list at the end of the flight; and
(iii) Retains at least the last 2 hours of recorded information using a recorder that meets the standards of TSO-C123a, or later revision.
(iv) For all airplanes or rotorcraft manufactured on or after December 6, 2010, also meets the requirements of § 23.1457(a)(6); § 25.1457(a)(6); § 27.1457(a)(6); or § 29.457(a)(6) of this chapter, as applicable.
(h) All airplanes or rotorcraft required by this part to have a cockpit voice recorder and a flight data recorder, that install datalink communication equipment on or after December 6, 2010, must record all datalink messages as required by the certification rule applicable to the aircraft.
§ 135.152
Flight data recorders.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, no person may operate under this part a multi-engine, turbine-engine powered airplane or rotorcraft having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any required crewmember seat, of 10 to 19 seats, that was either brought onto the U.S. register after, or was registered outside the United States and added to the operator's U.S. operations specifications after, October 11, 1991, unless it is equipped with one or more approved flight recorders that use a digital method of recording and storing data and a method of readily retrieving that data from the storage medium. The parameters specified in either Appendix B or C of this part, as applicable must be recorded within the range, accuracy, resolution, and recording intervals as specified. The recorder shall retain no less than 25 hours of aircraft operation.
(b) After October 11, 1991, no person may operate a multiengine, turbine-powered airplane having a passenger seating configuration of 20 to 30 seats or a multiengine, turbine-powered rotorcraft having a passenger seating configuration of 20 or more seats unless it is equipped with one or more approved flight recorders that utilize a digital method of recording and storing data, and a method of readily retrieving that data from the storage medium. The parameters in appendix D or E of this part, as applicable, that are set forth below, must be recorded within the ranges, accuracies, resolutions, and sampling intervals as specified.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section for aircraft type certificated before October 1, 1969, the following parameters must be recorded:
(i) Time;
(ii) Altitude;
(iii) Airspeed;
(iv) Vertical acceleration;
(v) Heading;
(vi) Time of each radio transmission to or from air traffic control;
(vii) Pitch attitude;
(viii) Roll attitude;
(ix) Longitudinal acceleration;
(x) Control column or pitch control surface position; and
(xi) Thrust of each engine.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section for aircraft type certificated after September 30, 1969, the following parameters must be recorded:
(i) Time;
(ii) Altitude;
(iii) Airspeed;
(iv) Vertical acceleration;
(v) Heading;
(vi) Time of each radio transmission either to or from air traffic control;
(vii) Pitch attitude;
(viii) Roll attitude;
(ix) Longitudinal acceleration;
(x) Pitch trim position;
(xi) Control column or pitch control surface position;
(xii) Control wheel or lateral control surface position;
(xiii) Rudder pedal or yaw control surface position;
(xiv) Thrust of each engine;
(xv) Position of each thrust reverser;
(xvi) Trailing edge flap or cockpit flap control position; and
(xvii) Leading edge flap or cockpit flap control position.
(3) For aircraft manufactured after October 11, 1991, all of the parameters listed in appendix D or E of this part, as applicable, must be recorded.
(c) Whenever a flight recorder required by this section is installed, it must be operated continuously from the instant the airplane begins the takeoff roll or the rotorcraft begins the lift-off until the airplane has completed the landing roll or the rotorcraft has landed at its destination.
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, and except for recorded data erased as authorized in this paragraph, each certificate holder shall keep the recorded data prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section until the aircraft has been operating for at least 25 hours of the operating time specified in paragraph (c) of this section. In addition, each certificate holder shall keep the recorded data prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section for an airplane until the airplane has been operating for at least 25 hours, and for a rotorcraft until the rotorcraft has been operating for at least 10 hours, of the operating time specified in paragraph (c) of this section. A total of 1 hour of recorded data may be erased for the purpose of testing the flight recorder or the flight recorder system. Any erasure made in accordance with this paragraph must be of the oldest recorded data accumulated at the time of testing. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no record need be kept more than 60 days.
(e) In the event of an accident or occurrence that requires the immediate notification of the National Transportation Safety Board under 49 CFR part 830 of its regulations and that results in termination of the flight, the certificate holder shall remove the recording media from the aircraft and keep the recorded data required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section for at least 60 days or for a longer period upon request of the Board or the Administrator.
(f)(1) For airplanes manufactured on or before August 18, 2000, and all other aircraft, each flight recorder required by this section must be installed in accordance with the requirements of § 23.1459 (except paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and (6)), § 25.1459 (except paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and (7)), § 27.1459 (except paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and (6)), or § 29.1459 (except paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and (6)), as appropriate, of this chapter. The correlation required by paragraph (c) of §§ 23.1459, 25.1459, 27.1459, or 29.1459 of this chapter, as appropriate, need be established only on one aircraft of a group of aircraft:
(i) That are of the same type;
(ii) On which the flight recorder models and their installations are the same; and
(iii) On which there are no differences in the type designs with respect to the installation of the first pilot's instruments associated with the flight recorder. The most recent instrument calibration, including the recording medium from which this calibration is derived, and the recorder correlation must be retained by the certificate holder.
(2) For airplanes manufactured after August 18, 2000, each flight data recorder system required by this section must be installed in accordance with the requirements of § 23.1459(a) (except paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and (6)), (b), (d) and (e), or § 25.1459(a) (except paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and (7)), (b), (d) and (e) of this chapter. A correlation must be established between the values recorded by the flight data recorder and the corresponding values being measured. The correlation must contain a sufficient number of correlation points to accurately establish the conversion from the recorded values to engineering units or discrete state over the full operating range of the parameter. Except for airplanes having separate altitude and airspeed sensors that are an integral part of the flight data recorder system, a single correlation may be established for any group of airplanes—
(i) That are of the same type;
(ii) On which the flight recorder system and its installation are the same; and
(iii) On which there is no difference in the type design with respect to the installation of those sensors associated with the flight data recorder system. Documentation sufficient to convert recorded data into the engineering units and discrete values specified in the applicable appendix must be maintained by the certificate holder.
(g) Each flight recorder required by this section that records the data specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section must have an approved device to assist in locating that recorder under water.
(h) The operational parameters required to be recorded by digital flight data recorders required by paragraphs (i) and (j) of this section are as follows, the phrase “when an information source is installed” following a parameter indicates that recording of that parameter is not intended to require a change in installed equipment.
(1) Time;
(2) Pressure altitude;
(3) Indicated airspeed;
(4) Heading—primary flight crew reference (if selectable, record discrete, true or magnetic);
(5) Normal acceleration (Vertical);
(6) Pitch attitude;
(7) Roll attitude;
(8) Manual radio transmitter keying, or CVR/DFDR synchronization reference;
(9) Thrust/power of each engine—primary flight crew reference;
(10) Autopilot engagement status;
(11) Longitudinal acceleration;
(12) Pitch control input;
(13) Lateral control input;
(14) Rudder pedal input;
(15) Primary pitch control surface position;
(16) Primary lateral control surface position;
(17) Primary yaw control surface position;
(18) Lateral acceleration;
(19) Pitch trim surface position or parameters of paragraph (h)(82) of this section if currently recorded;
(20) Trailing edge flap or cockpit flap control selection (except when parameters of paragraph (h)(85) of this section apply);
(21) Leading edge flap or cockpit flap control selection (except when parameters of paragraph (h)(86) of this section apply);
(22) Each Thrust reverser position (or equivalent for propeller airplane);
(23) Ground spoiler position or speed brake selection (except when parameters of paragraph (h)(87) of this section apply);
(24) Outside or total air temperature;
(25) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) modes and engagement status, including autothrottle;
(26) Radio altitude (when an information source is installed);
(27) Localizer deviation, MLS Azimuth;
(28) Glideslope deviation, MLS Elevation;
(29) Marker beacon passage;
(30) Master warning;
(31) Air/ground sensor (primary airplane system reference nose or main gear);
(32) Angle of attack (when information source is installed);
(33) Hydraulic pressure low (each system);
(34) Ground speed (when an information source is installed);
(35) Ground proximity warning system;
(36) Landing gear position or landing gear cockpit control selection;
(37) Drift angle (when an information source is installed);
(38) Wind speed and direction (when an information source is installed);
(39) Latitude and longitude (when an information source is installed);
(40) Stick shaker/pusher (when an information source is installed);
(41) Windshear (when an information source is installed);
(42) Throttle/power lever position;
(43) Additional engine parameters (as designated in appendix F of this part);
(44) Traffic alert and collision avoidance system;
(45) DME 1 and 2 distances;
(47) Selected barometric setting (when an information source is installed);
(48) Selected altitude (when an information source is installed);
(49) Selected speed (when an information source is installed);
(50) Selected mach (when an information source is installed);
(51) Selected vertical speed (when an information source is installed);
(52) Selected heading (when an information source is installed);
(53) Selected flight path (when an information source is installed);
(54) Selected decision height (when an information source is installed);
(55) EFIS display format;
(56) Multi-function/engine/alerts display format;
(57) Thrust command (when an information source is installed);
(58) Thrust target (when an information source is installed);
(59) Fuel quantity in CG trim tank (when an information source is installed);
(61) Icing (when an information source is installed);
(62) Engine warning each engine vibration (when an information source is installed);
(63) Engine warning each engine over temp. (when an information source is installed);
(64) Engine warning each engine oil pressure low (when an information source is installed);
(65) Engine warning each engine over speed (when an information source is installed;
(66) Yaw trim surface position;
(67) Roll trim surface position;
(68) Brake pressure (selected system);
(69) Brake pedal application (left and right);
(70) Yaw or sideslip angle (when an information source is installed);
(71) Engine bleed valve position (when an information source is installed);
(72) De-icing or anti-icing system selection (when an information source is installed);
(73) Computed center of gravity (when an information source is installed);
(74) AC electrical bus status;
(75) DC electrical bus status;
(76) APU bleed valve position (when an information source is installed);
(77) Hydraulic pressure (each system);
(78) Loss of cabin pressure;
(79) Computer failure;
(80) Heads-up display (when an information source is installed);
(81) Para-visual display (when an information source is installed);
(82) Cockpit trim control input position—pitch;
(83) Cockpit trim control input position—roll;
(84) Cockpit trim control input position—yaw;
(85) Trailing edge flap and cockpit flap control position;
(86) Leading edge flap and cockpit flap control position;
(87) Ground spoiler position and speed brake selection; and
(88) All cockpit flight control input forces (control wheel, control column, rudder pedal).
(i) For all turbine-engine powered airplanes with a seating configuration, excluding any required crewmember seat, of 10 to 30 passenger seats, manufactured after August 18, 2000—
(1) The parameters listed in paragraphs (h)(1) through (h)(57) of this section must be recorded within the ranges, accuracies, resolutions, and recording intervals specified in Appendix F of this part.
(2) Commensurate with the capacity of the recording system, all additional parameters for which information sources are installed and which are connected to the recording system must be recorded within the ranges, accuracies, resolutions, and sampling intervals specified in Appendix F of this part.
(j) For all turbine-engine-powered airplanes with a seating configuration, excluding any required crewmember seat, of 10 to 30 passenger seats, that are manufactured after August 19, 2002 the parameters listed in paragraph (a)(1) through (a)(88) of this section must be recorded within the ranges, accuracies, resolutions, and recording intervals specified in Appendix F of this part.
(k) For aircraft manufactured before August 18, 1997, the following aircraft types need not comply with this section: Bell 212, Bell 214ST, Bell 412, Bell 412SP, Boeing Chinook (BV-234), Boeing/Kawasaki Vertol 107 (BV/KV-107-II), deHavilland DHC-6, Eurocopter Puma 330J, Sikorsky 58, Sikorsky 61N, Sikorsky 76A.
(l) By April 7, 2012, all aircraft manufactured before April 7, 2010, must also meet the requirements in § 23.1459(a)(7), § 25.1459(a)(8), § 27.1459(e), or § 29.1459(e) of this chapter, as applicable.
(m) All aircraft manufactured on or after April 7, 2010, must have a flight data recorder installed that also—
(1) Meets the requirements of § 23.1459(a)(3), (a)(6), and (a)(7), § 25.1459(a)(3), (a)(7), and (a)(8), § 27.1459(a)(3), (a)(6), and (e), or § 29.1459(a)(3), (a)(6), and (e) of this chapter, as applicable; and
(2) Retains the 25 hours of recorded information required in paragraph (d) of this section using a recorder that meets the standards of TSO-C124a, or later revision.
§ 135.152
Flight data recorders.
(j) For all turbine-engine-powered airplanes with a seating configuration, excluding any required crewmember seat, of 10 to 30 passenger seats, that are manufactured after August 19, 2002, the parameters listed in paragraphs (h)(1) through (88) of this section must be recorded within the ranges, accuracies, resolutions, and recording intervals specified in appendix F to this part.
§ 135.153
§ 135.154
Terrain awareness and warning system.
(a) Airplanes manufactured after March 29, 2002:
(1) No person may operate a turbine-powered airplane configured with 10 or more passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat, unless that airplane is equipped with an approved terrain awareness and warning system that meets the requirements for Class A equipment in Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C151. The airplane must also include an approved terrain situational awareness display.
(2) No person may operate a turbine-powered airplane configured with 6 to 9 passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat, unless that airplane is equipped with an approved terrain awareness and warning system that meets as a minimum the requirements for Class B equipment in Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C151.
(b) Airplanes manufactured on or before March 29, 2002:
(1) No person may operate a turbine-powered airplane configured with 10 or more passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat, after March 29, 2005, unless that airplane is equipped with an approved terrain awareness and warning system that meets the requirements for Class A equipment in Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C151. The airplane must also include an approved terrain situational awareness display.
(2) No person may operate a turbine-powered airplane configured with 6 to 9 passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat, after March 29, 2005, unless that airplane is equipped with an approved terrain awareness and warning system that meets as a minimum the requirements for Class B equipment in Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C151.
(c) Airplane Flight Manual. The Airplane Flight Manual shall contain appropriate procedures for—
(1) The use of the terrain awareness and warning system; and
(2) Proper flight crew reaction in response to the terrain awareness and warning system audio and visual warnings.
§ 135.155
Fire extinguishers: Passenger-carrying aircraft.
No person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers unless it is equipped with hand fire extinguishers of an approved type for use in crew and passenger compartments as follows—
(a) The type and quantity of extinguishing agent must be suitable for the kinds of fires likely to occur;
(b) At least one hand fire extinguisher must be provided and conveniently located on the flight deck for use by the flight crew; and
(c) At least one hand fire extinguisher must be conveniently located in the passenger compartment of each aircraft having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of at least 10 seats but less than 31 seats.
§ 135.156
Flight data recorders: filtered data.
(a) A flight data signal is filtered when an original sensor signal has been changed in any way, other than changes necessary to:
(1) Accomplish analog to digital conversion of the signal;
(2) Format a digital signal to be DFDR compatible; or
(3) Eliminate a high frequency component of a signal that is outside the operational bandwidth of the sensor.
(b) An original sensor signal for any flight recorder parameter required to be recorded under § 135.152 may be filtered only if the recorded signal value continues to meet the requirements of Appendix D or F of this part, as applicable.
(c) For a parameter described in § 135.152(h)(12) through (17), (42), or (88), or the corresponding parameter in Appendix D of this part, if the recorded signal value is filtered and does not meet the requirements of Appendix D or F of this part, as applicable, the certificate holder must:
(1) Remove the filtering and ensure that the recorded signal value meets the requirements of Appendix D or F of this part, as applicable; or
(2) Demonstrate by test and analysis that the original sensor signal value can be reconstructed from the recorded data. This demonstration requires that:
(i) The FAA determine that the procedure and test results submitted by the certificate holder as its compliance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section are repeatable; and
(ii) The certificate holder maintains documentation of the procedure required to reconstruct the original sensor signal value. This documentation is also subject to the requirements of § 135.152(e).
(d) Compliance. Compliance is required as follows:
(1) No later than October 20, 2011, each operator must determine, for each aircraft on its operations specifications, whether the aircraft's DFDR system is filtering any of the parameters listed in paragraph (c) of this section. The operator must create a record of this determination for each aircraft it operates, and maintain it as part of the correlation documentation required by § 135.152 (f)(1)(iii) or (f)(2)(iii) of this part as applicable.
(2) For aircraft that are not filtering any listed parameter, no further action is required unless the aircraft's DFDR system is modified in a manner that would cause it to meet the definition of filtering on any listed parameter.
(3) For aircraft found to be filtering a parameter listed in paragraph (c) of this section the operator must either:
(i) No later than April 21, 2014, remove the filtering; or
(ii) No later than April 22, 2013, submit the necessary procedure and test results required by paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(4) After April 21, 2014, no aircraft flight data recording system may filter any parameter listed in paragraph (c) of this section that does not meet the requirements of Appendix D or F of this part, unless the certificate holder possesses test and analysis procedures and the test results that have been approved by the FAA. All records of tests, analysis and procedures used to comply with this section must be maintained as part of the correlation documentation required by § 135.152 (f)(1)(iii) or (f)(2)(iii) of this part as applicable.
§ 135.157
Oxygen equipment requirements.
(a) Unpressurized aircraft. No person may operate an unpressurized aircraft at altitudes prescribed in this section unless it is equipped with enough oxygen dispensers and oxygen to supply the pilots under § 135.89(a) and to supply, when flying—
(1) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to at least 10 percent of the occupants of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration; and
(2) Above 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to each occupant of the aircraft other than the pilots.
(b) Pressurized aircraft. No person may operate a pressurized aircraft—
(1) At altitudes above 25,000 feet MSL, unless at least a 10-minute supply of supplemental oxygen is available for each occupant of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for use when a descent is necessary due to loss of cabin pressurization; and
(2) Unless it is equipped with enough oxygen dispensers and oxygen to comply with paragraph (a) of this section whenever the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 10,000 feet MSL and, if the cabin pressurization fails, to comply with § 135.89 (a) or to provide a 2-hour supply for each pilot, whichever is greater, and to supply when flying—
(i) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to at least 10 percent of the occupants of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration; and
(ii) Above 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to each occupant of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for one hour unless, at all times during flight above that altitude, the aircraft can safely descend to 15,000 feet MSL within four minutes, in which case only a 30-minute supply is required.
(c) The equipment required by this section must have a means—
(1) To enable the pilots to readily determine, in flight, the amount of oxygen available in each source of supply and whether the oxygen is being delivered to the dispensing units; or
(2) In the case of individual dispensing units, to enable each user to make those determinations with respect to that person's oxygen supply and delivery; and
(3) To allow the pilots to use undiluted oxygen at their discretion at altitudes above 25,000 feet MSL.
§ 135.158
Pitot heat indication systems.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, after April 12, 1981, no person may operate a transport category airplane equipped with a flight instrument pitot heating system unless the airplane is also equipped with an operable pitot heat indication system that complies with § 25.1326 of this chapter in effect on April 12, 1978.
(b) A certificate holder may obtain an extension of the April 12, 1981, compliance date specified in paragraph (a) of this section, but not beyond April 12, 1983, from the Executive Director, Flight Standards Service if the certificate holder—
(1) Shows that due to circumstances beyond its control it cannot comply by the specified compliance date; and
(2) Submits by the specified compliance date a schedule for compliance, acceptable to the Executive Director, indicating that compliance will be achieved at the earliest practicable date.
§ 135.159
Equipment requirements: Carrying passengers under VFR at night or under VFR over-the-top conditions.
No person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers under VFR at night or under VFR over-the-top, unless it is equipped with—
(a) A gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator except on the following aircraft:
(1) Airplanes with a third attitude instrument system usable through flight attitudes of 360 degrees of pitch-and-roll and installed in accordance with the instrument requirements prescribed in § 121.305(j) of this chapter.
(2) Helicopters with a third attitude instrument system usable through flight attitudes of ±80 degrees of pitch and ±120 degrees of roll and installed in accordance with § 29.1303(g) of this chapter.
(3) Helicopters with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or less.
(b) A slip skid indicator.
(c) A gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicator.
(d) A gyroscopic direction indicator.
(e) A generator or generators able to supply all probable combinations of continuous in-flight electrical loads for required equipment and for recharging the battery.
(f) For night flights—
(1) An anticollision light system;
(2) Instrument lights to make all instruments, switches, and gauges easily readable, the direct rays of which are shielded from the pilots' eyes; and
(3) A flashlight having at least two size “D” cells or equivalent.
(g) For the purpose of paragraph (e) of this section, a continuous in-flight electrical load includes one that draws current continuously during flight, such as radio equipment and electrically driven instruments and lights, but does not include occasional intermittent loads.
(h) Notwithstanding provisions of paragraphs (b), (c), and (d), helicopters having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or less may be operated until January 6, 1988, under visual flight rules at night without a slip skid indicator, a gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicator, or a gyroscopic direction indicator.
§ 135.160
Radio altimeters for rotorcraft operations.
(a) After April 24, 2017, no person may operate a rotorcraft unless that rotorcraft is equipped with an operable FAA-approved radio altimeter, or an FAA-approved device that incorporates a radio altimeter, unless otherwise authorized in the certificate holder's approved minimum equipment list.
§ 135.161
Communication and navigation equipment for aircraft operations under VFR over routes navigated by pilotage.
(a) No person may operate an aircraft under VFR over routes that can be navigated by pilotage unless the aircraft is equipped with the two-way radio communication equipment necessary under normal operating conditions to fulfill the following:
(1) Communicate with at least one appropriate station from any point on the route, except in remote locations and areas of mountainous terrain where geographical constraints make such communication impossible.
(2) Communicate with appropriate air traffic control facilities from any point within Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace, or within a Class E surface area designated for an airport in which flights are intended; and
(3) Receive meteorological information from any point en route, except in remote locations and areas of mountainous terrain where geographical constraints make such communication impossible.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft at night under VFR over routes that can be navigated by pilotage unless that aircraft is equipped with—
(1) Two-way radio communication equipment necessary under normal operating conditions to fulfill the functions specified in paragraph (a) of this section; and
§ 135.163
Equipment requirements: Aircraft carrying passengers under IFR.
No person may operate an aircraft under IFR, carrying passengers, unless it has—
(a) A vertical speed indicator;
(b) A free-air temperature indicator;
(c) A heated pitot tube for each airspeed indicator;
(d) A power failure warning device or vacuum indicator to show the power available for gyroscopic instruments from each power source;
(e) An alternate source of static pressure for the altimeter and the airspeed and vertical speed indicators;
(f) For a single-engine aircraft:
(1) Two independent electrical power generating sources each of which is able to supply all probable combinations of continuous inflight electrical loads for required instruments and equipment; or
(2) In addition to the primary electrical power generating source, a standby battery or an alternate source of electric power that is capable of supplying 150% of the electrical loads of all required instruments and equipment necessary for safe emergency operation of the aircraft for at least one hour;
(g) For multi-engine aircraft, at least two generators or alternators each of which is on a separate engine, of which any combination of one-half of the total number are rated sufficiently to supply the electrical loads of all required instruments and equipment necessary for safe emergency operation of the aircraft except that for multi-engine helicopters, the two required generators may be mounted on the main rotor drive train; and
(h) Two independent sources of energy (with means of selecting either) of which at least one is an engine-driven pump or generator, each of which is able to drive all required gyroscopic instruments powered by, or to be powered by, that particular source and installed so that failure of one instrument or source, does not interfere with the energy supply to the remaining instruments or the other energy source unless, for single-engine aircraft in all cargo operations only, the rate of turn indicator has a source of energy separate from the bank and pitch and direction indicators. For the purpose of this paragraph, for multi-engine aircraft, each engine-driven source of energy must be on a different engine.
(i) For the purpose of paragraph (f) of this section, a continuous inflight electrical load includes one that draws current continuously during flight, such as radio equipment, electrically driven instruments, and lights, but does not include occasional intermittent loads.
§ 135.165
Communication and navigation equipment: Extended over-water or IFR operations.
(2) The aircraft used in extended over-water operations is equipped with at least two-approved independent navigation systems suitable for navigating the aircraft along the route to be flown within the degree of accuracy required for ATC.
(3) The aircraft used for IFR operations is equipped with at least—
(i) One marker beacon receiver providing visual and aural signals; and
(ii) One ILS receiver.
(b) Use of a single independent navigation system for IFR operations. The aircraft may be equipped with a single independent navigation system suitable for navigating the aircraft along the route to be flown within the degree of accuracy required for ATC if:
(1) It can be shown that the aircraft is equipped with at least one other independent navigation system suitable, in the event of loss of the navigation capability of the single independent navigation system permitted by this paragraph at any point along the route, for proceeding safely to a suitable airport and completing an instrument approach; and
(2) The aircraft has sufficient fuel so that the flight may proceed safely to a suitable airport by use of the remaining navigation system, and complete an instrument approach and land.
(d) Airplane communication equipment requirements. Except as permitted in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may operate a turbojet airplane having a passenger seat configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more, or a multiengine airplane in a commuter operation, as defined in part 119 of this chapter, under IFR or in extended over-water operations unless the airplane is equipped with—
(1) At least two independent communication systems necessary under normal operating conditions to fulfill the functions specified in § 121.347(a) of this chapter; and
(2) At least one of the communication systems required by paragraph (d)(1) of this section must have two-way voice communication capability.
(e) IFR or extended over-water communications equipment requirements. A person may operate an aircraft other than that specified in paragraph (d) of this section under IFR or in extended over-water operations if it meets all of the requirements of this section, with the exception that only one communication system transmitter is required for operations other than extended over-water operations.
(f) Additional aircraft communication equipment requirements. In addition to the requirements in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR or in extended over-water operations unless it is equipped with at least:
(1) Two microphones; and
(2) Two headsets or one headset and one speaker.
(g) Extended over-water exceptions. Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraphs (a), (d), and (e) of this section, installation and use of a single long-range navigation system and a single long-range communication system for extended over-water operations in certain geographic areas may be authorized by the Administrator and approved in the certificate holder's operations specifications. The following are among the operational factors the Administrator may consider in granting an authorization:
(1) The ability of the flight crew to navigate the airplane along the route within the degree of accuracy required for ATC;
(2) The length of the route being flown; and
(3) The duration of the very high frequency communications gap.
§ 135.167
Emergency equipment: Extended overwater operations.
(a) Except where the Administrator, by amending the operations specifications of the certificate holder, requires the carriage of all or any specific items of the equipment listed below for any overwater operation, or, upon application of the certificate holder, the Administrator allows deviation for a particular extended overwater operation, no person may operate an aircraft in extended overwater operations unless it carries, installed in conspicuously marked locations easily accessible to the occupants if a ditching occurs, the following equipment:
(1) An approved life preserver equipped with an approved survivor locator light for each occupant of the aircraft. The life preserver must be easily accessible to each seated occupant.
(2) Enough approved liferafts of a rated capacity and buoyancy to accommodate the occupants of the aircraft.
(b) Each liferaft required by paragraph (a) of this section must be equipped with or contain at least the following:
(1) One approved survivor locator light.
(2) One approved pyrotechnic signaling device.
(3) Either—
(i) One survival kit, appropriately equipped for the route to be flown; or
(ii) One canopy (for sail, sunshade, or rain catcher);
(iii) One radar reflector;
(iv) One liferaft repair kit;
(v) One bailing bucket;
(vi) One signaling mirror;
(vii) One police whistle;
(viii) One raft knife;
(ix) One CO 2 bottle for emergency inflation;
(x) One inflation pump;
(xi) Two oars;
(xii) One 75-foot retaining line;
(xiii) One magnetic compass;
(xiv) One dye marker;
(xv) One flashlight having at least two size “D” cells or equivalent;
(xvi) A 2-day supply of emergency food rations supplying at least 1,000 calories per day for each person;
(xvii) For each two persons the raft is rated to carry, two pints of water or one sea water desalting kit;
(xviii) One fishing kit; and
(xix) One book on survival appropriate for the area in which the aircraft is operated.
(c) No person may operate an airplane in extended overwater operations unless there is attached to one of the life rafts required by paragraph (a) of this section, an approved survival type emergency locator transmitter. Batteries used in this transmitter must be replaced (or recharged, if the batteries are rechargeable) when the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour, or, when 50 percent of their useful life (or for rechargeable batteries, 50 percent of their useful life of charge) has expired, as established by the transmitter manufacturer under its approval. The new expiration date for replacing (or recharging) the battery must be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter. The battery useful life (or useful life of charge) requirements of this paragraph do not apply to batteries (such as water-activated batteries) that are essentially unaffected during probable storage intervals.
§ 135.168
Emergency equipment: Overwater rotorcraft operations.
(a) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following definitions apply—
Autorotational distance refers to the distance a rotorcraft can travel in autorotation as described by the manufacturer in the approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual.
Shoreline means that area of the land adjacent to the water of an ocean, sea, lake, pond, river, or tidal basin that is above the high-water mark at which a rotorcraft could be landed safely. This does not include land areas which are unsuitable for landing such as vertical cliffs or land intermittently under water.
(b) Required equipment. Except when authorized by the certificate holder's operations specifications, or when necessary only for takeoff or landing, no person may operate a rotorcraft beyond autorotational distance from the shoreline unless it carries:
(1) An approved life preserver equipped with an approved survivor locator light for each occupant of the rotorcraft. The life preserver must be worn by each occupant while the rotorcraft is beyond autorotational distance from the shoreline, except for a patient transported during a helicopter air ambulance operation, as defined in § 135.601(b)(1), when wearing a life preserver would be inadvisable for medical reasons; and
(2) An approved and installed 406 MHz emergency locator transmitter (ELT) with 121.5 MHz homing capability. Batteries used in ELTs must be maintained in accordance with the following—
(i) Non-rechargeable batteries must be replaced when the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour or when 50% of their useful lives have expired, as established by the transmitter manufacturer under its approval. The new expiration date for replacing the batteries must be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter. The battery useful life requirements of this paragraph (b)(2) do not apply to batteries (such as water-activated batteries) that are essentially unaffected during probable storage intervals; or
(ii) Rechargeable batteries used in the transmitter must be recharged when the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour or when 50% of their useful-life-of-charge has expired, as established by the transmitter manufacturer under its approval. The new expiration date for recharging the batteries must be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter. The battery useful-life-of-charge requirements of this paragraph (b)(2) do not apply to batteries (such as water-activated batteries) that are essentially unaffected during probable storage intervals.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) ELT standards. The ELT required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section must meet the requirements in:
(1) TSO-C126, TSO-C126a, or TSO-C126b; and
(2) Section 2 of either RTCA DO-204 or RTCA DO-204A, as specified by the TSO complied with in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(e) ELT alternative compliance. Operators with an ELT required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section, or an ELT with an approved deviation under § 21.618 of this chapter, are in compliance with this section.
(f) Incorporation by reference. The standards required in this section are incorporated by reference into this section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that specified in this section, the FAA must publish notice of change in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All approved material is available for inspection at the FAA's Office of Rulemaking (ARM-1), 800 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591 (telephone (202) 267-9677) and from the sources indicated below. It is also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call (202) 741-6030 or go to http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
(1) U.S. Department of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Office, DOT Warehouse M30, Ardmore East Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue, Landover, MD 20785; telephone (301) 322-5377. Copies are also available on the FAA's Web site. Use the following link and type the TSO number in the search box: http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgTSO.nsf/Frameset?OpenPage.
(i) TSO-C126, 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), Dec. 23, 1992,
(ii) TSO-C126a, 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), Dec. 17, 2008, and
(iii) TSO-C126b, 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), Nov. 26, 2012.
(2) RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th Street NW., Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 833-9339, and are also available on RTCA's Web site at http://www.rtca.org/onlinecart/index.cfm.
(i) RTCA DO-204, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs), Sept. 29, 1989, and
(ii) RTCA DO-204A, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT), Dec. 6, 2007.
§ 135.169
Additional airworthiness requirements.
(a) Except for commuter category airplanes, no person may operate a large airplane unless it meets the additional airworthiness requirements of §§ 121.213 through 121.283 and 121.307 of this chapter.
(b) No person may operate a small airplane that has a passenger-seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of 10 seats or more unless it is type certificated—
(1) In the transport category;
(2) Before July 1, 1970, in the normal category and meets special conditions issued by the Administrator for airplanes intended for use in operations under this part;
(3) Before July 19, 1970, in the normal category and meets the additional airworthiness standards in Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23;
(4) In the normal category and meets the additional airworthiness standards in appendix A;
(5) In the normal category and complies with section 1.(a) of Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 41;
(6) In the normal category and complies with section 1.(b) of Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 41;
(7) In the commuter category; or
(8) In the normal category, as a multi-engine certification level 4 airplane as defined in part 23 of this chapter.
(c) No person may operate a small airplane with a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more, with a seating configuration greater than the maximum seating configuration used in that type airplane in operations under this part before August 19, 1977. This paragraph does not apply to—
(1) An airplane that is type certificated in the transport category; or
(2) An airplane that complies with—
(i) Appendix A of this part provided that its passenger seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, does not exceed 19 seats; or
(ii) Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 41.
(d) Cargo or baggage compartments:
(1) After March 20, 1991, each Class C or D compartment, as defined in § 25.857 of part 25 of this chapter, greater than 200 cubic feet in volume in a transport category airplane type certificated after January 1, 1958, must have ceiling and sidewall panels which are constructed of:
(i) Glass fiber reinforced resin;
(ii) Materials which meet the test requirements of part 25, appendix F, part III of this chapter; or
(iii) In the case of liner installations approved prior to March 20, 1989, aluminum.
(2) For compliance with this paragraph, the term “liner” includes any design feature, such as a joint or fastener, which would affect the capability of the liner to safely contain a fire.
§ 135.170
Materials for compartment interiors.
(a) No person may operate an airplane that conforms to an amended or supplemental type certificate issued in accordance with SFAR No. 41 for a maximum certificated takeoff weight in excess of 12,500 pounds unless within one year after issuance of the initial airworthiness certificate under that SFAR, the airplane meets the compartment interior requirements set forth in § 25.853(a) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.853 (a), (b), (b-1), (b-2), and (b-3) of this chapter in effect on September 26, 1978).
(b) Except for commuter category airplanes and airplanes certificated under Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 41, no person may operate a large airplane unless it meets the following additional airworthiness requirements:
(1) Except for those materials covered by paragraph (b)(2) of this section, all materials in each compartment used by the crewmembers or passengers must meet the requirements of § 25.853 of this chapter in effect as follows or later amendment thereto:
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section, each airplane with a passenger capacity of 20 or more and manufactured after August 19, 1988, but prior to August 20, 1990, must comply with the heat release rate testing provisions of § 25.853(d) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.853(a-1) in effect on August 20, 1986), except that the total heat release over the first 2 minutes of sample exposure rate must not exceed 100 kilowatt minutes per square meter and the peak heat release rate must not exceed 100 kilowatts per square meter.
(ii) Each airplane with a passenger capacity of 20 or more and manufactured after August 19, 1990, must comply with the heat release rate and smoke testing provisions of § 25.853(d) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.83(a-1) in effect on September 26, 1988).
(iii) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(1) (v) or (vi) of this section, each airplane for which the application for type certificate was filed prior to May 1, 1972, must comply with the provisions of § 25.853 in effect on April 30, 1972, regardless of the passenger capacity, if there is a substantially complete replacement of the cabin interior after April 30, 1972.
(iv) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(1) (v) or (vi) of this section, each airplane for which the application for type certificate was filed after May 1, 1972, must comply with the material requirements under which the airplane was type certificated regardless of the passenger capacity if there is a substantially complete replacement of the cabin interior after that date.
(v) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of this section, each airplane that was type certificated after January 1, 1958, must comply with the heat release testing provisions of § 25.853(d) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.853(a-1) in effect on August 20, 1986), if there is a substantially complete replacement of the cabin interior components identified in that paragraph on or after that date, except that the total heat release over the first 2 minutes of sample exposure shall not exceed 100 kilowatt-minutes per square meter and the peak heat release rate shall not exceed 100 kilowatts per square meter.
(vi) Each airplane that was type certificated after January 1, 1958, must comply with the heat release rate and smoke testing provisions of § 25.853(d) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.853(a-1) in effect on August 20, 1986), if there is a substantially complete replacement of the cabin interior components identified in that paragraph after August 19, 1990.
(vii) Contrary provisions of this section notwithstanding, the Director of the division of the Aircraft Certification Service responsible for the airworthiness rules may authorize deviation from the requirements of paragraph (b)(1)(i), (b)(1)(ii), (b)(1)(v), or (b)(1)(vi) of this section for specific components of the cabin interior that do not meet applicable flammability and smoke emission requirements, if the determination is made that special circumstances exist that make compliance impractical. Such grants of deviation will be limited to those airplanes manufactured within 1 year after the applicable date specified in this section and those airplanes in which the interior is replaced within 1 year of that date. A request for such grant of deviation must include a thorough and accurate analysis of each component subject to § 25.853(d) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.853(a-1) in effect on August 20, 1986), the steps being taken to achieve compliance, and, for the few components for which timely compliance will not be achieved, credible reasons for such noncompliance.
(viii) Contrary provisions of this section notwithstanding, galley carts and standard galley containers that do not meet the flammability and smoke emission requirements of § 25.853(d) in effect March 6, 1995 (formerly § 25.853(a-1) in effect on August 20, 1986), may be used in airplanes that must meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(1)(i), (b)(1)(ii), (b)(1)(iv) or (b)(1)(vi) of this section provided the galley carts or standard containers were manufactured prior to March 6, 1995.
(2) For airplanes type certificated after January 1, 1958, seat cushions, except those on flight crewmember seats, in any compartment occupied by crew or passengers must comply with the requirements pertaining to fire protection of seat cushions in § 25.853(c) effective November 26, 1984.
(c) Thermal/acoustic insulation materials. For transport category airplanes type certificated after January 1, 1958:
(1) For airplanes manufactured before September 2, 2005, when thermal/acoustic insulation is installed in the fuselage as replacements after September 2, 2005, the insulation must meet the flame propagation requirements of § 25.856 of this chapter, effective September 2, 2003, if it is:
(i) Of a blanket construction, or
(ii) Installed around air ducting.
(2) For airplanes manufactured after September 2, 2005, thermal/acoustic insulation materials installed in the fuselage must meet the flame propagation requirements of § 25.856 of this chapter, effective September 2, 2003.
§ 135.171
Shoulder harness installation at flight crewmember stations.
(a) No person may operate a turbojet aircraft or an aircraft having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more unless it is equipped with an approved shoulder harness installed for each flight crewmember station.
(b) Each flight crewmember occupying a station equipped with a shoulder harness must fasten the shoulder harness during takeoff and landing, except that the shoulder harness may be unfastened if the crewmember cannot perform the required duties with the shoulder harness fastened.
§ 135.173
Airborne thunderstorm detection equipment requirements.
(a) No person may operate an aircraft that has a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more in passenger-carrying operations, except a helicopter operating under day VFR conditions, unless the aircraft is equipped with either approved thunderstorm detection equipment or approved airborne weather radar equipment.
(b) No person may operate a helicopter that has a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more in passenger-carrying operations, under night VFR when current weather reports indicate that thunderstorms or other potentially hazardous weather conditions that can be detected with airborne thunderstorm detection equipment may reasonably be expected along the route to be flown, unless the helicopter is equipped with either approved thunderstorm detection equipment or approved airborne weather radar equipment.
(c) No person may begin a flight under IFR or night VFR conditions when current weather reports indicate that thunderstorms or other potentially hazardous weather conditions that can be detected with airborne thunderstorm detection equipment, required by paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, may reasonably be expected along the route to be flown, unless the airborne thunderstorm detection equipment is in satisfactory operating condition.
(d) If the airborne thunderstorm detection equipment becomes inoperative en route, the aircraft must be operated under the instructions and procedures specified for that event in the manual required by § 135.21.
(e) This section does not apply to aircraft used solely within the State of Hawaii, within the State of Alaska, within that part of Canada west of longitude 130 degrees W, between latitude 70 degrees N, and latitude 53 degrees N, or during any training, test, or ferry flight.
(f) Without regard to any other provision of this part, an alternate electrical power supply is not required for airborne thunderstorm detection equipment.
§ 135.175
Airborne weather radar equipment requirements.
(a) No person may operate a large, transport category aircraft in passenger-carrying operations unless approved airborne weather radar equipment is installed in the aircraft.
(b) No person may begin a flight under IFR or night VFR conditions when current weather reports indicate that thunderstorms, or other potentially hazardous weather conditions that can be detected with airborne weather radar equipment, may reasonably be expected along the route to be flown, unless the airborne weather radar equipment required by paragraph (a) of this section is in satisfactory operating condition.
(c) If the airborne weather radar equipment becomes inoperative en route, the aircraft must be operated under the instructions and procedures specified for that event in the manual required by § 135.21.
(d) This section does not apply to aircraft used solely within the State of Hawaii, within the State of Alaska, within that part of Canada west of longitude 130 degrees W, between latitude 70 degrees N, and latitude 53 degrees N, or during any training, test, or ferry flight.
(e) Without regard to any other provision of this part, an alternate electrical power supply is not required for airborne weather radar equipment.
§ 135.177
Emergency equipment requirements for aircraft having a passenger seating configuration of more than 19 passengers.
(a) No person may operate an aircraft having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of more than 19 seats unless it is equipped with the following emergency equipment:
(1) At least one approved first-aid kit for treatment of injuries likely to occur in flight or in a minor accident that must:
(i) Be readily accessible to crewmembers.
(ii) Be stored securely and kept free from dust, moisture, and damaging temperatures.
(iii) Contain at least the following appropriately maintained contents in the specified quantities:
(2) A crash axe carried so as to be accessible to the crew but inaccessible to passengers during normal operations.
(3) Signs that are visible to all occupants to notify them when smoking is prohibited and when safety belts must be fastened. The signs must be constructed so that they can be turned on during any movement of the aircraft on the surface, for each takeoff or landing, and at other times considered necessary by the pilot in command. “No smoking” signs shall be turned on when required by § 135.127.
(4) [Reserved]
(b) Each item of equipment must be inspected regularly under inspection periods established in the operations specifications to ensure its condition for continued serviceability and immediate readiness to perform its intended emergency purposes.
§ 135.178
Additional emergency equipment.
No person may operate an airplane having a passenger seating configuration of more than 19 seats, unless it has the additional emergency equipment specified in paragraphs (a) through (l) of this section.
(a) Means for emergency evacuation. Each passenger-carrying landplane emergency exit (other than over-the-wing) that is more than 6 feet from the ground, with the airplane on the ground and the landing gear extended, must have an approved means to assist the occupants in descending to the ground. The assisting means for a floor-level emergency exit must meet the requirements of § 25.809(f)(1) of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1972, except that, for any airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed after that date, it must meet the requirements under which the airplane was type certificated. An assisting means that deploys automatically must be armed during taxiing, takeoffs, and landings; however, the Administrator may grant a deviation from the requirement of automatic deployment if he finds that the design of the exit makes compliance impractical, if the assisting means automatically erects upon deployment and, with respect to required emergency exits, if an emergency evacuation demonstration is conducted in accordance with § 121.291(a) of this chapter. This paragraph does not apply to the rear window emergency exit of Douglas DC-3 airplanes operated with fewer than 36 occupants, including crewmembers, and fewer than five exits authorized for passenger use.
(b) Interior emergency exit marking. The following must be complied with for each passenger-carrying airplane:
(1) Each passenger emergency exit, its means of access, and its means of opening must be conspicuously marked. The identity and locating of each passenger emergency exit must be recognizable from a distance equal to the width of the cabin. The location of each passenger emergency exit must be indicated by a sign visible to occupants approaching along the main passenger aisle. There must be a locating sign—
(i) Above the aisle near each over-the-wing passenger emergency exit, or at another ceiling location if it is more practical because of low headroom;
(ii) Next to each floor level passenger emergency exit, except that one sign may serve two such exits if they both can be seen readily from that sign; and
(iii) On each bulkhead or divider that prevents fore and aft vision along the passenger cabin, to indicate emergency exits beyond and obscured by it, except that if this is not possible, the sign may be placed at another appropriate location.
(2) Each passenger emergency exit marking and each locating sign must meet the following:
(i) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed prior to May 1, 1972, each passenger emergency exit marking and each locating sign must be manufactured to meet the requirements of § 25.812(b) of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1972. On these airplanes, no sign may continue to be used if its luminescence (brightness) decreases to below 100 microlamberts. The colors may be reversed if it increases the emergency illumination of the passenger compartment. However, the Administrator may authorize deviation from the 2-inch background requirements if he finds that special circumstances exist that make compliance impractical and that the proposed deviation provides an equivalent level of safety.
(ii) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972, each passenger emergency exit marking and each locating sign must be manufactured to meet the interior emergency exit marking requirements under which the airplane was type certificated. On these airplanes, no sign may continue to be used if its luminescence (brightness) decreases to below 250 microlamberts.
(c) Lighting for interior emergency exit markings. Each passenger-carrying airplane must have an emergency lighting system, independent of the main lighting system; however, sources of general cabin illumination may be common to both the emergency and the main lighting systems if the power supply to the emergency lighting system is independent of the power supply to the main lighting system. The emergency lighting system must—
(1) Illuminate each passenger exit marking and locating sign;
(2) Provide enough general lighting in the passenger cabin so that the average illumination when measured at 40-inch intervals at seat armrest height, on the centerline of the main passenger aisle, is at least 0.05 foot-candles; and
(3) For airplanes type certificated after January 1, 1958, include floor proximity emergency escape path marking which meets the requirements of § 25.812(e) of this chapter in effect on November 26, 1984.
(d) Emergency light operation. Except for lights forming part of emergency lighting subsystems provided in compliance with § 25.812(h) of this chapter (as prescribed in paragraph (h) of this section) that serve no more than one assist means, are independent of the airplane's main emergency lighting systems, and are automatically activated when the assist means is deployed, each light required by paragraphs (c) and (h) of this section must:
(1) Be operable manually both from the flightcrew station and from a point in the passenger compartment that is readily accessible to a normal flight attendant seat;
(2) Have a means to prevent inadvertent operation of the manual controls;
(3) When armed or turned on at either station, remain lighted or become lighted upon interruption of the airplane's normal electric power;
(4) Be armed or turned on during taxiing, takeoff, and landing. In showing compliance with this paragraph, a transverse vertical separation of the fuselage need not be considered;
(5) Provide the required level of illumination for at least 10 minutes at the critical ambient conditions after emergency landing; and
(6) Have a cockpit control device that has an “on,” “off,” and “armed” position.
(e) Emergency exit operating handles. (1) For a passenger-carrying airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed prior to May 1, 1972, the location of each passenger emergency exit operating handle, and instructions for opening the exit, must be shown by a marking on or near the exit that is readable from a distance of 30 inches. In addition, for each Type I and Type II emergency exit with a locking mechanism released by rotary motion of the handle, the instructions for opening must be shown by—
(i) A red arrow with a shaft at least three-fourths inch wide and a head twice the width of the shaft, extending along at least 70° of arc at a radius approximately equal to three-fourths of the handle length; and
(ii) The word “open” in red letters 1 inch high placed horizontally near the head of the arrow.
(2) For a passenger-carrying airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972, the location of each passenger emergency exit operating handle and instructions for opening the exit must be shown in accordance with the requirements under which the airplane was type certificated. On these airplanes, no operating handle or operating handle cover may continue to be used if its luminescence (brightness) decreases to below 100 microlamberts.
(f) Emergency exit access. Access to emergency exits must be provided as follows for each passenger-carrying airplane:
(1) Each passageway between individual passenger areas, or leading to a Type I or Type II emergency exit, must be unobstructed and at least 20 inches wide.
(2) There must be enough space next to each Type I or Type II emergency exit to allow a crewmember to assist in the evacuation of passengers without reducing the unobstructed width of the passageway below that required in paragraph (f)(1) of this section; however, the Administrator may authorize deviation from this requirement for an airplane certificated under the provisions of part 4b of the Civil Air Regulations in effect before December 20, 1951, if he finds that special circumstances exist that provide an equivalent level of safety.
(3) There must be access from the main aisle to each Type III and Type IV exit. The access from the aisle to these exits must not be obstructed by seats, berths, or other protrusions in a manner that would reduce the effectiveness of the exit. In addition, for a transport category airplane type certificated after January 1, 1958, there must be placards installed in accordance with § 25.813(c)(3) of this chapter for each Type III exit after December 3, 1992.
(4) If it is necessary to pass through a passageway between passenger compartments to reach any required emergency exit from any seat in the passenger cabin, the passageway must not be obstructed. Curtains may, however, be used if they allow free entry through the passageway.
(5) No door may be installed in any partition between passenger compartments.
(6) If it is necessary to pass through a doorway separating the passenger cabin from other areas to reach a required emergency exit from any passenger seat, the door must have a means to latch it in the open position, and the door must be latched open during each takeoff and landing. The latching means must be able to withstand the loads imposed upon it when the door is subjected to the ultimate inertia forces, relative to the surrounding structure, listed in § 25.561(b) of this chapter.
(g) Exterior exit markings. Each passenger emergency exit and the means of opening that exit from the outside must be marked on the outside of the airplane. There must be a 2-inch colored band outlining each passenger emergency exit on the side of the fuselage. Each outside marking, including the band, must be readily distinguishable from the surrounding fuselage area by contrast in color. The markings must comply with the following:
(1) If the reflectance of the darker color is 15 percent or less, the reflectance of the lighter color must be at least 45 percent.
(2) If the reflectance of the darker color is greater than 15 percent, at least a 30 percent difference between its reflectance and the reflectance of the lighter color must be provided.
(3) Exits that are not in the side of the fuselage must have the external means of opening and applicable instructions marked conspicuously in red or, if red is inconspicuous against the background color, in bright chrome yellow and, when the opening means for such an exit is located on only one side of the fuselage, a conspicuous marking to that effect must be provided on the other side. “Reflectance” is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected by a body to the luminous flux it receives.
(h) Exterior emergency lighting and escape route. (1) Each passenger-carrying airplane must be equipped with exterior lighting that meets the following requirements:
(i) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed prior to May 1, 1972, the requirements of § 25.812 (f) and (g) of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1972.
(ii) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972, the exterior emergency lighting requirements under which the airplane was type certificated.
(2) Each passenger-carrying airplane must be equipped with a slip-resistant escape route that meets the following requirements:
(i) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed prior to May 1, 1972, the requirements of § 25.803(e) of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1972.
(ii) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972, the slip-resistant escape route requirements under which the airplane was type certificated.
(i) Floor level exits. Each floor level door or exit in the side of the fuselage (other than those leading into a cargo or baggage compartment that is not accessible from the passenger cabin) that is 44 or more inches high and 20 or more inches wide, but not wider than 46 inches, each passenger ventral exit (except the ventral exits on Martin 404 and Convair 240 airplanes), and each tail cone exit, must meet the requirements of this section for floor level emergency exits. However, the Administrator may grant a deviation from this paragraph if he finds that circumstances make full compliance impractical and that an acceptable level of safety has been achieved.
(j) Additional emergency exits. Approved emergency exits in the passenger compartments that are in excess of the minimum number of required emergency exits must meet all of the applicable provisions of this section, except paragraphs (f) (1), (2), and (3) of this section, and must be readily accessible.
(k) On each large passenger-carrying turbojet-powered airplane, each ventral exit and tailcone exit must be—
(1) Designed and constructed so that it cannot be opened during flight; and
(2) Marked with a placard readable from a distance of 30 inches and installed at a conspicuous location near the means of opening the exit, stating that the exit has been designed and constructed so that it cannot be opened during flight.
(l) Portable lights. No person may operate a passenger-carrying airplane unless it is equipped with flashlight stowage provisions accessible from each flight attendant seat.
§ 135.179
Inoperable instruments and equipment.
(a) No person may take off an aircraft with inoperable instruments or equipment installed unless the following conditions are met:
(1) An approved Minimum Equipment List exists for that aircraft.
(2) The responsible Flight Standards office has issued the certificate holder operations specifications authorizing operations in accordance with an approved Minimum Equipment List. The flight crew shall have direct access at all times prior to flight to all of the information contained in the approved Minimum Equipment List through printed or other means approved by the Administrator in the certificate holders operations specifications. An approved Minimum Equipment List, as authorized by the operations specifications, constitutes an approved change to the type design without requiring recertification.
(3) The approved Minimum Equipment List must:
(i) Be prepared in accordance with the limitations specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(ii) Provide for the operation of the aircraft with certain instruments and equipment in an inoperable condition.
(4) Records identifying the inoperable instruments and equipment and the information required by (a)(3)(ii) of this section must be available to the pilot.
(5) The aircraft is operated under all applicable conditions and limitations contained in the Minimum Equipment List and the operations specifications authorizing use of the Minimum Equipment List.
(b) The following instruments and equipment may not be included in the Minimum Equipment List:
(1) Instruments and equipment that are either specifically or otherwise required by the airworthiness requirements under which the airplane is type certificated and which are essential for safe operations under all operating conditions.
(2) Instruments and equipment required by an airworthiness directive to be in operable condition unless the airworthiness directive provides otherwise.
(3) Instruments and equipment required for specific operations by this part.
(c) Notwithstanding paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(3) of this section, an aircraft with inoperable instruments or equipment may be operated under a special flight permit under §§ 21.197 and 21.199 of this chapter.
§ 135.179
Inoperable instruments and equipment.
(b) * * *
(1) Instruments and equipment that are either specifically or otherwise required by the airworthiness requirements under which the aircraft is type certificated and which are essential for safe operations under all operating conditions.
§ 135.180
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System.
(a) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, after December 31, 1995, no person may operate a turbine powered airplane that has a passenger seat configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 to 30 seats unless it is equipped with an approved traffic alert and collision avoidance system. If a TCAS II system is installed, it must be capable of coordinating with TCAS units that meet TSO C-119.
(b) The airplane flight manual required by § 135.21 of this part shall contain the following information on the TCAS I system required by this section:
(1) Appropriate procedures for—
(i) The use of the equipment; and
(ii) Proper flightcrew action with respect to the equipment operation.
(2) An outline of all input sources that must be operating for the TCAS to function properly.
§ 135.181
Performance requirements: Aircraft operated over-the-top or in IFR conditions.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, no person may—
(1) Operate a single-engine aircraft carrying passengers over-the-top; or
(2) Operate a multiengine aircraft carrying passengers over-the-top or in IFR conditions at a weight that will not allow it to climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 50 feet a minute when operating at the MEAs of the route to be flown or 5,000 feet MSL, whichever is higher.
(b) Notwithstanding the restrictions in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, multiengine helicopters carrying passengers offshore may conduct such operations in over-the-top or in IFR conditions at a weight that will allow the helicopter to climb at least 50 feet per minute with the critical engine inoperative when operating at the MEA of the route to be flown or 1,500 feet MSL, whichever is higher.
(c) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, if the latest weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather along the planned route (including takeoff and landing) allows flight under VFR under the ceiling (if a ceiling exists) and that the weather is forecast to remain so until at least 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival at the destination, a person may operate an aircraft over-the-top.
(d) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, a person may operate an aircraft over-the-top under conditions allowing—
(1) For multiengine aircraft, descent or continuance of the flight under VFR if its critical engine fails; or
(2) For single-engine aircraft, descent under VFR if its engine fails.
§ 135.183
Performance requirements: Land aircraft operated over water.
No person may operate a land aircraft carrying passengers over water unless—
(a) It is operated at an altitude that allows it to reach land in the case of engine failure;
(b) It is necessary for takeoff or landing;
(c) It is a multiengine aircraft operated at a weight that will allow it to climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 50 feet a minute, at an altitude of 1,000 feet above the surface; or
(d) It is a helicopter equipped with helicopter flotation devices.
§ 135.185
Empty weight and center of gravity: Currency requirement.
(a) No person may operate a multiengine aircraft unless the current empty weight and center of gravity are calculated from values established by actual weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36 calendar months.
(b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to—
(1) Aircraft issued an original airworthiness certificate within the preceding 36 calendar months; and
(2) Aircraft operated under a weight and balance system approved in the operations specifications of the certificate holder.
§ 135.201
Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the operating limitations for VFR/IFR flight operations and associated weather requirements for operations under this part.
§ 135.203
VFR: Minimum altitudes.
Except when necessary for takeoff and landing, no person may operate under VFR—
(a) An airplane—
(1) During the day, below 500 feet above the surface or less than 500 feet horizontally from any obstacle; or
(2) At night, at an altitude less than 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 5 miles from the course intended to be flown or, in designated mountainous terrain, less than 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 5 miles from the course intended to be flown; or
(b) A helicopter over a congested area at an altitude less than 300 feet above the surface.
§ 135.205
VFR: Visibility requirements.
(a) No person may operate an airplane under VFR in uncontrolled airspace when the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet unless flight visibility is at least 2 miles.
(b) No person may operate a helicopter under VFR in Class G airspace at an altitude of 1,200 feet or less above the surface or within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport unless the visibility is at least—
(1) During the day— 1/2 mile; or
(2) At night—1 mile.
§ 135.207
VFR: Helicopter surface reference requirements.
No person may operate a helicopter under VFR unless that person has visual surface reference or, at night, visual surface light reference, sufficient to safely control the helicopter.
§ 135.209
VFR: Fuel supply.
(a) No person may begin a flight operation in an airplane under VFR unless, considering wind and forecast weather conditions, it has enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising fuel consumption—
(1) During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or
(2) At night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.
(b) No person may begin a flight operation in a helicopter under VFR unless, considering wind and forecast weather conditions, it has enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising fuel consumption, to fly after that for at least 20 minutes.
§ 135.211
VFR: Over-the-top carrying passengers: Operating limitations.
Subject to any additional limitations in § 135.181, no person may operate an aircraft under VFR over-the-top carrying passengers, unless—
(a) Weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather at the intended point of termination of over-the-top flight—
(1) Allows descent to beneath the ceiling under VFR and is forecast to remain so until at least 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival at that point; or
(2) Allows an IFR approach and landing with flight clear of the clouds until reaching the prescribed initial approach altitude over the final approach facility, unless the approach is made with the use of radar under § 91.175(i) of this chapter; or
(b) It is operated under conditions allowing—
(1) For multiengine aircraft, descent or continuation of the flight under VFR if its critical engine fails; or
(2) For single-engine aircraft, descent under VFR if its engine fails.
§ 135.213
Weather reports and forecasts.
(a) Whenever a person operating an aircraft under this part is required to use a weather report or forecast, that person shall use that of the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by the U.S. National Weather Service, or a source approved by the Administrator. However, for operations under VFR, the pilot in command may, if such a report is not available, use weather information based on that pilot's own observations or on those of other persons competent to supply appropriate observations.
(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of this section, weather observations made and furnished to pilots to conduct IFR operations at an airport must be taken at the airport where those IFR operations are conducted, unless the Administrator issues operations specifications allowing the use of weather observations taken at a location not at the airport where the IFR operations are conducted. The Administrator issues such operations specifications when, after investigation by the U.S. National Weather Service and the responsible Flight Standards office, it is found that the standards of safety for that operation would allow the deviation from this paragraph for a particular operation for which an air carrier operating certificate or operating certificate has been issued.
§ 135.215
IFR: Operating limitations.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR outside of controlled airspace or at any airport that does not have an approved standard instrument approach procedure.
(b) The Administrator may issue operations specifications to the certificate holder to allow it to operate under IFR over routes outside controlled airspace if—
(1) The certificate holder shows the Administrator that the flight crew is able to navigate, without visual reference to the ground, over an intended track without deviating more than 5 degrees or 5 miles, whichever is less, from that track; and
(2) The Administrator determines that the proposed operations can be conducted safely.
(c) A person may operate an aircraft under IFR outside of controlled airspace if the certificate holder has been approved for the operations and that operation is necessary to—
(1) Conduct an instrument approach to an airport for which there is in use a current approved standard or special instrument approach procedure; or
(2) Climb into controlled airspace during an approved missed approach procedure; or
(3) Make an IFR departure from an airport having an approved instrument approach procedure.
(d) The Administrator may issue operations specifications to the certificate holder to allow it to depart at an airport that does not have an approved standard instrument approach procedure when the Administrator determines that it is necessary to make an IFR departure from that airport and that the proposed operations can be conducted safely. The approval to operate at that airport does not include an approval to make an IFR approach to that airport.
§ 135.217
IFR: Takeoff limitations.
No person may takeoff an aircraft under IFR from an airport where weather conditions are at or above takeoff minimums but are below authorized IFR landing minimums unless there is an alternate airport within 1 hour's flying time (at normal cruising speed, in still air) of the airport of departure.
§ 135.219
IFR: Destination airport weather minimums.
No person may take off an aircraft under IFR or begin an IFR or over-the-top operation unless the latest weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that weather conditions at the estimated time of arrival at the next airport of intended landing will be at or above authorized IFR landing minimums.
§ 135.221
IFR: Alternate airport weather minimums.
(a) Aircraft other than rotorcraft. No person may designate an alternate airport unless the weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather conditions will be at or above authorized alternate airport landing minimums for that airport at the estimated time of arrival.
(b) Rotorcraft. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, no person may include an alternate airport in an IFR flight plan unless appropriate weather reports or weather forecasts, or a combination of them, indicate that, at the estimated time of arrival at the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility at that airport will be at or above the following weather minimums—
(1) If, for the alternate airport, an instrument approach procedure has been published in part 97 of this chapter or a special instrument approach procedure has been issued by the FAA to the certificate holder, the ceiling is 200 feet above the minimum for the approach to be flown, and visibility is at least 1 statute mile but never less than the minimum visibility for the approach to be flown.
(2) If, for the alternate airport, no instrument approach procedure has been published in part 97 of this chapter and no special instrument approach procedure has been issued by the FAA to the certificate holder, the ceiling and visibility minimums are those allowing descent from the minimum enroute altitude (MEA), approach, and landing under basic VFR.
§ 135.223
IFR: Alternate airport requirements.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft in IFR conditions unless it carries enough fuel (considering weather reports or forecasts or any combination of them) to—
(1) Complete the flight to the first airport of intended landing;
(2) Fly from that airport to the alternate airport; and
(3) Fly after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed or, for helicopters, fly after that for 30 minutes at normal cruising speed.
(b) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section does not apply if part 97 of this chapter prescribes a standard instrument approach procedure for the first airport of intended landing and, for at least one hour before and after the estimated time of arrival, the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that—
(1) The ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest circling approach MDA; or
(2) If a circling instrument approach is not authorized for the airport, the ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest published minimum or 2,000 feet above the airport elevation, whichever is higher; and
(3) Visibility for that airport is forecast to be at least three miles, or two miles more than the lowest applicable visibility minimums, whichever is the greater, for the instrument approach procedure to be used at the destination airport.
§ 135.225
IFR: Takeoff, approach and landing minimums.
(a) Except to the extent permitted by paragraphs (b) and (j) of this section, no pilot may begin an instrument approach procedure to an airport unless—
(1) That airport has a weather reporting facility operated by the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by U.S. National Weather Service, or a source approved by the Administrator; and
(2) The latest weather report issued by that weather reporting facility indicates that weather conditions are at or above the authorized IFR landing minimums for that airport.
(b) A pilot conducting an eligible on-demand operation may begin and conduct an instrument approach procedure to an airport that does not have a weather reporting facility operated by the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by the U.S. National Weather Service, or a source approved by the Administrator if—
(1) The alternate airport has a weather reporting facility operated by the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by the U.S. National Weather Service, or a source approved by the Administrator; and
(2) The latest weather report issued by the weather reporting facility includes a current local altimeter setting for the destination airport. If no local altimeter setting for the destination airport is available, the pilot may use the current altimeter setting provided by the facility designated on the approach chart for the destination airport.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (j) of this section, no pilot may begin the final approach segment of an instrument approach procedure to an airport unless the latest weather reported by the facility described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section indicates that weather conditions are at or above the authorized IFR landing minimums for that procedure.
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (j) of this section, a pilot who has begun the final approach segment of an instrument approach to an airport under paragraph (c) of this section, and receives a later weather report indicating that conditions have worsened to below the minimum requirements, may continue the approach only if the following conditions are met—
(1) The later weather report is received when the aircraft is in one of the following approach phases:
(i) The aircraft is on an ILS final approach and has passed the final approach fix;
(ii) The aircraft is on an ASR or PAR final approach and has been turned over to the final approach controller; or
(iii) The aircraft is on a non-precision final approach and the aircraft—
(A) Has passed the appropriate facility or final approach fix; or
(B) Where a final approach fix is not specified, has completed the procedure turn and is established inbound toward the airport on the final approach course within the distance prescribed in the procedure; and
(2) The pilot in command finds, on reaching the authorized MDA or DA/DH, that the actual weather conditions are at or above the minimums prescribed for the procedure being used.
(e) The MDA or DA/DH and visibility landing minimums prescribed in part 97 of this chapter or in the operator's operations specifications are increased by 100 feet and 1/2 mile respectively, but not to exceed the ceiling and visibility minimums for that airport when used as an alternate airport, for each pilot in command of a turbine-powered airplane who has not served at least 100 hours as pilot in command in that type of airplane.
(f) Each pilot making an IFR takeoff or approach and landing at a military or foreign airport shall comply with applicable instrument approach procedures and weather minimums prescribed by the authority having jurisdiction over that airport. In addition, unless authorized by the certificate holder's operations specifications, no pilot may, at that airport—
(1) Take off under IFR when the visibility is less than 1 mile; or
(2) Make an instrument approach when the visibility is less than 1/2 mile.
(g) If takeoff minimums are specified in part 97 of this chapter for the take- off airport, no pilot may take off an aircraft under IFR when the weather conditions reported by the facility described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section are less than the takeoff minimums specified for the takeoff airport in part 97 or in the certificate holder's operations specifications.
(h) Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, if takeoff minimums are not prescribed in part 97 of this chapter for the takeoff airport, no pilot may takeoff an aircraft under IFR when the weather conditions reported by the facility described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section are less than that prescribed in part 91 of this chapter or in the certificate holder's operations specifications.
(i) At airports where straight-in instrument approach procedures are authorized, a pilot may takeoff an aircraft under IFR when the weather conditions reported by the facility described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section are equal to or better than the lowest straight-in landing minimums, unless otherwise restricted, if—
(1) The wind direction and velocity at the time of takeoff are such that a straight-in instrument approach can be made to the runway served by the instrument approach;
(2) The associated ground facilities upon which the landing minimums are predicated and the related airborne equipment are in normal operation; and
(3) The certificate holder has been approved for such operations.
(j) A pilot may begin an instrument approach procedure, or continue an approach, at an airport when the visibility is reported to be less than the visibility minimums prescribed for that procedure if the pilot uses an operable EFVS in accordance with § 91.176 of this chapter and the certificate holder's operations specifications for EFVS operations.
§ 135.227
Icing conditions: Operating limitations.
(a) No pilot may take off an aircraft that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any rotor blade, propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, flight attitude instrument system, or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with frost under the wing in the area of the fuel tanks if authorized by the FAA.
(b) No certificate holder may authorize an airplane to take off and no pilot may take off an airplane any time conditions are such that frost, ice, or snow may reasonably be expected to adhere to the airplane unless the pilot has completed all applicable training as required by § 135.341 and unless one of the following requirements is met:
(1) A pretakeoff contamination check, that has been established by the certificate holder and approved by the Administrator for the specific airplane type, has been completed within 5 minutes prior to beginning takeoff. A pretakeoff contamination check is a check to make sure the wings and control surfaces are free of frost, ice, or snow.
(2) The certificate holder has an approved alternative procedure and under that procedure the airplane is determined to be free of frost, ice, or snow.
(3) The certificate holder has an approved deicing/anti-icing program that complies with § 121.629(c) of this chapter and the takeoff complies with that program.
(c) No pilot may fly under IFR into known or forecast light or moderate icing conditions or under VFR into known light or moderate icing conditions, unless—
(1) The aircraft has functioning deicing or anti-icing equipment protecting each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system;
(2) The airplane has ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A of this part; or
(3) The airplane meets transport category airplane type certification provisions, including the requirements for certification for flight in icing conditions.
(d) No pilot may fly a helicopter under IFR into known or forecast icing conditions or under VFR into known icing conditions unless it has been type certificated and appropriately equipped for operations in icing conditions.
(e) Except for an airplane that has ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A, or those for transport category airplane type certification, no pilot may fly an aircraft into known or forecast severe icing conditions.
(f) If current weather reports and briefing information relied upon by the pilot in command indicate that the forecast icing condition that would otherwise prohibit the flight will not be encountered during the flight because of changed weather conditions since the forecast, the restrictions in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section based on forecast conditions do not apply.
§ 135.229
Airport requirements.
(a) No certificate holder may use any airport unless it is adequate for the proposed operation, considering such items as size, surface, obstructions, and lighting.
(b) No pilot of an aircraft carrying passengers at night may takeoff from, or land on, an airport unless—
(1) That pilot has determined the wind direction from an illuminated wind direction indicator or local ground communications or, in the case of takeoff, that pilot's personal observations; and
(2) The limits of the area to be used for landing or takeoff are clearly shown—
(i) For airplanes, by boundary or runway marker lights;
(ii) For helicopters, by boundary or runway marker lights or reflective material.
(c) For the purpose of paragraph (b) of this section, if the area to be used for takeoff or landing is marked by flare pots or lanterns, their use must be approved by the Administrator.
§ 135.241
Applicability.
Except as provided in § 135.3, this subpart prescribes the flight crewmember requirements for operations under this part.
§ 135.243
Pilot in command qualifications.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command in passenger-carrying operations—
(1) Of a turbojet airplane, of an airplane having a passenger-seat configuration, excluding each crewmember seat, of 10 seats or more, or of a multiengine airplane in a commuter operation as defined in part 119 of this chapter, unless that person holds an airline transport pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings and, if required, an appropriate type rating for that airplane.
(2) Of a helicopter in a scheduled interstate air transportation operation by an air carrier within the 48 contiguous states unless that person holds an airline transport pilot certificate, appropriate type ratings, and an instrument rating.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, no certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command of an aircraft under VFR unless that person—
(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings and, if required, an appropriate type rating for that aircraft; and
(2) Has had at least 500 hours time as a pilot, including at least 100 hours of cross-country flight time, at least 25 hours of which were at night; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating; or
(4) For helicopter operations conducted VFR over-the-top, holds a helicopter instrument rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate with a category and class rating for that aircraft, not limited to VFR.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, no certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command of an aircraft under IFR unless that person—
(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings and, if required, an appropriate type rating for that aircraft; and
(2) Has had at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot, including 500 hours of cross country flight time, 100 hours of night flight time, and 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time at least 50 hours of which were in actual flight; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating; or
(4) For a helicopter, holds a helicopter instrument rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate with a category and class rating for that aircraft, not limited to VFR.
(d) Paragraph (b)(3) of this section does not apply when—
(1) The aircraft used is a single reciprocating-engine-powered airplane;
(2) The certificate holder does not conduct any operation pursuant to a published flight schedule which specifies five or more round trips a week between two or more points and places between which the round trips are performed, and does not transport mail by air under a contract or contracts with the United States Postal Service having total amount estimated at the beginning of any semiannual reporting period (January 1-June 30; July 1-December 31) to be in excess of $20,000 over the 12 months commencing with the beginning of the reporting period;
(3) The area, as specified in the certificate holder's operations specifications, is an isolated area, as determined by the Flight Standards office, if it is shown that—
(i) The primary means of navigation in the area is by pilotage, since radio navigational aids are largely ineffective; and
(ii) The primary means of transportation in the area is by air;
(4) Each flight is conducted under day VFR with a ceiling of not less than 1,000 feet and visibility not less than 3 statute miles;
(5) Weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that for the period commencing with the planned departure and ending 30 minutes after the planned arrival at the destination the flight may be conducted under VFR with a ceiling of not less than 1,000 feet and visibility of not less than 3 statute miles, except that if weather reports and forecasts are not available, the pilot in command may use that pilot's observations or those of other persons competent to supply weather observations if those observations indicate the flight may be conducted under VFR with the ceiling and visibility required in this paragraph;
(6) The distance of each flight from the certificate holder's base of operation to destination does not exceed 250 nautical miles for a pilot who holds a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane rating without an instrument rating, provided the pilot's certificate does not contain any limitation to the contrary; and
(7) The areas to be flown are approved by the responsible Flight Standards office and are listed in the certificate holder's operations specifications.
§ 135.243
Pilot in command qualifications.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command in passenger-carrying operations-
(1) Of a turbojet airplane, of an airplane having a passenger-seat configuration, excluding each crewmember seat, of 10 seats or more, or of a multiengine airplane in a commuter operation as defined in part 110 of this chapter, unless that person holds an airline transport pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings and, if required, an appropriate type rating for that airplane.
(2) Of a helicopter in a scheduled interstate air transportation operation by an air carrier within the 48 contiguous states unless that person holds an airline transport pilot certificate, appropriate type ratings, and an instrument rating.
(3) Of a turbojet-powered powered-lift, of a powered-lift having a passenger-seat configuration, excluding each crewmember seat, of 10 seats or more, or of a powered-lift in a commuter operation as defined in part 110 of this chapter, unless that person holds an airline transport pilot certificate with appropriate category rating, and appropriate type rating not limited to VFR for that powered-lift.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, no certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command of an aircraft under VFR unless that person-
(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings; an appropriate type rating for that aircraft, if required; and for a powered-lift, a type rating for that aircraft not limited to VFR; and
(2) Has had at least 500 hours' time as a pilot, including at least 100 hours of cross-country flight time, at least 25 hours of which were at night; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating; or
(4) For helicopter operations conducted VFR over-the-top, holds a helicopter instrument rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate with a category and class rating for that aircraft, not limited to VFR; or
(5) For a powered-lift, holds an instrument-powered-lift rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, no certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command of an aircraft under IFR unless that person-
(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings, and if required, an appropriate type rating for that aircraft (the type rating for powered-lift may not be limited to VFR); and
(2) Has had at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot, including 500 hours of cross country flight time, 100 hours of night flight time, and 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time at least 50 hours of which were in actual flight; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating; or
(4) For a helicopter, holds a helicopter instrument rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate with a category and class rating for that aircraft, not limited to VFR; or
(5) For a powered-lift, holds an instrument-powered-lift rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating.
§ 135.244
Operating experience.
(a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as a pilot in command of an aircraft operated in a commuter operation, as defined in part 119 of this chapter unless that person has completed, prior to designation as pilot in command, on that make and basic model aircraft and in that crewmember position, the following operating experience in each make and basic model of aircraft to be flown:
(1) Aircraft, single engine—10 hours.
(2) Aircraft multiengine, reciprocating engine-powered—15 hours.
(3) Aircraft multiengine, turbine engine-powered—20 hours.
(4) Airplane, turbojet-powered—25 hours.
(b) In acquiring the operating experience, each person must comply with the following:
(1) The operating experience must be acquired after satisfactory completion of the appropriate ground and flight training for the aircraft and crewmember position. Approved provisions for the operating experience must be included in the certificate holder's training program.
(2) The experience must be acquired in flight during commuter passenger-carrying operations under this part. However, in the case of an aircraft not previously used by the certificate holder in operations under this part, operating experience acquired in the aircraft during proving flights or ferry flights may be used to meet this requirement.
(3) Each person must acquire the operating experience while performing the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a qualified check pilot.
(4) The hours of operating experience may be reduced to not less than 50 percent of the hours required by this section by the substitution of one additional takeoff and landing for each hour of flight.
§ 135.245
Second in command qualifications.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as second in command of an aircraft unless that person holds at least a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings and an instrument rating.
(b) A second in command of a helicopter operated under VFR, other than over-the-top, must have at least a commercial pilot certificate with an appropriate aircraft category and class rating.
(c) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as second in command under IFR unless that person meets the following instrument experience requirements:
(1) Use of an airplane or helicopter for maintaining instrument experience. Within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performed and logged at least the following tasks and iterations in-flight in an airplane or helicopter, as appropriate, in actual weather conditions, or under simulated instrument conditions using a view-limiting device:
(i) Six instrument approaches;
(ii) Holding procedures and tasks; and
(iii) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigational electronic systems.
(2) Use of an FSTD for maintaining instrument experience. A person may accomplish the requirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this section in an approved FSTD, or a combination of aircraft and FSTD, provided:
(i) The FSTD represents the category of aircraft for the instrument rating privileges to be maintained;
(ii) The person performs the tasks and iterations in simulated instrument conditions; and
(iii) A flight instructor qualified under § 135.338 or a check pilot qualified under § 135.337 observes the tasks and iterations and signs the person's logbook or training record to verify the time and content of the session.
(d) A second in command who has failed to meet the instrument experience requirements of paragraph (c) of this section for more than six calendar months must reestablish instrument recency under the supervision of a flight instructor qualified under § 135.338 or a check pilot qualified under § 135.337. To reestablish instrument recency, a second in command must complete at least the following areas of operation required for the instrument rating practical test in an aircraft or FSTD that represents the category of aircraft for the instrument experience requirements to be reestablished:
(1) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(2) Flight by reference to instruments;
(4) Instrument approach procedures;
(5) Emergency operations; and
(6) Postflight procedures.
§ 135.245
Second in command qualifications.
(c) * * *
(1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, or helicopter for maintaining instrument experience. Within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performed and logged at least the following tasks and iterations in-flight in an airplane, powered-lift, or helicopter, as appropriate, in actual weather conditions, or under simulated instrument conditions using a view-limiting device:
§ 135.247
Pilot qualifications: Recent experience.
(a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers unless, within the preceding 90 days, that person has—
(1) Made three takeoffs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a type rating is required, of the same type in which that person is to serve; or
(2) For operation during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise (as published in the Air Almanac), made three takeoffs and three landings during that period as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a type rating is required, of the same type in which that person is to serve.
A person who complies with paragraph (a)(2) of this section need not comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(3) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section does not apply to a pilot in command of a turbine-powered airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, provided that pilot has complied with the requirements of paragraph (a)(3)(i) or (ii) of this section:
(i) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;
(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;
(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative; and
(D) That pilot has accomplished and logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 landings to a full stop, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls, in a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The pilot must have performed the takeoffs and landings during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise within the preceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.
(ii) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;
(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;
(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative; and
(D) Within the preceding 12 months prior to the month of the flight, the pilot must have completed a training program that is approved under part 142 of this chapter. The approved training program must have required and the pilot must have performed, at least 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the controls in a flight simulator that is representative of a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The flight simulator's visual system must have been adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.
(b) For the purpose of paragraph (a) of this section, if the aircraft is a tailwheel airplane, each takeoff must be made in a tailwheel airplane and each landing must be made to a full stop in a tailwheel airplane.
§§ 135.249-135.255
§ 135.261
Applicability.
Sections 135.263 through 135.273 of this part prescribe flight time limitations, duty period limitations, and rest requirements for operations conducted under this part as follows:
(a) Section 135.263 applies to all operations under this subpart.
(b) Section 135.265 applies to:
(1) Scheduled passenger-carrying operations except those conducted solely within the state of Alaska. “Scheduled passenger-carrying operations” means passenger-carrying operations that are conducted in accordance with a published schedule which covers at least five round trips per week on at least one route between two or more points, includes dates or times (or both), and is openly advertised or otherwise made readily available to the general public, and
(2) Any other operation under this part, if the operator elects to comply with § 135.265 and obtains an appropriate operations specification amendment.
(c) Sections 135.267 and 135.269 apply to any operation that is not a scheduled passenger-carrying operation and to any operation conducted solely within the State of Alaska, unless the operator elects to comply with § 135.265 as authorized under paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(d) Section 135.271 contains special daily flight time limits for operations conducted under the helicopter emergency medical evacuation service (HEMES).
(e) Section 135.273 prescribes duty period limitations and rest requirements for flight attendants in all operations conducted under this part.
§ 135.263
Flight time limitations and rest requirements: All certificate holders.
(a) A certificate holder may assign a flight crewmember and a flight crewmember may accept an assignment for flight time only when the applicable requirements of §§ 135.263 through 135.271 are met.
(b) No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember to any duty with the certificate holder during any required rest period.
(c) Time spent in transportation, not local in character, that a certificate holder requires of a flight crewmember and provides to transport the crewmember to an airport at which he is to serve on a flight as a crewmember, or from an airport at which he was relieved from duty to return to his home station, is not considered part of a rest period.
(d) A flight crewmember is not considered to be assigned flight time in excess of flight time limitations if the flights to which he is assigned normally terminate within the limitations, but due to circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember (such as adverse weather conditions), are not at the time of departure expected to reach their destination within the planned flight time.
§ 135.265
Flight time limitations and rest requirements: Scheduled operations.
(a) No certificate holder may schedule any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time in scheduled operations or in other commercial flying if that crewmember's total flight time in all commercial flying will exceed—
(1) 1,200 hours in any calendar year.
(2) 120 hours in any calendar month.
(3) 34 hours in any 7 consecutive days.
(4) 8 hours during any 24 consecutive hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot.
(5) 8 hours between required rest periods for a flight crew consisting of two pilots qualified under this part for the operation being conducted.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no certificate holder may schedule a flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time during the 24 consecutive hours preceding the scheduled completion of any flight segment without a scheduled rest period during that 24 hours of at least the following:
(1) 9 consecutive hours of rest for less than 8 hours of scheduled flight time.
(2) 10 consecutive hours of rest for 8 or more but less than 9 hours of scheduled flight time.
(3) 11 consecutive hours of rest for 9 or more hours of scheduled flight time.
(c) A certificate holder may schedule a flight crewmember for less than the rest required in paragraph (b) of this section or may reduce a scheduled rest under the following conditions:
(1) A rest required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be scheduled for or reduced to a minimum of 8 hours if the flight crewmember is given a rest period of at least 10 hours that must begin no later than 24 hours after the commencement of the reduced rest period.
(2) A rest required under paragraph (b)(2) of this section may be scheduled for or reduced to a minimum of 8 hours if the flight crewmember is given a rest period of at least 11 hours that must begin no later than 24 hours after the commencement of the reduced rest period.
(3) A rest required under paragraph (b)(3) of this section may be scheduled for or reduced to a minimum of 9 hours if the flight crewmember is given a rest period of at least 12 hours that must begin no later than 24 hours after the commencement of the reduced rest period.
(d) Each certificate holder shall relieve each flight crewmember engaged in scheduled air transportation from all further duty for at least 24 consecutive hours during any 7 consecutive days.
§ 135.267
Flight time limitations and rest requirements: Unscheduled one- and two-pilot crews.
(a) No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time as a member of a one- or two-pilot crew if that crewmember's total flight time in all commercial flying will exceed—
(1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter.
(2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters.
(3) 1,400 hours in any calendar year.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, during any 24 consecutive hours the total flight time of the assigned flight when added to any other commercial flying by that flight crewmember may not exceed—
(1) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or
(2) 10 hours for a flight crew consisting of two pilots qualified under this part for the operation being conducted.
(c) A flight crewmember's flight time may exceed the flight time limits of paragraph (b) of this section if the assigned flight time occurs during a regularly assigned duty period of no more than 14 hours and—
(1) If this duty period is immediately preceded by and followed by a required rest period of at least 10 consecutive hours of rest;
(2) If flight time is assigned during this period, that total flight time when added to any other commercial flying by the flight crewmember may not exceed—
(i) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or
(ii) 10 hours for a flight crew consisting of two pilots; and
(3) If the combined duty and rest periods equal 24 hours.
(d) Each assignment under paragraph (b) of this section must provide for at least 10 consecutive hours of rest during the 24-hour period that precedes the planned completion time of the assignment.
(e) When a flight crewmember has exceeded the daily flight time limitations in this section, because of circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember (such as adverse weather conditions), that flight crewmember must have a rest period before being assigned or accepting an assignment for flight time of at least—
(1) 11 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by not more than 30 minutes;
(2) 12 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 30 minutes, but not more than 60 minutes; and
(3) 16 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 60 minutes.
(f) The certificate holder must provide each flight crewmember at least 13 rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours each in each calendar quarter.
§ 135.269
Flight time limitations and rest requirements: Unscheduled three- and four-pilot crews.
(a) No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time as a member of a three- or four-pilot crew if that crewmember's total flight time in all commercial flying will exceed—
(1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter.
(2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters.
(3) 1,400 hours in any calendar year.
(b) No certificate holder may assign any pilot to a crew of three or four pilots, unless that assignment provides—
(1) At least 10 consecutive hours of rest immediately preceding the assignment;
(2) No more than 8 hours of flight deck duty in any 24 consecutive hours;
(3) No more than 18 duty hours for a three-pilot crew or 20 duty hours for a four-pilot crew in any 24 consecutive hours;
(4) No more than 12 hours aloft for a three-pilot crew or 16 hours aloft for a four-pilot crew during the maximum duty hours specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section;
(5) Adequate sleeping facilities on the aircraft for the relief pilot;
(6) Upon completion of the assignment, a rest period of at least 12 hours;
(7) For a three-pilot crew, a crew which consists of at least the following:
(i) A pilot in command (PIC) who meets the applicable flight crewmember requirements of subpart E of part 135;
(ii) A PIC who meets the applicable flight crewmember requirements of subpart E of part 135, except those prescribed in §§ 135.244 and 135.247; and
(iii) A second in command (SIC) who meets the SIC qualifications of § 135.245.
(8) For a four-pilot crew, at least three pilots who meet the conditions of paragraph (b)(7) of this section, plus a fourth pilot who meets the SIC qualifications of § 135.245.
(c) When a flight crewmember has exceeded the daily flight deck duty limitation in this section by more than 60 minutes, because of circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember, that flight crewmember must have a rest period before the next duty period of at least 16 consecutive hours.
(d) A certificate holder must provide each flight crewmember at least 13 rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours each in each calendar quarter.
§ 135.271
Helicopter hospital emergency medical evacuation service (HEMES).
(a) No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment for flight time if that crewmember's total flight time in all commercial flight will exceed—
(1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter.
(2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters.
(3) 1,400 hours in any calendar year.
(b) No certificate holder may assign a helicopter flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for hospital emergency medical evacuation service helicopter operations unless that assignment provides for at least 10 consecutive hours of rest immediately preceding reporting to the hospital for availability for flight time.
(c) No flight crewmember may accrue more than 8 hours of flight time during any 24-consecutive hour period of a HEMES assignment, unless an emergency medical evacuation operation is prolonged. Each flight crewmember who exceeds the daily 8 hour flight time limitation in this paragraph must be relieved of the HEMES assignment immediately upon the completion of that emergency medical evacuation operation and must be given a rest period in compliance with paragraph (h) of this section.
(d) Each flight crewmember must receive at least 8 consecutive hours of rest during any 24 consecutive hour period of a HEMES assignment. A flight crewmember must be relieved of the HEMES assignment if he or she has not or cannot receive at least 8 consecutive hours of rest during any 24 consecutive hour period of a HEMES assignment.
(e) A HEMES assignment may not exceed 72 consecutive hours at the hospital.
(f) An adequate place of rest must be provided at, or in close proximity to, the hospital at which the HEMES assignment is being performed.
(g) No certificate holder may assign any other duties to a flight crewmember during a HEMES assignment.
(h) Each pilot must be given a rest period upon completion of the HEMES assignment and prior to being assigned any further duty with the certificate holder of—
(1) At least 12 consecutive hours for an assignment of less than 48 hours.
(2) At least 16 consecutive hours for an assignment of more than 48 hours.
(i) The certificate holder must provide each flight crewmember at least 13 rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours each in each calendar quarter.
§ 135.273
Duty period limitations and rest time requirements.
(a) For purposes of this section—
Calendar day means the period of elapsed time, using Coordinated Universal Time or local time, that begins at midnight and ends 24 hours later at the next midnight.
Duty period means the period of elapsed time between reporting for an assignment involving flight time and release from that assignment by the certificate holder. The time is calculated using either Coordinated Universal Time or local time to reflect the total elapsed time.
Flight attendant means an individual, other than a flight crewmember, who is assigned by the certificate holder, in accordance with the required minimum crew complement under the certificate holder's operations specifications or in addition to that minimum complement, to duty in an aircraft during flight time and whose duties include but are not necessarily limited to cabin-safety-related responsibilities.
Rest period means the period free of all responsibility for work or duty should the occasion arise.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a certificate holder may assign a duty period to a flight attendant only when the applicable duty period limitations and rest requirements of this paragraph are met.
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of this section, no certificate holder may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more than 14 hours.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a flight attendant scheduled to a duty period of 14 hours or less as provided under paragraph (b)(1) of this section must be given a scheduled rest period of at least 9 consecutive hours. This rest period must occur between the completion of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the subsequent duty period.
(3) The rest period required under paragraph (b)(2) of this section may be scheduled or reduced to 8 consecutive hours if the flight attendant is provided a subsequent rest period of at least 10 consecutive hours; this subsequent rest period must be scheduled to begin no later than 24 hours after the beginning of the reduced rest period and must occur between the completion of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the subsequent duty period.
(4) A certificate holder may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more than 14 hours, but no more than 16 hours, if the certificate holder has assigned to the flight or flights in that duty period at least one flight attendant in addition to the minimum flight attendant complement required for the flight or flights in that duty period under the certificate holder's operations specifications.
(5) A certificate holder may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more than 16 hours, but no more than 18 hours, if the certificate holder has assigned to the flight or flights in that duty period at least two flight attendants in addition to the minimum flight attendant complement required for the flight or flights in that duty period under the certificate holder's operations specifications.
(6) A certificate holder may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more than 18 hours, but no more than 20 hours, if the scheduled duty period includes one or more flights that land or take off outside the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, and if the certificate holder has assigned to the flight or flights in that duty period at least three flight attendants in addition to the minimum flight attendant complement required for the flight or flights in that duty period under the certificate holder's operations specifications.
(7) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(8) of this section, a flight attendant scheduled to a duty period of more than 14 hours but no more than 20 hours, as provided in paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of this section, must be given a scheduled rest period of at least 12 consecutive hours. This rest period must occur between the completion of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the subsequent duty period.
(8) The rest period required under paragraph (b)(7) of this section may be scheduled or reduced to 10 consecutive hours if the flight attendant is provided a subsequent rest period of at least 14 consecutive hours; this subsequent rest period must be scheduled to begin no later than 24 hours after the beginning of the reduced rest period and must occur between the completion of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the subsequent duty period.
(9) Notwithstanding paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of this section, if a certificate holder elects to reduce the rest period to 10 hours as authorized by paragraph (b)(8) of this section, the certificate holder may not schedule a flight attendant for a duty period of more than 14 hours during the 24-hour period commencing after the beginning of the reduced rest period.
(10) No certificate holder may assign a flight attendant any duty period with the certificate holder unless the flight attendant has had at least the minimum rest required under this section.
(11) No certificate holder may assign a flight attendant to perform any duty with the certificate holder during any required rest period.
(12) Time spent in transportation, not local in character, that a certificate holder requires of a flight attendant and provides to transport the flight attendant to an airport at which that flight attendant is to serve on a flight as a crewmember, or from an airport at which the flight attendant was relieved from duty to return to the flight attendant's home station, is not considered part of a rest period.
(13) Each certificate holder must relieve each flight attendant engaged in air transportation from all further duty for at least 24 consecutive hours during any 7 consecutive calendar days.
(14) A flight attendant is not considered to be scheduled for duty in excess of duty period limitations if the flights to which the flight attendant is assigned are scheduled and normally terminate within the limitations but due to circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder (such as adverse weather conditions) are not at the time of departure expected to reach their destination within the scheduled time.
(c) Notwithstanding paragraph (b) of this section, a certificate holder may apply the flight crewmember flight time and duty limitations and rest requirements of this part to flight attendants for all operations conducted under this part provided that—
(1) The certificate holder establishes written procedures that—
(i) Apply to all flight attendants used in the certificate holder's operation;
(ii) Include the flight crewmember requirements contained in subpart F of this part, as appropriate to the operation being conducted, except that rest facilities on board the aircraft are not required; and
(iii) Include provisions to add one flight attendant to the minimum flight attendant complement for each flight crewmember who is in excess of the minimum number required in the aircraft type certificate data sheet and who is assigned to the aircraft under the provisions of subpart F of this part, as applicable.
(iv) Are approved by the Administrator and described or referenced in the certificate holder's operations specifications; and
(2) Whenever the Administrator finds that revisions are necessary for the continued adequacy of duty period limitation and rest requirement procedures that are required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section and that had been granted final approval, the certificate holder must, after notification by the Administrator, make any changes in the procedures that are found necessary by the Administrator. Within 30 days after the certificate holder receives such notice, it may file a petition to reconsider the notice with the responsible Flight Standards office. The filing of a petition to reconsider stays the notice, pending decision by the Administrator. However, if the Administrator finds that there is an emergency that requires immediate action in the interest of safety, the Administrator may, upon a statement of the reasons, require a change effective without stay.
§ 135.291
Applicability.
Except as provided in § 135.3, this subpart—
(a) Prescribes the tests and checks required for pilot and flight attendant crewmembers and for the approval of check pilots in operations under this part; and
(b) Permits training center personnel authorized under part 142 of this chapter who meet the requirements of §§ 135.337 and 135.339 to conduct training, testing, and checking under contract or other arrangement to those persons subject to the requirements of this subpart.
§ 135.293
Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.
(a) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a pilot, unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed a written or oral test, given by the Administrator or an authorized check pilot, on that pilot's knowledge in the following areas—
(1) The appropriate provisions of parts 61, 91, and 135 of this chapter and the operations specifications and the manual of the certificate holder;
(2) For each type of aircraft to be flown by the pilot, the aircraft powerplant, major components and systems, major appliances, performance and operating limitations, standard and emergency operating procedures, and the contents of the approved Aircraft Flight Manual or equivalent, as applicable;
(3) For each type of aircraft to be flown by the pilot, the method of determining compliance with weight and balance limitations for takeoff, landing and en route operations;
(5) Air traffic control procedures, including IFR procedures when applicable;
(6) Meteorology in general, including the principles of frontal systems, icing, fog, thunderstorms, and windshear, and, if appropriate for the operation of the certificate holder, high altitude weather;
(7) Procedures for—
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe weather situations;
(ii) Escaping from severe weather situations, in case of inadvertent encounters, including low-altitude windshear (except that rotorcraft pilots are not required to be tested on escaping from low-altitude windshear);
(iii) Operating in or near thunderstorms (including best penetrating altitudes), turbulent air (including clear air turbulence), icing, hail, and other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions; and
(8) New equipment, procedures, or techniques, as appropriate; and
(9) For rotorcraft pilots, procedures for aircraft handling in flat-light, whiteout, and brownout conditions, including methods for recognizing and avoiding those conditions.
(b) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a pilot, in any aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed a competency check given by the Administrator or an authorized check pilot in that class of aircraft, if single-engine airplane other than turbojet, or that type of aircraft, if helicopter, multiengine airplane, or turbojet airplane, to determine the pilot's competence in practical skills and techniques in that aircraft or class of aircraft. The extent of the competency check shall be determined by the Administrator or authorized check pilot conducting the competency check. The competency check may include any of the maneuvers and procedures currently required for the original issuance of the particular pilot certificate required for the operations authorized and appropriate to the category, class and type of aircraft involved. For the purposes of this paragraph, type, as to an airplane, means any one of a group of airplanes determined by the Administrator to have a similar means of propulsion, the same manufacturer, and no significantly different handling or flight characteristics. For the purposes of this paragraph, type, as to a helicopter, means a basic make and model.
(c) Each competency check given in a rotorcraft must include a demonstration of the pilot's ability to maneuver the rotorcraft solely by reference to instruments. The check must determine the pilot's ability to safely maneuver the rotorcraft into visual meteorological conditions following an inadvertent encounter with instrument meteorological conditions. For competency checks in non-IFR-certified rotorcraft, the pilot must perform such maneuvers as are appropriate to the rotorcraft's installed equipment, the certificate holder's operations specifications, and the operating environment.
(d) The instrument proficiency check required by § 135.297 may be substituted for the competency check required by this section for the type of aircraft used in the check.
(e) For the purpose of this part, competent performance of a procedure or maneuver by a person to be used as a pilot requires that the pilot be the obvious master of the aircraft, with the successful outcome of the maneuver never in doubt.
(f) The Administrator or authorized check pilot certifies the competency of each pilot who passes the knowledge or flight check in the certificate holder's pilot records.
(g) Portions of a required competency check may be given in an aircraft simulator or other appropriate training device, if approved by the Administrator.
(h) Rotorcraft pilots must be tested on the subjects in paragraph (a)(9) of this section when taking a written or oral knowledge test after April 22, 2015. Rotorcraft pilots must be checked on the maneuvers and procedures in paragraph (c) of this section when taking a competency check after April 22, 2015.
(i) If the certificate holder is authorized to conduct EFVS operations, the competency check in paragraph (b) of this section must include tasks appropriate to the EFVS operations the certificate holder is authorized to conduct.
§ 135.293
Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.
(a) * * *
(9) For rotorcraft and powered-lift pilots, procedures for aircraft handling in flat-light, whiteout, and brownout conditions, including methods for recognizing and avoiding those conditions.
(b) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a pilot, in any aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed a competency check given by the Administrator or an authorized check pilot in that class of aircraft, if single-engine airplane other than turbojet, or that type of aircraft, if helicopter, multiengine airplane, turbojet airplane, or powered-lift to determine the pilot's competence in practical skills and techniques in that aircraft or class of aircraft. The extent of the competency check shall be determined by the Administrator or authorized check pilot conducting the competency check. The competency check may include any of the maneuvers and procedures currently required for the original issuance of the particular pilot certificate required for the operations authorized and appropriate to the category, class and type of aircraft involved. For the purposes of this paragraph (b), type, as to an airplane means any one of a group of airplanes determined by the Administrator to have a similar means of propulsion, the same manufacturer, and no significantly different handling or flight characteristics. For the purposes of this paragraph (b), type, as to a helicopter, means a basic make and model.
(c) Each competency check given in a rotorcraft or powered-lift must include a demonstration of the pilot's ability to maneuver the rotorcraft or powered-lift solely by reference to instruments. The check must determine the pilot's ability to safely maneuver the rotorcraft or powered-lift into visual meteorological conditions following an inadvertent encounter with instrument meteorological conditions. For competency checks in non-IFR-certified rotorcraft or powered-lift, the pilot must perform such maneuvers as are appropriate to the rotorcraft's or powered-lift's installed equipment, the certificate holder's operations specifications, and the operating environment.
§ 135.295
Initial and recurrent flight attendant crewmember testing requirements.
No certificate holder may use a flight attendant crewmember, nor may any person serve as a flight attendant crewmember unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, the certificate holder has determined by appropriate initial and recurrent testing that the person is knowledgeable and competent in the following areas as appropriate to assigned duties and responsibilities—
(b) Passenger handling, including procedures to be followed in handling deranged persons or other persons whose conduct might jeopardize safety;
(c) Crewmember assignments, functions, and responsibilities during ditching and evacuation of persons who may need the assistance of another person to move expeditiously to an exit in an emergency;
(d) Briefing of passengers;
(e) Location and operation of portable fire extinguishers and other items of emergency equipment;
(f) Proper use of cabin equipment and controls;
(g) Location and operation of passenger oxygen equipment;
(h) Location and operation of all normal and emergency exits, including evacuation chutes and escape ropes; and
(i) Seating of persons who may need assistance of another person to move rapidly to an exit in an emergency as prescribed by the certificate holder's operations manual.
§ 135.297
Pilot in command: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
(a) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve, as a pilot in command of an aircraft under IFR unless, since the beginning of the 6th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed an instrument proficiency check under this section administered by the Administrator or an authorized check pilot.
(b) No pilot may use any type of precision instrument approach procedure under IFR unless, since the beginning of the 6th calendar month before that use, the pilot satisfactorily demonstrated that type of approach procedure. No pilot may use any type of nonprecision approach procedure under IFR unless, since the beginning of the 6th calendar month before that use, the pilot has satisfactorily demonstrated either that type of approach procedure or any other two different types of nonprecision approach procedures. The instrument approach procedure or procedures must include at least one straight-in approach, one circling approach, and one missed approach. Each type of approach procedure demonstrated must be conducted to published minimums for that procedure.
(c) The instrument proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section consists of an oral or written equipment test and a flight check under simulated or actual IFR conditions. The equipment test includes questions on emergency procedures, engine operation, fuel and lubrication systems, power settings, stall speeds, best engine-out speed, propeller and supercharger operations, and hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical systems, as appropriate. The flight check includes navigation by instruments, recovery from simulated emergencies, and standard instrument approaches involving navigational facilities which that pilot is to be authorized to use. Each pilot taking the instrument proficiency check must show that standard of competence required by § 135.293(e).
(1) The instrument proficiency check must—
(i) For a pilot in command of an airplane under § 135.243(a), include the procedures and maneuvers for an airline transport pilot certificate in the particular type of airplane, if appropriate; and
(ii) For a pilot in command of an airplane or helicopter under § 135.243(c), include the procedures and maneuvers for a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating and, if required, for the appropriate type rating.
(2) The instrument proficiency check must be given by an authorized check pilot or by the Administrator.
(d) If the pilot in command is assigned to pilot only one type of aircraft, that pilot must take the instrument proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section in that type of aircraft.
(e) If the pilot in command is assigned to pilot more than one type of aircraft, that pilot must take the instrument proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section in each type of aircraft to which that pilot is assigned, in rotation, but not more than one flight check during each period described in paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) If the pilot in command is assigned to pilot both single-engine and multiengine aircraft, that pilot must initially take the instrument proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section in a multiengine aircraft, and each succeeding check alternately in single-engine and multiengine aircraft, but not more than one flight check during each period described in paragraph (a) of this section. Portions of a required flight check may be given in an aircraft simulator or other appropriate training device, if approved by the Administrator.
(g) If the pilot in command is authorized to use an autopilot system in place of a second in command, that pilot must show, during the required instrument proficiency check, that the pilot is able (without a second in command) both with and without using the autopilot to—
(1) Conduct instrument operations competently; and
(2) Properly conduct air-ground communications and comply with complex air traffic control instructions.
(3) Each pilot taking the autopilot check must show that, while using the autopilot, the airplane can be operated as proficiently as it would be if a second in command were present to handle air-ground communications and air traffic control instructions. The autopilot check need only be demonstrated once every 12 calendar months during the instrument proficiency check required under paragraph (a) of this section.
§ 135.297
Pilot in command: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
(c) * * *
(1) * * *
(i) For a pilot in command of an aircraft under § 135.243(a), include the procedures and maneuvers for an airline transport pilot certificate in the particular type of aircraft, if appropriate; and
(ii) For a pilot in command of an aircraft under § 135.243(c), include the procedures and maneuvers for a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating and, if required, for the appropriate type rating.
(g) * * *
(3) Each pilot taking the autopilot check must show that, while using the autopilot:
(i) The airplane or powered-lift can be operated as proficiently as it would be if a second in command were present to handle air-ground communications and air traffic control instructions. The autopilot check need only be demonstrated once every 12 calendar months during the instrument proficiency check required under paragraph (a) of this section.
(ii) On and after July 21, 2025, rotorcraft can be operated as proficiently as it would be if a second in command were present to handle air-ground communications and air traffic control instructions. The autopilot check need only be demonstrated once every 12 calendar months during the instrument proficiency check required under paragraph (a) of this section.
§ 135.297
Pilot in command: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
(g) * * *
(3) Each pilot taking the autopilot check must show that, while using the autopilot, the aircraft can be operated as proficiently as it would be if a second in command were present to handle air-ground communications and air traffic control instructions. The autopilot check need only be demonstrated once every 12 calendar months during the instrument proficiency check required under paragraph (a) of this section.
§ 135.299
Pilot in command: Line checks: Routes and airports.
(a) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve, as a pilot in command of a flight unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed a flight check in one of the types of aircraft which that pilot is to fly. The flight check shall—
(1) Be given by an approved check pilot or by the Administrator;
(2) Consist of at least one flight over one route segment; and
(3) Include takeoffs and landings at one or more representative airports. In addition to the requirements of this paragraph, for a pilot authorized to conduct IFR operations, at least one flight shall be flown over a civil airway, an approved off-airway route, or a portion of either of them.
(b) The pilot who conducts the check shall determine whether the pilot being checked satisfactorily performs the duties and responsibilities of a pilot in command in operations under this part, and shall so certify in the pilot training record.
(c) Each certificate holder shall establish in the manual required by § 135.21 a procedure which will ensure that each pilot who has not flown over a route and into an airport within the preceding 90 days will, before beginning the flight, become familiar with all available information required for the safe operation of that flight.
§ 135.301
Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to accepted standards.
(a) If a crewmember who is required to take a test or a flight check under this part, completes the test or flight check in the calendar month before or after the calendar month in which it is required, that crewmember is considered to have completed the test or check in the calendar month in which it is required.
(b) If a pilot being checked under this subpart fails any of the required maneuvers, the person giving the check may give additional training to the pilot during the course of the check. In addition to repeating the maneuvers failed, the person giving the check may require the pilot being checked to repeat any other maneuvers that are necessary to determine the pilot's proficiency. If the pilot being checked is unable to demonstrate satisfactory performance to the person conducting the check, the certificate holder may not use the pilot, nor may the pilot serve, as a flight crewmember in operations under this part until the pilot has satisfactorily completed the check.
§ 135.321
Applicability and terms used.
(a) Except as provided in § 135.3, this subpart prescribes the requirements applicable to—
(1) A certificate holder under this part which contracts with, or otherwise arranges to use the services of a training center certificated under part 142 to perform training, testing, and checking functions;
(2) Each certificate holder for establishing and maintaining an approved training program for crewmembers, check pilots and instructors, and other operations personnel employed or used by that certificate holder; and
(3) Each certificate holder for the qualification, approval, and use of aircraft simulators and flight training devices in the conduct of the program.
(b) For the purposes of this subpart, the following terms and definitions apply:
(1) Initial training. The training required for crewmembers who have not qualified and served in the same capacity on an aircraft.
(2) Transition training. The training required for crewmembers who have qualified and served in the same capacity on another aircraft.
(3) Upgrade training. The training required for crewmembers who have qualified and served as second in command on a particular aircraft type, before they serve as pilot in command on that aircraft.
(4) Differences training. The training required for crewmembers who have qualified and served on a particular type aircraft, when the Administrator finds differences training is necessary before a crewmember serves in the same capacity on a particular variation of that aircraft.
(5) Recurrent training. The training required for crewmembers to remain adequately trained and currently proficient for each aircraft, crewmember position, and type of operation in which the crewmember serves.
(6) In flight. The maneuvers, procedures, or functions that must be conducted in the aircraft.
(7) Training center. An organization governed by the applicable requirements of part 142 of this chapter that conducts training, testing, and checking under contract or other arrangement to certificate holders subject to the requirements of this part.
(8) Requalification training. The training required for crewmembers previously trained and qualified, but who have become unqualified due to not having met within the required period the—
(i) Recurrent pilot testing requirements of § 135.293;
(ii) Instrument proficiency check requirements of § 135.297; or
(iii) Line checks required by § 135.299.
§ 135.323
Training program: General.
(a) Each certificate holder required to have a training program under § 135.341 shall:
(1) Establish and implement a training program that satisfies the requirements of this subpart and that ensures that each crewmember, aircraft dispatcher, flight instructor, and check pilot is adequately trained to perform his or her assigned duties. Prior to implementation, the certificate holder must obtain initial and final FAA approval of the training program.
(2) Provide adequate ground and flight training facilities and properly qualified ground instructors for the training required by this subpart.
(3) Provide and keep current for each aircraft type used and, if applicable, the particular variations within the aircraft type, appropriate training material, examinations, forms, instructions, and procedures for use in conducting the training and checks required by this subpart.
(4) Provide enough flight instructors, check pilots, and FSTD instructors to conduct required flight training and flight checks and FSTD training courses allowed under this subpart.
(b) Whenever a crewmember who is required to take recurrent training under this subpart completes the training in the calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month in which that training is required, the crewmember is considered to have completed it in the calendar month in which it was required.
(c) Each instructor, supervisor, or check pilot who is responsible for a particular ground training subject, segment of flight training, course of training, flight check, or competence check under this part shall certify as to the proficiency and knowledge of the crewmember, flight instructor, or check pilot concerned upon completion of that training or check. That certification shall be made a part of the crewmember's record. When the certification required by this paragraph is made by an entry in a computerized recordkeeping system, the certifying instructor, supervisor, or check pilot, must be identified with that entry. However, the signature of the certifying instructor, supervisor, or check pilot is not required for computerized entries.
(d) Training subjects that apply to more than one aircraft or crewmember position and that have been satisfactorily completed during previous training while employed by the certificate holder for another aircraft or another crewmember position, need not be repeated during subsequent training other than recurrent training.
(e) Aircraft simulators and other training devices may be used in the certificate holder's training program if approved by the Administrator.
§ 135.324
Training program: Special rules.
(a) Other than the certificate holder, only another certificate holder certificated under this part or a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter is eligible under this subpart to conduct training, testing, and checking under contract or other arrangement to those persons subject to the requirements of this subpart.
(b) A certificate holder may contract with, or otherwise arrange to use the services of, a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter to conduct training, testing, and checking required by this part only if the training center—
(1) Holds applicable training specifications issued under part 142 of this chapter;
(2) Has facilities, training equipment, and courseware meeting the applicable requirements of part 142 of this chapter;
(3) Has approved curriculums, curriculum segments, and portions of curriculum segments applicable for use in training courses required by this subpart; and
(4) Has sufficient instructor and check pilots qualified under the applicable requirements of §§ 135.337 through 135.340 to provide training, testing, and checking to persons subject to the requirements of this subpart.
§ 135.325
Training program and revision: Initial and final approval.
(a) To obtain initial and final approval of a training program, or a revision to an approved training program, each certificate holder must submit to the Administrator—
(1) An outline of the proposed or revised curriculum, that provides enough information for a preliminary evaluation of the proposed training program or revision; and
(2) Additional relevant information that may be requested by the Administrator.
(b) If the proposed training program or revision complies with this subpart, the Administrator grants initial approval in writing after which the certificate holder may conduct the training under that program. The Administrator then evaluates the effectiveness of the training program and advises the certificate holder of deficiencies, if any, that must be corrected.
(c) The Administrator grants final approval of the proposed training program or revision if the certificate holder shows that the training conducted under the initial approval in paragraph (b) of this section ensures that each person who successfully completes the training is adequately trained to perform that person's assigned duties.
(d) Whenever the Administrator finds that revisions are necessary for the continued adequacy of a training program that has been granted final approval, the certificate holder shall, after notification by the Administrator, make any changes in the program that are found necessary by the Administrator. Within 30 days after the certificate holder receives the notice, it may file a petition to reconsider the notice with the Administrator. The filing of a petition to reconsider stays the notice pending a decision by the Administrator. However, if the Administrator finds that there is an emergency that requires immediate action in the interest of safety, the Administrator may, upon a statement of the reasons, require a change effective without stay.
§ 135.327
Training program: Curriculum.
(a) Each certificate holder must prepare and keep current a written training program curriculum for each type of aircraft for each crewmember required for that type aircraft. The curriculum must include ground and flight training required by this subpart.
(b) Each training program curriculum must include the following:
(1) A list of principal ground training subjects, including emergency training subjects, that are provided.
(2) A list of all the training devices, mockups, systems trainers, procedures trainers, or other training aids that the certificate holder will use.
(3) Detailed descriptions or pictorial displays of the approved normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers, procedures and functions that will be performed during each flight training phase or flight check, indicating those maneuvers, procedures and functions that are to be performed during the inflight portions of flight training and flight checks.
§ 135.329
Crewmember training requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder must include in its training program the following initial and transition ground training as appropriate to the particular assignment of the crewmember:
(1) Basic indoctrination ground training for newly hired crewmembers including instruction in at least the—
(i) Duties and responsibilities of crewmembers as applicable;
(ii) Appropriate provisions of this chapter;
(iii) Contents of the certificate holder's operating certificate and operations specifications (not required for flight attendants); and
(iv) Appropriate portions of the certificate holder's operating manual.
(2) The initial and transition ground training in §§ 135.345 and 135.349, as applicable.
(3) Emergency training in § 135.331.
(4) Crew resource management training in § 135.330.
(b) Each training program must provide the initial and transition flight training in § 135.347, as applicable.
(c) Each training program must provide recurrent ground and flight training in § 135.351.
(d) Upgrade training in §§ 135.345 and 135.347 for a particular type aircraft may be included in the training program for crewmembers who have qualified and served as second in command on that aircraft.
(e) In addition to initial, transition, upgrade and recurrent training, each training program must provide ground and flight training, instruction, and practice necessary to ensure that each crewmember—
(1) Remains adequately trained and currently proficient for each aircraft, crewmember position, and type of operation in which the crewmember serves; and
(2) Qualifies in new equipment, facilities, procedures, and techniques, including modifications to aircraft.
§ 135.330
Crew resource management training.
(a) Each certificate holder must have an approved crew resource management training program that includes initial and recurrent training. The training program must include at least the following:
(2) Communication processes, decisions, and coordination, to include communication with Air Traffic Control, personnel performing flight locating and other operational functions, and passengers;
(3) Building and maintenance of a flight team;
(4) Workload and time management;
(5) Situational awareness;
(6) Effects of fatigue on performance, avoidance strategies and countermeasures;
(7) Effects of stress and stress reduction strategies; and
(8) Aeronautical decision-making and judgment training tailored to the operator's flight operations and aviation environment.
(b) After March 22, 2013, no certificate holder may use a person as a flightcrew member or flight attendant unless that person has completed approved crew resource management initial training with that certificate holder.
(c) For flightcrew members and flight attendants, the Administrator, at his or her discretion, may credit crew resource management training completed with that certificate holder before March 22, 2013, toward all or part of the initial CRM training required by this section.
(d) In granting credit for initial CRM training, the Administrator considers training aids, devices, methods and procedures used by the certificate holder in a voluntary CRM program included in a training program required by § 135.341, § 135.345, or § 135.349.
§ 135.331
Crewmember emergency training.
(a) Each training program must provide emergency training under this section for each aircraft type, model, and configuration, each crewmember, and each kind of operation conducted, as appropriate for each crewmember and the certificate holder.
(b) Emergency training must provide the following:
(1) Instruction in emergency assignments and procedures, including coordination among crewmembers.
(2) Individual instruction in the location, function, and operation of emergency equipment including—
(i) Equipment used in ditching and evacuation;
(ii) First aid equipment and its proper use; and
(iii) Portable fire extinguishers, with emphasis on the type of extinguisher to be used on different classes of fires.
(3) Instruction in the handling of emergency situations including—
(i) Rapid decompression;
(ii) Fire in flight or on the surface and smoke control procedures with emphasis on electrical equipment and related circuit breakers found in cabin areas;
(iii) Ditching and evacuation;
(iv) Illness, injury, or other abnormal situations involving passengers or crewmembers; and
(v) Hijacking and other unusual situations.
(4) Review of the certificate holder's previous aircraft accidents and incidents involving actual emergency situations.
(c) Each crewmember must perform at least the following emergency drills, using the proper emergency equipment and procedures, unless the Administrator finds that, for a particular drill, the crewmember can be adequately trained by demonstration:
(1) Ditching, if applicable.
(2) Emergency evacuation.
(3) Fire extinguishing and smoke control.
(4) Operation and use of emergency exits, including deployment and use of evacuation chutes, if applicable.
(5) Use of crew and passenger oxygen.
(6) Removal of life rafts from the aircraft, inflation of the life rafts, use of life lines, and boarding of passengers and crew, if applicable.
(7) Donning and inflation of life vests and the use of other individual flotation devices, if applicable.
(d) Crewmembers who serve in operations above 25,000 feet must receive instruction in the following:
(1) Respiration.
(2) Hypoxia.
(3) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen at altitude.
(4) Gas expansion.
(5) Gas bubble formation.
(6) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression.
§ 135.335
Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices.
(a) Training courses using aircraft simulators and other training devices may be included in the certificate holder's training program if approved by the Administrator.
(b) Each aircraft simulator and other training device that is used in a training course or in checks required under this subpart must meet the following requirements:
(1) It must be specifically approved for—
(i) The certificate holder; and
(ii) The particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember function involved.
(2) It must maintain the performance, functional, and other character- istics that are required for approval.
(3) Additionally, for aircraft simulators, it must be—
(i) Approved for the type aircraft and, if applicable, the particular variation within type for which the training or check is being conducted; and
(ii) Modified to conform with any modification to the aircraft being simulated that changes the performance, functional, or other characteristics required for approval.
(c) A particular aircraft simulator or other training device may be used by more than one certificate holder.
(d) In granting initial and final approval of training programs or revisions to them, the Administrator considers the training devices, methods and procedures listed in the certificate holder's curriculum under § 135.327.
§ 135.336
Airline transport pilot certification training program.
(a) A certificate holder may obtain approval to establish and implement a training program to satisfy the requirements of § 61.156 of this chapter. The training program must be separate from the air carrier training program required by this part.
(b) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as an instructor in a training program approved to meet the requirements of § 61.156 of this chapter unless the instructor:
(1) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating;
(2) Has at least 2 years of experience as a pilot in command in operations conducted under § 91.1053(a)(2)(i) of this chapter, § 135.243(a)(1) of this part, or as a pilot in command or second in command in any operation conducted under part 121 of this chapter;
(3) Except for the holder of a flight instructor certificate, receives initial training on the following topics:
(i) The fundamental principles of the learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching, instruction methods, and techniques;
(iii) Instructor duties, privileges, responsibilities, and limitations;
(iv) Training policies and procedures; and
(v) Evaluation.
(4) If providing training in a flight simulation training device, holds an aircraft type rating for the aircraft represented by the flight simulation training device utilized in the training program and have received training and evaluation within the preceding 12 months from the certificate holder on:
(i) Proper operation of flight simulator and flight training device controls and systems;
(ii) Proper operation of environmental and fault panels;
(iii) Data and motion limitations of simulation;
(iv) Minimum equipment requirements for each curriculum; and
(v) The maneuvers that will be demonstrated in the flight simulation training device.
(c) A certificate holder may not issue a graduation certificate to a student unless that student has completed all the curriculum requirements of the course.
(d) A certificate holder must conduct evaluations to ensure that training techniques, procedures, and standards are acceptable to the Administrator.
§ 135.337
Qualifications: Check pilots.
(a) For the purposes of this part:
(1) A check pilot (aircraft) is a person who is qualified to conduct flight checks in an aircraft for a particular type aircraft.
(2) A check-pilot (FSTD) is a person who is qualified to conduct flight checks only in an FSTD for a particular type aircraft.
(3) Check pilots are those persons who perform the functions described in §§ 135.321(a) and 135.323(a)(4) and (c).
(b) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check pilot in a training program established under this subpart unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person—
(1) Holds the pilot certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the proficiency or competency checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of § 135.339;
(5) Has been approved by the Administrator for the check pilot duties involved.
(c) Completion of the requirements in paragraphs (b)(2), (3), and (4) of this section, as applicable, shall be entered in the individual's training record maintained by the certificate holder.
(d) A check pilot (FSTD) must accomplish the following—
(1) Fly at least two flight segments as a required crewmember for the type, class, or category aircraft involved within the 12-month period preceding the performance of any check-pilot duty in an FSTD; or
(2) Satisfactorily complete an approved line-observation program within the period prescribed by that program and that must precede the performance of any check pilot duty in an FSTD.
(e) The flight segments or line-observation program required in paragraph (d) of this section are considered to be completed in the month required if completed in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which they are due.
(f) A person who serves as a required flightcrew member while performing check pilot duties must also meet the requirements of this chapter for the duty position in which they are serving.
§ 135.338
Qualifications: Flight instructors.
(a) For the purposes of this part:
(1) A flight instructor (aircraft) is a person who is qualified to instruct in an aircraft for a particular type, class, or category aircraft.
(2) A flight instructor (FSTD) is a person who is qualified to instruct only in an FSTD for a particular type, class, or category aircraft.
(3) Flight instructors are those instructors who perform the functions described in §§ 135.321(a) and 135.323(a)(4) and (c).
(b) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a flight instructor in a training program established under this subpart unless, with respect to the type, class, or category aircraft involved, that person—
(1) Holds the pilot certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the proficiency or competency checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of § 135.340.
(c) Completion of the requirements in paragraphs (b)(2), (3), and (4) of this section shall be entered in the individual's training record maintained by the certificate holder.
(d) A flight instructor (FSTD) must accomplish the following—
(1) Fly at least two flight segments as a required crewmember for the type, class, or category aircraft involved within the 12-month period preceding the performance of any flight instructor duty in an FSTD; or
(2) Satisfactorily complete an approved line-observation program within the period prescribed by that program preceding the performance of any flight instructor duty in an FSTD.
(e) The flight segments or line-observation program required in paragraph (d) of this section are considered completed in the month required if completed in the calendar month before, or in the calendar month after, the month in which they are due.
(f) A person who serves as a required flightcrew member while performing flight instructor duties must also meet the requirements of this chapter for the duty position in which they are serving.
§ 135.339
Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a check pilot unless—
(1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition check pilot training; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person satisfactorily conducts a proficiency or competency check under the observation of an FAA inspector or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the operator. The observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device. This paragraph applies after March 19, 1997.
(b) The observation check required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which it is due.
(c) The initial ground training for check pilots must include the following:
(1) Check pilot duties, functions, and responsibilities.
(2) The applicable Code of Federal Regulations and the certificate holder's policies and procedures.
(3) The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting the required checks.
(4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of—
(i) Improper and insufficient training; and
(ii) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.
(5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
(6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(d) The transition ground training for check pilots must include the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft to which the check pilot is in transition.
(e) The initial and transition flight training for check pilots (aircraft) must include the following—
(1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during a check;
(2) The potential results of improper, untimely, or nonexecution of safety measures during a check;
(3) Training and practice in conducting flight checks from the left and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the pilot flight checks required by this part; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during checking.
(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device, as appropriate.
(g) The initial and transition flight training for check pilots (FSTD) must include the following:
(1) Training and practice in conducting flight checks in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight checks required by this part. This training and practice must be accomplished in a flight simulator or in a flight training device.
(2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight checks required by this part.
§ 135.339
Initial and transition training and checking: Check airmen (aircraft), check airmen (simulator).
(e) * * *
(3) Training and practice in conducting flight checks from the left and right pilot seats, or in the case of powered-lift with one pilot seat from that seat as well as providing training and instruction from an observation seat, in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the pilot flight checks required by this part; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat, or in the case of powered-lift with one pilot seat from that seat as well as providing training and instruction from an observation seat, for emergency situations that are likely to develop during checking.
§ 135.340
Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a flight instructor unless—
(1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition flight instructor training; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person satisfactorily conducts instruction under the observation of an FAA inspector, an operator check pilot, or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the operator. The observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.
(b) The observation check required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month in which it is due.
(c) The initial ground training for flight instructors must include the following:
(1) Flight instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
(2) The applicable Code of Federal Regulations and the certificate holder's policies and procedures.
(3) The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting flight instruction.
(4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of—
(i) Improper and insufficient training; and
(ii) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.
(5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.
(6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(7) Except for holders of a flight instructor certificate—
(i) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process;
(ii) Teaching methods and procedures; and
(iii) The instructor-student relationship.
(d) The transition ground training for flight instructors must include the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the type, class, or category aircraft to which the flight instructor is in transition.
(e) The initial and transition flight training for flight instructors (aircraft) must include the following—
(1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction;
(2) The potential results of improper or untimely safety measures during instruction;
(3) Training and practice from the left and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this part; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either the left or right pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction.
(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device, as appropriate.
(g) The initial and transition flight training for a flight instructor (FSTD) must include the following:
(1) Training and practice in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this part. These maneuvers and procedures must be accomplished in full or in part in a flight simulator or in a flight training device.
(2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this part.
§ 135.340
Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator).
(e) * * *
(3) Training and practice from the left and right pilot seats, or in the case of powered-lift with one pilot seat from that seat as well as providing training and instruction from an observation seat, in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this part; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either the left or right pilot seat, or in the case of powered-lift with one pilot seat from that seat as well as providing training and instruction from an observation seat, for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction.
§ 135.341
Pilot and flight attendant crewmember training programs.
(a) Each certificate holder, other than one who uses only one pilot in the certificate holder's operations, shall establish and maintain an approved pilot training program, and each certificate holder who uses a flight attendant crewmember shall establish and maintain an approved flight attendant training program, that is appropriate to the operations to which each pilot and flight attendant is to be assigned, and will ensure that they are adequately trained to meet the applicable knowledge and practical testing requirements of §§ 135.293 through 135.301. However, the Administrator may authorize a deviation from this section if the Administrator finds that, because of the limited size and scope of the operation, safety will allow a deviation from these requirements. This deviation authority does not extend to the training provided under § 135.336.
(b) Each certificate holder required to have a training program by paragraph (a) of this section shall include in that program ground and flight training curriculums for—
(1) Initial training;
(2) Transition training;
(3) Upgrade training;
(4) Differences training; and
(5) Recurrent training.
(c) Each certificate holder required to have a training program by paragraph (a) of this section shall provide current and appropriate study materials for use by each required pilot and flight attendant.
(d) The certificate holder shall furnish copies of the pilot and flight attendant crewmember training program, and all changes and additions, to the assigned representative of the Administrator. If the certificate holder uses training facilities of other persons, a copy of those training programs or appropriate portions used for those facilities shall also be furnished. Curricula that follow FAA published curricula may be cited by reference in the copy of the training program furnished to the representative of the Administrator and need not be furnished with the program.
§ 135.343
Crewmember initial and recurrent training requirements.
No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as a crewmember in operations under this part unless that crewmember has completed the appropriate initial or recurrent training phase of the training program appropriate to the type of operation in which the crewmember is to serve since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service. This section does not apply to a certificate holder that uses only one pilot in the certificate holder's operations.
§ 135.345
Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training.
Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training for pilots must include instruction in at least the following, as applicable to their duties:
(a) General subjects—
(1) The certificate holder's flight locating procedures;
(2) Principles and methods for determining weight and balance, and runway limitations for takeoff and landing;
(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a practical knowledge of weather phenomena, including the principles of frontal systems, icing, fog, thunderstorms, windshear and, if appropriate, high altitude weather situations;
(4) Air traffic control systems, procedures, and phraseology;
(6) Normal and emergency communication procedures;
(7) Visual cues before and during descent below DA/DH or MDA;
(8) ETOPS, if applicable;
(9) After August 13, 2008, passenger recovery plan for any passenger-carrying operation (other than intrastate operations wholly within the state of Alaska) in the North Polar area; and
(10) Other instructions necessary to ensure the pilot's competence.
(b) For each aircraft type—
(1) A general description;
(2) Performance characteristics;
(3) Engines and propellers;
(4) Major components;
(5) Major aircraft systems ( i.e. , flight controls, electrical, and hydraulic), other systems, as appropriate, principles of normal, abnormal, and emergency operations, appropriate procedures and limitations;
(6) Knowledge and procedures for—
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe weather situations;
(ii) Escaping from severe weather situations, in case of inadvertent encounters, including low-altitude windshear (except that rotorcraft pilots are not required to be trained in escaping from low-altitude windshear);
(iii) Operating in or near thunderstorms (including best penetrating altitudes), turbulent air (including clear air turbulence), icing, hail, and other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions; and
(iv) Operating airplanes during ground icing conditions, ( i.e. , any time conditions are such that frost, ice, or snow may reasonably be expected to adhere to the airplane), if the certificate holder expects to authorize takeoffs in ground icing conditions, including:
(A) The use of holdover times when using deicing/anti-icing fluids;
(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing procedures, including inspection and check procedures and responsibilities;
(C) Communications;
(D) Airplane surface contamination ( i.e. , adherence of frost, ice, or snow) and critical area identification, and knowledge of how contamination adversely affects airplane performance and flight characteristics;
(E) Types and characteristics of deicing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the certificate holder;
(F) Cold weather preflight inspection procedures;
(G) Techniques for recognizing contamination on the airplane;
(7) Operating limitations;
(8) Fuel consumption and cruise control;
(9) Flight planning;
(10) Each normal and emergency procedure; and
(11) The approved Aircraft Flight Manual, or equivalent.
§ 135.347
Pilots: Initial, transition, upgrade, and differences flight training.
(a) Initial, transition, upgrade, and differences training for pilots must include flight and practice in each of the maneuvers and procedures in the approved training program curriculum.
(b) The maneuvers and procedures required by paragraph (a) of this section must be performed in flight, except to the extent that certain maneuvers and procedures may be performed in an aircraft simulator, or an appropriate training device, as allowed by this subpart.
(c) If the certificate holder's approved training program includes a course of training using an aircraft simulator or other training device, each pilot must successfully complete—
(1) Training and practice in the simulator or training device in at least the maneuvers and procedures in this subpart that are capable of being performed in the aircraft simulator or training device; and
(2) A flight check in the aircraft or a check in the simulator or training device to the level of proficiency of a pilot in command or second in command, as applicable, in at least the maneuvers and procedures that are capable of being performed in an aircraft simulator or training device.
§ 135.349
Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training.
Initial and transition ground training for flight attendants must include instruction in at least the following—
(a) General subjects—
(2) Passenger handling, including procedures to be followed in handling deranged persons or other persons whose conduct might jeopardize safety.
(b) For each aircraft type—
(1) A general description of the aircraft emphasizing physical characteristics that may have a bearing on ditching, evacuation, and inflight emergency procedures and on other related duties;
(2) The use of both the public address system and the means of communicating with other flight crewmembers, including emergency means in the case of attempted hijacking or other unusual situations; and
(3) Proper use of electrical galley equipment and the controls for cabin heat and ventilation.
§ 135.351
Recurrent training.
(a) Each certificate holder must ensure that each crewmember receives recurrent training and is adequately trained and currently proficient for the type aircraft and crewmember position involved.
(b) Recurrent ground training for crewmembers must include at least the following:
(1) A quiz or other review to determine the crewmember's knowledge of the aircraft and crewmember position involved.
(2) Instruction as necessary in the subjects required for initial ground training by this subpart, as appropriate, including low-altitude windshear training and training on operating during ground icing conditions as prescribed in § 135.341 and described in § 135.345, crew resource management training as prescribed in § 135.330, and emergency training as prescribed in § 135.331.
(c) Recurrent flight training for pilots must include, at least, flight training in the maneuvers or procedures in this subpart, except that satisfactory completion of the check required by § 135.293 within the preceding 12 calendar months may be substituted for recurrent flight training.
§ 135.353
§ 135.361
Applicability.
(a) This subpart prescribes airplane performance operating limitations applicable to the operation of the categories of airplanes listed in § 135.363 when operated under this part.
(b) For the purpose of this subpart, effective length of the runway, for landing means the distance from the point at which the obstruction clearance plane associated with the approach end of the runway intersects the centerline of the runway to the far end of the runway.
(c) For the purpose of this subpart, obstruction clearance plane means a plane sloping upward from the runway at a slope of 1:20 to the horizontal, and tangent to or clearing all obstructions within a specified area surrounding the runway as shown in a profile view of that area. In the plan view, the centerline of the specified area coincides with the centerline of the runway, beginning at the point where the obstruction clearance plane intersects the centerline of the runway and proceeding to a point at least 1,500 feet from the beginning point. After that the centerline coincides with the takeoff path over the ground for the runway (in the case of takeoffs) or with the instrument approach counterpart (for landings), or, where the applicable one of these paths has not been established, it proceeds consistent with turns of at least 4,000-foot radius until a point is reached beyond which the obstruction clearance plane clears all obstructions. This area extends laterally 200 feet on each side of the centerline at the point where the obstruction clearance plane intersects the runway and continues at this width to the end of the runway; then it increases uniformly to 500 feet on each side of the centerline at a point 1,500 feet from the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane with the runway; after that it extends laterally 500 feet on each side of the centerline.
§ 135.363
General.
(a) Each certificate holder operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane shall comply with §§ 135.365 through 135.377.
(b) Each certificate holder operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane shall comply with §§ 135.379 through 135.387, except that when it operates a turbopropeller-powered large transport category airplane certificated after August 29, 1959, but previously type certificated with the same number of reciprocating engines, it may comply with §§ 135.365 through 135.377.
(c) Each certificate holder operating a large nontransport category airplane shall comply with §§ 135.389 through 135.395 and any determination of compliance must be based only on approved performance data. For the purpose of this subpart, a large nontrans- port category airplane is an airplane that was type certificated before July 1, 1942.
(d) Each certificate holder operating a small transport category airplane shall comply with § 135.397.
(e) Each certificate holder operating a small nontransport category airplane shall comply with § 135.399.
(f) The performance data in the Airplane Flight Manual applies in determining compliance with §§ 135.365 through 135.387. Where conditions are different from those on which the performance data is based, compliance is determined by interpolation or by computing the effects of change in the specific variables, if the results of the interpolation or computations are substantially as accurate as the results of direct tests.
(g) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane at a weight that is more than the allowable weight for the runway being used (determined under the runway takeoff limitations of the transport category operating rules of this subpart) after taking into account the temperature operating correction factors in section 4a.749a-T or section 4b.117 of the Civil Air Regulations in effect on January 31, 1965, and in the applicable Airplane Flight Manual.
(h) The Administrator may author- ize in the operations specifications deviations from this subpart if special circumstances make a literal observ- ance of a requirement unnecessary for safety.
(i) The 10-mile width specified in §§ 135.369 through 135.373 may be reduced to 5 miles, for not more than 20 miles, when operating under VFR or where navigation facilities furnish reliable and accurate identification of high ground and obstructions located outside of 5 miles, but within 10 miles, on each side of the intended track.
(j) Each certificate holder operating a commuter category airplane shall comply with § 135.398.
§ 135.364
Maximum flying time outside the United States.
After August 13, 2008, no certificate holder may operate an airplane, other than an all-cargo airplane with more than two engines, on a planned route that exceeds 180 minutes flying time (at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed under standard conditions in still air) from an Adequate Airport outside the continental United States unless the operation is approved by the FAA in accordance with Appendix G of this part, Extended Operations (ETOPS).
§ 135.365
Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations.
(a) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane from an airport located at an elevation outside of the range for which maximum takeoff weights have been determined for that airplane.
(b) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane for an airport of intended destination that is located at an elevation outside of the range for which maximum landing weights have been determined for that airplane.
(c) No person may specify, or have specified, an alternate airport that is located at an elevation outside of the range for which maximum landing weights have been determined for the reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane concerned.
(d) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane at a weight more than the maximum authorized takeoff weight for the elevation of the airport.
(e) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane if its weight on arrival at the airport of destination will be more than the maximum authorized landing weight for the elevation of that airport, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil en route.
§ 135.367
Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations.
(a) No person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane unless it is possible—
(1) To stop the airplane safely on the runway, as shown by the accelerate-stop distance data, at any time during takeoff until reaching critical-engine failure speed;
(2) If the critical engine fails at any time after the airplane reaches critical-engine failure speed V 1 , to continue the takeoff and reach a height of 50 feet, as indicated by the takeoff path data, before passing over the end of the runway; and
(3) To clear all obstacles either by at least 50 feet vertically (as shown by the takeoff path data) or 200 feet horizontally within the airport boundaries and 300 feet horizontally beyond the boundaries, without banking before reaching a height of 50 feet (as shown by the takeoff path data) and after that without banking more than 15 degrees.
(b) In applying this section, corrections must be made for any runway gradient. To allow for wind effect, takeoff data based on still air may be corrected by taking into account not more than 50 percent of any reported headwind component and not less than 150 percent of any reported tailwind component.
§ 135.369
Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: All engines operating.
(a) No person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil, that does not allow a rate of climb (in feet per minute), with all engines operating, of at least 6.90 Vs o (that is, the number of feet per minute obtained by multiplying the number of knots by 6.90) at an altitude of a least 1,000 feet above the highest ground or obstruction within ten miles of each side of the intended track.
(b) This section does not apply to large transport category airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations.
§ 135.371
Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil, that does not allow a rate of climb (in feet per minute), with one engine inoperative, of at least (0.079−0.106/N) Vs o 2 (where N is the number of engines installed and Vs o is expressed in knots) at an altitude of least 1,000 feet above the highest ground or obstruction within 10 miles of each side of the intended track. However, for the purposes of this paragraph the rate of climb for transport category airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations is 0.026 Vs o 2.
(b) In place of the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, a person may, under an approved procedure, operate a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane at an all-engines-operating altitude that allows the airplane to continue, after an engine failure, to an alternate airport where a landing can be made under § 135.377, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil. After the assumed failure, the flight path must clear the ground and any obstruction within five miles on each side of the intended track by at least 2,000 feet.
(c) If an approved procedure under paragraph (b) of this section is used, the certificate holder shall comply with the following:
(1) The rate of climb (as prescribed in the Airplane Flight Manual for the appropriate weight and altitude) used in calculating the airplane's flight path shall be diminished by an amount in feet per minute, equal to (0.079−0.106/N) Vs o 2 (when N is the number of engines installed and Vs o is expressed in knots) for airplanes certificated under part 25 of this chapter and by 0.026 Vs o 2 for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations.
(2) The all-engines-operating altitude shall be sufficient so that in the event the critical engine becomes inoperative at any point along the route, the flight will be able to proceed to a predetermined alternate airport by use of this procedure. In determining the takeoff weight, the airplane is assumed to pass over the critical obstruction following engine failure at a point no closer to the critical obstruction than the nearest approved navigational fix, unless the Administrator approves a procedure established on a different basis upon finding that adequate operational safeguards exist.
(3) The airplane must meet the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section at 1,000 feet above the airport used as an alternate in this procedure.
(4) The procedure must include an approved method of accounting for winds and temperatures that would otherwise adversely affect the flight path.
(5) In complying with this procedure, fuel jettisoning is allowed if the certificate holder shows that it has an adequate training program, that proper instructions are given to the flight crew, and all other precautions are taken to ensure a safe procedure.
(6) The certificate holder and the pilot in command shall jointly elect an alternate airport for which the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that weather conditions will be at or above the alternate weather minimum specified in the certificate holder's operations specifications for that airport when the flight arrives.
§ 135.373
Part 25 transport category airplanes with four or more engines: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative.
(a) No person may operate an airplane certificated under part 25 and having four or more engines unless—
(1) There is no place along the intended track that is more than 90 minutes (with all engines operating at cruising power) from an airport that meets § 135.377; or
(2) It is operated at a weight allowing the airplane, with the two critical engines inoperative, to climb at 0.013 Vs o 2 feet per minute (that is, the number of feet per minute obtained by multiplying the number of knots squared by 0.013) at an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest ground or obstruction within 10 miles on each side of the intended track, or at an altitude of 5,000 feet, whichever is higher.
(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, it is assumed that—
(1) The two engines fail at the point that is most critical with respect to the takeoff weight;
(2) Consumption of fuel and oil is normal with all engines operating up to the point where the two engines fail with two engines operating beyond that point;
(3) Where the engines are assumed to fail at an altitude above the prescribed minimum altitude, compliance with the prescribed rate of climb at the prescribed minimum altitude need not be shown during the descent from the cruising altitude to the prescribed minimum altitude, if those requirements can be met once the prescribed minimum altitude is reached, and assuming descent to be along a net flight path and the rate of descent to be 0.013 Vs o 2 greater than the rate in the approved performance data; and
(4) If fuel jettisoning is provided, the airplane's weight at the point where the two engines fail is considered to be not less than that which would include enough fuel to proceed to an airport meeting § 135.377 and to arrive at an altitude of at least 1,000 feet directly over that airport.
§ 135.375
Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane, unless its weight on arrival, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil in flight, would allow a full stop landing at the intended destination within 60 percent of the effective length of each runway described below from a point 50 feet directly above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway. For the purposes of determining the allowable landing weight at the destination airport the following is assumed:
(1) The airplane is landed on the most favorable runway and in the most favorable direction in still air.
(2) The airplane is landed on the most suitable runway considering the probable wind velocity and direction (forecast for the expected time of arrival), the ground handling characteristics of the type of airplane, and other conditions such as landing aids and terrain, and allowing for the effect of the landing path and roll of not more than 50 percent of the headwind component or not less than 150 percent of the tailwind component.
(b) An airplane that would be prohibited from being taken off because it could not meet paragraph (a)(2) of this section may be taken off if an alternate airport is selected that meets all of this section except that the airplane can accomplish a full stop landing within 70 percent of the effective length of the runway.
§ 135.377
Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports.
No person may list an airport as an alternate airport in a flight plan unless the airplane (at the weight anticipated at the time of arrival at the airport), based on the assumptions in § 135.375(a) (1) and (2), can be brought to a full stop landing within 70 percent of the effective length of the runway.
§ 135.379
Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations.
(a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in the Airplane Flight Manual for the elevation of the airport and for the ambient temperature existing at take- off.
(b) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane certificated after August 26, 1957, but before August 30, 1959 (SR422, 422A), may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in the Airplane Flight Manual for the minimum distance required for takeoff. In the case of an airplane certificated after September 30, 1958 (SR422A, 422B), the takeoff distance may include a clearway distance but the clearway distance included may not be greater than one-half of the takeoff run.
(c) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane certificated after August 29, 1959 (SR422B), may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in the Airplane Flight Manual at which compliance with the following may be shown:
(1) The accelerate-stop distance, as defined in § 25.109 of this chapter, must not exceed the length of the runway plus the length of any stopway.
(2) The takeoff distance must not exceed the length of the runway plus the length of any clearway except that the length of any clearway included must not be greater than one-half the length of the runway.
(3) The takeoff run must not be greater than the length of the runway.
(d) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in the Airplane Flight Manual—
(1) For an airplane certificated after August 26, 1957, but before October 1, 1958 (SR422), that allows a takeoff path that clears all obstacles either by at least (35 + 0.01 D) feet vertically (D is the distance along the intended flight path from the end of the runway in feet), or by at least 200 feet horizontally within the airport boundaries and by at least 300 feet horizontally after passing the boundaries; or
(2) For an airplane certificated after September 30, 1958 (SR422A, 422B), that allows a net takeoff flight path that clears all obstacles either by a height of at least 35 feet vertically, or by at least 200 feet horizontally within the airport boundaries and by at least 300 feet horizontally after passing the boundaries.
(e) In determining maximum weights, minimum distances, and flight paths under paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, correction must be made for the runway to be used, the elevation of the airport, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind component at the time of takeoff, and, if operating limitations exist for the minimum distances required for takeoff from wet runways, the runway surface condition (dry or wet). Wet runway distances associated with grooved or porous friction course runways, if provided in the Airplane Flight Manual, may be used only for runways that are grooved or treated with a porous friction course (PFC) overlay, and that the operator determines are designed, constructed, and maintained in a manner acceptable to the Administrator.
(f) For the purposes of this section, it is assumed that the airplane is not banked before reaching a height of 50 feet, as shown by the takeoff path or net takeoff flight path data (as appropriate) in the Airplane Flight Manual, and after that the maximum bank is not more than 15 degrees.
(g) For the purposes of this section, the terms, takeoff distance, takeoff run, net takeoff flight path, have the same meanings as set forth in the rules under which the airplane was certificated.
§ 135.381
Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.
(a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil, that is greater than that which (under the approved, one engine inoperative, en route net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual for that airplane) will allow compliance with paragraph (a) (1) or (2) of this section, based on the ambient temperatures expected en route.
(1) There is a positive slope at an altitude of at least 1,000 feet above all terrain and obstructions within five statute miles on each side of the intended track, and, in addition, if that airplane was certificated after August 29, 1958 (SR422B), there is a positive slope at 1,500 feet above the airport where the airplane is assumed to land after an engine fails.
(2) The net flight path allows the airplane to continue flight from the cruising altitude to an airport where a landing can be made under § 135.387 clearing all terrain and obstructions within five statute miles of the intended track by at least 2,000 feet vertically and with a positive slope at 1,000 feet above the airport where the airplane lands after an engine fails, or, if that airplane was certificated after September 30, 1958 (SR422A, 422B), with a positive slope at 1,500 feet above the airport where the airplane lands after an engine fails.
(b) For the purpose of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, it is assumed that—
(1) The engine fails at the most critical point en route;
(2) The airplane passes over the critical obstruction, after engine failure at a point that is no closer to the obstruction than the approved navigation fix, unless the Administrator authorizes a different procedure based on adequate operational safeguards;
(3) An approved method is used to allow for adverse winds;
(4) Fuel jettisoning will be allowed if the certificate holder shows that the crew is properly instructed, that the training program is adequate, and that all other precautions are taken to ensure a safe procedure;
(5) The alternate airport is selected and meets the prescribed weather minimums; and
(6) The consumption of fuel and oil after engine failure is the same as the consumption that is allowed for in the approved net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual.
§ 135.383
Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative.
(a) Airplanes certificated after August 26, 1957, but before October 1, 1958 (SR422). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an intended route unless that person complies with either of the following:
(1) There is no place along the intended track that is more than 90 minutes (with all engines operating at cruising power) from an airport that meets § 135.387.
(2) Its weight, according to the two-engine-inoperative, en route, net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual, allows the airplane to fly from the point where the two engines are assumed to fail simultaneously to an airport that meets § 135.387, with a net flight path (considering the ambient temperature anticipated along the track) having a positive slope at an altitude of at least 1,000 feet above all terrain and obstructions within five statute miles on each side of the intended track, or at an altitude of 5,000 feet, whichever is higher.
For the purposes of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, it is assumed that the two engines fail at the most critical point en route, that if fuel jettisoning is provided, the airplane's weight at the point where the engines fail includes enough fuel to continue to the airport and to arrive at an altitude of at least 1,000 feet directly over the airport, and that the fuel and oil consumption after engine failure is the same as the consumption allowed for in the net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual.
(b) Airplanes certificated after September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959 (SR422A). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an intended route unless that person complies with either of the following:
(1) There is no place along the intended track that is more than 90 minutes (with all engines operating at cruising power) from an airport that meets § 135.387.
(2) Its weight, according to the two-engine-inoperative, en route, net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual allows the airplane to fly from the point where the two engines are assumed to fail simultaneously to an airport that meets § 135.387 with a net flight path (considering the ambient temperatures anticipated along the track) having a positive slope at an altitude of at least 1,000 feet above all terrain and obstructions within five statute miles on each side of the intended track, or at an altitude of 2,000 feet, whichever is higher.
For the purpose of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, it is assumed that the two engines fail at the most critical point en route, that the airplane's weight at the point where the engines fail includes enough fuel to continue to the airport, to arrive at an altitude of at least 1,500 feet directly over the airport, and after that to fly for 15 minutes at cruise power or thrust, or both, and that the consumption of fuel and oil after engine failure is the same as the consumption allowed for in the net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual.
(c) Aircraft certificated after August 29, 1959 (SR422B). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an intended route unless that person complies with either of the following:
(1) There is no place along the intended track that is more than 90 minutes (with all engines operating at cruising power) from an airport that meets § 135.387.
(2) Its weight, according to the two-engine-inoperative, en route, net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual, allows the airplane to fly from the point where the two engines are assumed to fail simultaneously to an airport that meets § 135.387, with the net flight path (considering the ambient temperatures anticipated along the track) clearing vertically by at least 2,000 feet all terrain and obstructions within five statute miles on each side of the intended track. For the purposes of this paragraph, it is assumed that—
(i) The two engines fail at the most critical point en route;
(ii) The net flight path has a positive slope at 1,500 feet above the airport where the landing is assumed to be made after the engines fail;
(iii) Fuel jettisoning will be approved if the certificate holder shows that the crew is properly instructed, that the training program is adequate, and that all other precautions are taken to ensure a safe procedure;
(iv) The airplane's weight at the point where the two engines are assumed to fail provides enough fuel to continue to the airport, to arrive at an altitude of at least 1,500 feet directly over the airport, and after that to fly for 15 minutes at cruise power or thrust, or both; and
(v) The consumption of fuel and oil after the engines fail is the same as the consumption that is allowed for in the net flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual.
§ 135.385
Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports.
(a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight that (allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil in flight to the destination or alternate airport) the weight of the airplane on arrival would exceed the landing weight in the Airplane Flight Manual for the elevation of the destination or alternate airport and the ambient temperature anticipated at the time of landing.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c), (d), (e), or (f) of this section, no person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane unless its weight on arrival, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil in flight (in accordance with the landing distance in the Airplane Flight Manual for the elevation of the destination airport and the wind conditions expected there at the time of landing), would allow a full stop landing at the intended destination airport within 60 percent of the effective length of each runway described below from a point 50 feet above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway. For the purpose of determining the allowable landing weight at the destination airport the following is assumed:
(1) The airplane is landed on the most favorable runway and in the most favorable direction, in still air.
(2) The airplane is landed on the most suitable runway considering the probable wind velocity and direction and the ground handling characteristics of the airplane, and considering other conditions such as landing aids and terrain.
(c) A turbopropeller powered airplane that would be prohibited from being taken off because it could not meet paragraph (b)(2) of this section, may be taken off if an alternate airport is selected that meets all of this section except that the airplane can accomplish a full stop landing within 70 percent of the effective length of the runway.
(d) Unless, based on a showing of actual operating landing techniques on wet runways, a shorter landing distance (but never less than that required by paragraph (b) of this section) has been approved for a specific type and model airplane and included in the Airplane Flight Manual, no person may take off a turbojet airplane when the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the runways at the destination airport may be wet or slippery at the estimated time of arrival unless the effective runway length at the destination airport is at least 115 percent of the runway length required under paragraph (b) of this section.
(e) A turbojet airplane that would be prohibited from being taken off because it could not meet paragraph (b)(2) of this section may be taken off if an alternate airport is selected that meets all of paragraph (b) of this section.
(f) An eligible on-demand operator may take off a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane on an on-demand flight if all of the following conditions exist:
(1) The operation is permitted by an approved Destination Airport Analysis in that person's operations manual.
(2) The airplane's weight on arrival, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil in flight (in accordance with the landing distance in the Airplane Flight Manual for the elevation of the destination airport and the wind conditions expected there at the time of landing), would allow a full stop landing at the intended destination airport within 80 percent of the effective length of each runway described below from a point 50 feet above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway. For the purpose of determining the allowable landing weight at the destination airport, the following is assumed:
(i) The airplane is landed on the most favorable runway and in the most favorable direction, in still air.
(ii) The airplane is landed on the most suitable runway considering the probable wind velocity and direction and the ground handling characteristics of the airplane, and considering other conditions such as landing aids and terrain.
(3) The operation is authorized by operations specifications.
§ 135.387
Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may select an airport as an alternate airport for a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane unless (based on the assumptions in § 135.385(b)) that airplane, at the weight expected at the time of arrival, can be brought to a full stop landing within 70 percent of the effective length of the runway for turbo-propeller-powered airplanes and 60 percent of the effective length of the runway for turbojet airplanes, from a point 50 feet above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway.
(b) Eligible on-demand operators may select an airport as an alternate airport for a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane if (based on the assumptions in § 135.385(f)) that airplane, at the weight expected at the time of arrival, can be brought to a full stop landing within 80 percent of the effective length of the runway from a point 50 feet above the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway.
§ 135.389
Large nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations.
(a) No person operating a large nontransport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than the weight that would allow the airplane to be brought to a safe stop within the effective length of the runway, from any point during the takeoff before reaching 105 percent of minimum control speed (the minimum speed at which an airplane can be safely controlled in flight after an engine becomes inoperative) or 115 percent of the power off stalling speed in the takeoff configuration, whichever is greater.
(b) For the purposes of this section—
(1) It may be assumed that takeoff power is used on all engines during the acceleration;
(2) Not more than 50 percent of the reported headwind component, or not less than 150 percent of the reported tailwind component, may be taken into account;
(3) The average runway gradient (the difference between the elevations of the endpoints of the runway divided by the total length) must be considered if it is more than one-half of one percent;
(4) It is assumed that the airplane is operating in standard atmosphere; and
(5) For takeoff, effective length of the runway means the distance from the end of the runway at which the takeoff is started to a point at which the obstruction clearance plane associated with the other end of the runway intersects the runway centerline.
§ 135.391
Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person operating a large nontransport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight that does not allow a rate of climb of at least 50 feet a minute, with the critical engine inoperative, at an altitude of at least 1,000 feet above the highest obstruction within five miles on each side of the intended track, or 5,000 feet, whichever is higher.
(b) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, if the Administrator finds that safe operations are not impaired, a person may operate the airplane at an altitude that allows the airplane, in case of engine failure, to clear all obstructions within five miles on each side of the intended track by 1,000 feet. If this procedure is used, the rate of descent for the appropriate weight and altitude is assumed to be 50 feet a minute greater than the rate in the approved performance data. Before approving such a procedure, the Administrator considers the following for the route, route segement, or area concerned:
(1) The reliability of wind and weather forecasting.
(2) The location and kinds of navigation aids.
(3) The prevailing weather conditions, particularly the frequency and amount of turbulence normally encountered.
(4) Terrain features.
(5) Air traffic problems.
(6) Any other operational factors that affect the operations.
(c) For the purposes of this section, it is assumed that—
(1) The critical engine is inoperative;
(2) The propeller of the inoperative engine is in the minimum drag position;
(3) The wing flaps and landing gear are in the most favorable position;
(4) The operating engines are operating at the maximum continuous power available;
(5) The airplane is operating in standard atmosphere; and
(6) The weight of the airplane is progressively reduced by the anticipated consumption of fuel and oil.
§ 135.393
Large nontransport category airplanes: Landing limitations: Destination airports.
(a) No person operating a large nontransport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight that—
(1) Allowing for anticipated consumption of fuel and oil, is greater than the weight that would allow a full stop landing within 60 percent of the effective length of the most suitable runway at the destination airport; and
(2) Is greater than the weight allowable if the landing is to be made on the runway—
(i) With the greatest effective length in still air; and
(ii) Required by the probable wind, taking into account not more than 50 percent of the headwind component or not less than 150 percent of the tailwind component.
(b) For the purpose of this section, it is assumed that—
(1) The airplane passes directly over the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane and the runway at a height of 50 feet in a steady gliding approach at a true indicated airspeed of at least 1.3 V so ;
(2) The landing does not require exceptional pilot skill; and
(3) The airplane is operating in standard atmosphere.
§ 135.395
Large nontransport category airplanes: Landing limitations: Alternate airports.
No person may select an airport as an alternate airport for a large nontransport category airplane unless that airplane (at the weight anticipated at the time of arrival), based on the assumptions in § 135.393(b), can be brought to a full stop landing within 70 percent of the effective length of the runway.
§ 135.397
Small transport category airplane performance operating limitations.
(a) No person may operate a reciprocating engine powered small transport category airplane unless that person complies with the weight limitations in § 135.365, the takeoff limitations in § 135.367 (except paragraph (a)(3)), and the landing limitations in §§ 135.375 and 135.377.
(b) No person may operate a turbine engine powered small transport category airplane unless that person complies with the takeoff limitations in § 135.379 (except paragraphs (d) and (f)) and the landing limitations in §§ 135.385 and 135.387.
§ 135.398
Commuter category airplanes performance operating limitations.
(a) No person may operate a commuter category airplane unless that person complies with the takeoff weight limitations in the approved Airplane Flight Manual.
(b) No person may take off an airplane type certificated in the commuter category at a weight greater than that listed in the Airplane Flight Manual that allows a net takeoff flight path that clears all obstacles either by a height of at least 35 feet vertically, or at least 200 feet horizontally within the airport boundaries and by at least 300 feet horizontally after passing the boundaries.
(c) No person may operate a commuter category airplane unless that person complies with the landing limitations prescribed in §§ 135.385 and 135.387 of this part. For purposes of this paragraph, §§ 135.385 and 135.387 are applicable to all commuter category airplanes notwithstanding their stated applicability to turbine-engine-powered large transport category airplanes.
(d) In determining maximum weights, minimum distances and flight paths under paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section, correction must be made for the runway to be used, the elevation of the airport, the effective runway gradient, and ambient temperature, and wind component at the time of takeoff.
(e) For the purposes of this section, the assumption is that the airplane is not banked before reaching a height of 50 feet as shown by the net takeoff flight path data in the Airplane Flight Manual and thereafter the maximum bank is not more than 15 degrees.
§ 135.399
Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations.
(a) No person may operate a reciprocating engine or turbopropeller-powered small airplane that is certificated under § 135.169(b) (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) unless that person complies with the takeoff weight limitations in the approved Airplane Flight Manual or equivalent for operations under this part, and, if the airplane is certificated under § 135.169(b) (4) or (5) with the landing weight limitations in the Approved Airplane Flight Manual or equivalent for operations under this part.
(b) No person may operate an airplane that is certificated under § 135.169(b)(6) unless that person complies with the landing limitations prescribed in §§ 135.385 and 135.387 of this part. For purposes of this paragraph, §§ 135.385 and 135.387 are applicable to reciprocating and turbopropeller-powered small airplanes notwithstanding their stated applicability to turbine engine powered large transport category airplanes.
§ 135.411
Applicability.
(a) This subpart prescribes rules in addition to those in other parts of this chapter for the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations for each certificate holder as follows:
(1) Aircraft that are type certificated for a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of nine seats or less, shall be maintained under parts 91 and 43 of this chapter and §§ 135.415, 135.417, 135.421 and 135.422. An approved aircraft inspection program may be used under § 135.419.
(2) Aircraft that are type certificated for a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of ten seats or more, shall be maintained under a maintenance program in §§ 135.415, 135.417, 135.423 through 135.443.
(b) A certificate holder who is not otherwise required, may elect to maintain its aircraft under paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(c) Single engine aircraft used in passenger-carrying IFR operations shall also be maintained in accordance with § 135.421 (c), (d), and (e).
(d) A certificate holder who elects to operate in accordance with § 135.364 must maintain its aircraft under paragraph (a)(2) of this section and the additional requirements of Appendix G of this part.
§ 135.413
Responsibility for airworthiness.
(a) Each certificate holder is primarily responsible for the airworthiness of its aircraft, including airframes, aircraft engines, propellers, rotors, appliances, and parts, and shall have its aircraft maintained under this chapter, and shall have defects repaired between required maintenance under part 43 of this chapter.
(b) Each certificate holder who maintains its aircraft under § 135.411(a)(2) shall—
(1) Perform the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration of its aircraft, including airframe, aircraft engines, propellers, rotors, appliances, emergency equipment and parts, under its manual and this chapter; or
(2) Make arrangements with another person for the performance of maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration. However, the certificate holder shall ensure that any maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration that is performed by another person is performed under the certificate holder's manual and this chapter.
§ 135.415
Service difficulty reports.
(a) Each certificate holder shall report the occurrence or detection of each failure, malfunction, or defect in an aircraft concerning—
(1) Fires during flight and whether the related fire-warning system functioned properly;
(2) Fires during flight not protected by related fire-warning system;
(3) False fire-warning during flight;
(4) An exhaust system that causes damage during flight to the engine, adjacent structure, equipment, or components;
(5) An aircraft component that causes accumulation or circulation of smoke, vapor, or toxic or noxious fumes in the crew compartment or passenger cabin during flight;
(6) Engine shutdown during flight because of flameout;
(7) Engine shutdown during flight when external damage to the engine or aircraft structure occurs;
(8) Engine shutdown during flight due to foreign object ingestion or icing;
(9) Shutdown of more than one engine during flight;
(10) A propeller feathering system or ability of the system to control overspeed during flight;
(11) A fuel or fuel-dumping system that affects fuel flow or causes hazardous leakage during flight;
(12) An unwanted landing gear extension or retraction or opening or closing of landing gear doors during flight;
(13) Brake system components that result in loss of brake actuating force when the aircraft is in motion on the ground;
(14) Aircraft structure that requires major repair;
(15) Cracks, permanent deformation, or corrosion of aircraft structures, if more than the maximum acceptable to the manufacturer or the FAA; and
(16) Aircraft components or systems that result in taking emergency actions during flight (except action to shut-down an engine).
(b) For the purpose of this section, during flight means the period from the moment the aircraft leaves the surface of the earth on takeoff until it touches down on landing.
(c) In addition to the reports required by paragraph (a) of this section, each certificate holder shall report any other failure, malfunction, or defect in an aircraft that occurs or is detected at any time if, in its opinion, the failure, malfunction, or defect has endangered or may endanger the safe operation of the aircraft.
(d) Each certificate holder shall submit each report required by this section, covering each 24-hour period beginning at 0900 local time of each day and ending at 0900 local time on the next day, to the FAA offices in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Each report of occurrences during a 24-hour period shall be submitted to the collection point within the next 96 hours. However, a report due on Saturday or Sunday may be submitted on the following Monday, and a report due on a holiday may be submitted on the next workday.
(e) The certificate holder shall transmit the reports required by this section on a form and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator, and shall include as much of the following as is available:
(1) The type and identification number of the aircraft.
(2) The name of the operator.
(3) The date.
(4) The nature of the failure, malfunction, or defect.
(5) Identification of the part and system involved, including available information pertaining to type designation of the major component and time since last overhaul, if known.
(6) Apparent cause of the failure, malfunction or defect (e.g., wear, crack, design deficiency, or personnel error).
(7) Other pertinent information necessary for more complete identification, determination of seriousness, or corrective action.
(f) A certificate holder that is also the holder of a type certificate (including a supplemental type certificate), a Parts Manufacturer Approval, or a Technical Standard Order Authorization, or that is the licensee of a type certificate need not report a failure, malfunction, or defect under this section if the failure, malfunction, or defect has been reported by it under § 21.3 or § 37.17 of this chapter or under the accident reporting provisions of 49 CFR part 830 of the regulations of the National Transportation Safety Board.
(g) No person may withhold a report required by this section even though all information required by this section is not available.
(h) When the certificate holder gets additional information, including information from the manufacturer or other agency, concerning a report required by this section, it shall expeditiously submit it as a supplement to the first report and reference the date and place of submission of the first report.
§ 135.417
Mechanical interruption summary report.
Each certificate holder shall mail or deliver, before the end of the 10th day of the following month, a summary report of the following occurrences in multiengine aircraft for the preceding month to the responsible Flight Standards office:
(a) Each interruption to a flight, unscheduled change of aircraft en route, or unscheduled stop or diversion from a route, caused by known or suspected mechanical difficulties or malfunctions that are not required to be reported under § 135.415.
(b) The number of propeller featherings in flight, listed by type of propeller and engine and aircraft on which it was installed. Propeller featherings for training, demonstration, or flight check purposes need not be reported.
§ 135.419
Approved aircraft inspection program.
(a) Whenever the Administrator finds that the aircraft inspections required or allowed under part 91 of this chapter are not adequate to meet this part, or upon application by a certificate holder, the Administrator may amend the certificate holder's operations specifications under § 119.51, to require or allow an approved aircraft inspection program for any make and model aircraft of which the certificate holder has the exclusive use of at least one aircraft (as defined in § 135.25(b)).
(b) A certificate holder who applies for an amendment of its operations specifications to allow an approved aircraft inspection program must submit that program with its application for approval by the Administrator.
(c) Each certificate holder who is required by its operations specifications to have an approved aircraft inspection program shall submit a program for approval by the Administrator within 30 days of the amendment of its operations specifications or within any other period that the Administrator may prescribe in the operations specifications.
(d) The aircraft inspection program submitted for approval by the Administrator must contain the following:
(1) Instructions and procedures for the conduct of aircraft inspections (which must include necessary tests and checks), setting forth in detail the parts and areas of the airframe, engines, propellers, rotors, and appliances, including emergency equipment, that must be inspected.
(2) A schedule for the performance of the aircraft inspections under paragraph (d)(1) of this section expressed in terms of the time in service, calendar time, number of system operations, or any combination of these.
(3) Instructions and procedures for recording discrepancies found during inspections and correction or deferral of discrepancies including form and disposition of records.
(e) After approval, the certificate holder shall include the approved aircraft inspection program in the manual required by § 135.21.
(f) Whenever the Administrator finds that revisions to an approved aircraft inspection program are necessary for the continued adequacy of the program, the certificate holder shall, after notification by the Administrator, make any changes in the program found by the Administrator to be necessary. The certificate holder may petition the Administrator to reconsider the notice to make any changes in a program. The petition must be filed with the representatives of the Administrator assigned to it within 30 days after the certificate holder receives the notice. Except in the case of an emergency requiring immediate action in the interest of safety, the filing of the petition stays the notice pending a decision by the Administrator.
(g) Each certificate holder who has an approved aircraft inspection program shall have each aircraft that is subject to the program inspected in accordance with the program.
(h) The registration number of each aircraft that is subject to an approved aircraft inspection program must be included in the operations specifications of the certificate holder.
§ 135.421
Additional maintenance requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder who operates an aircraft type certificated for a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of nine seats or less, must comply with the manufacturer's recommended maintenance programs, or a program approved by the Administrator, for each aircraft engine, propeller, rotor, and each item of emergency equipment required by this chapter.
(b) For the purpose of this section, a manufacturer's maintenance program is one which is contained in the maintenance manual or maintenance instructions set forth by the manufacturer as required by this chapter for the aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, rotor or item of emergency equipment.
(c) For each single engine aircraft to be used in passenger-carrying IFR operations, each certificate holder must incorporate into its maintenance program either:
(1) The manufacturer's recommended engine trend monitoring program, which includes an oil analysis, if appropriate, or
(2) An FAA approved engine trend monitoring program that includes an oil analysis at each 100 hour interval or at the manufacturer's suggested interval, whichever is more frequent.
(d) For single engine aircraft to be used in passenger-carrying IFR operations, written maintenance instructions containing the methods, techniques, and practices necessary to maintain the equipment specified in §§ 135.105, and 135.163 (f) and (h) are required.
(e) No certificate holder may operate a single engine aircraft under IFR, carrying passengers, unless the certificate holder records and maintains in the engine maintenance records the results of each test, observation, and inspection required by the applicable engine trend monitoring program specified in (c) (1) and (2) of this section.
§ 135.422
Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine airplanes certificated with nine or fewer passenger seats.
(a) Applicability. This section applies to multiengine airplanes certificated with nine or fewer passenger seats, operated by a certificate holder in a scheduled operation under this part, except for those airplanes operated by a certificate holder in a scheduled operation between any point within the State of Alaska and any other point within the State of Alaska.
(b) Operation after inspections and records review. After the dates specified in this paragraph, a certificate holder may not operate a multiengine airplane in a scheduled operation under this part unless the Administrator has notified the certificate holder that the Administrator has completed the aging airplane inspection and records review required by this section. During the inspection and records review, the certificate holder must demonstrate to the Administrator that the maintenance of age-sensitive parts and components of the airplane has been adequate and timely enough to ensure the highest degree of safety.
(1) Airplanes exceeding 24 years in service on December 8, 2003; initial and repetitive inspections and records reviews. For an airplane that has exceeded 24 years in service on December 8, 2003, no later than December 5, 2007, and thereafter at intervals not to exceed 7 years.
(2) Airplanes exceeding 14 years in service but not 24 years in service on December 8, 2003; initial and repetitive inspections and records reviews. For an airplane that has exceeded 14 years in service, but not 24 years in service, on December 8, 2003, no later than December 4, 2008, and thereafter at intervals not to exceed 7 years.
(3) Airplanes not exceeding 14 years in service on December 8, 2003; initial and repetitive inspections and records reviews. For an airplane that has not exceeded 14 years in service on December 8, 2003, no later than 5 years after the start of the airplane's 15th year in service and thereafter at intervals not to exceed 7 years.
(c) Unforeseen schedule conflict. In the event of an unforeseen scheduling conflict for a specific airplane, the Administrator may approve an extension of up to 90 days beyond an interval specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(d) Airplane and records availability. The certificate holder must make available to the Administrator each airplane for which an inspection and records review is required under this section, in a condition for inspection specified by the Administrator, together with the records containing the following information:
(1) Total years in service of the airplane;
(2) Total time in service of the airframe;
(3) Date of the last inspection and records review required by this section;
(4) Current status of life-limited parts of the airframe;
(5) Time since the last overhaul of all structural components required to be overhauled on a specific time basis;
(6) Current inspection status of the airplane, including the time since the last inspection required by the inspection program under which the airplane is maintained;
(7) Current status of applicable airworthiness directives, including the date and methods of compliance, and, if the airworthiness directive involves recurring action, the time and date when the next action is required;
(8) A list of major structural alterations; and
(9) A report of major structural repairs and the current inspection status for these repairs.
(e) Notification to the Administrator. Each certificate holder must notify the Administrator at least 60 days before the date on which the airplane and airplane records will be made available for the inspection and records review.
§ 135.423
Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration organization.
(a) Each certificate holder that performs any of its maintenance (other than required inspections), preventive maintenance, or alterations, and each person with whom it arranges for the performance of that work, must have an organization adequate to perform the work.
(b) Each certificate holder that performs any inspections required by its manual under § 135.427(b) (2) or (3), (in this subpart referred to as required inspections ), and each person with whom it arranges for the performance of that work, must have an organization adequate to perform that work.
(c) Each person performing required inspections in addition to other maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations, shall organize the performance of those functions so as to separate the required inspection functions from the other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration functions. The separation shall be below the level of administrative control at which overall responsibility for the required inspection functions and other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration functions is exercised.
§ 135.425
Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs.
Each certificate holder shall have an inspection program and a program covering other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations, that ensures that—
(a) Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations performed by it, or by other persons, are performed under the certificate holder's manual;
(b) Competent personnel and adequate facilities and equipment are provided for the proper performance of maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations; and
(c) Each aircraft released to service is airworthy and has been properly maintained for operation under this part.
§ 135.426
Contract maintenance.
(a) A certificate holder may arrange with another person for the performance of maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations as authorized in § 135.437(a) only if the certificate holder has met all the requirements in this section. For purposes of this section—
(1) A maintenance provider is any person who performs maintenance, preventive maintenance, or an alteration for a certificate holder other than a person who is trained by and employed directly by that certificate holder.
(2) Covered work means any of the following:
(i) Essential maintenance that could result in a failure, malfunction, or defect endangering the safe operation of an aircraft if not performed properly or if improper parts or materials are used;
(ii) Regularly scheduled maintenance; or
(iii) A required inspection item on an aircraft.
(3) Directly in charge means having responsibility for covered work performed by a maintenance provider. A representative of the certificate holder directly in charge of covered work does not need to physically observe and direct each maintenance provider constantly, but must be available for consultation on matters requiring instruction or decision.
(b) Each certificate holder must be directly in charge of all covered work done for it by a maintenance provider.
(c) Each maintenance provider must perform all covered work in accordance with the certificate holder's maintenance manual.
(d) No maintenance provider may perform covered work unless that work is carried out under the supervision and control of the certificate holder.
(e) Each certificate holder who contracts for maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations must develop and implement policies, procedures, methods, and instructions for the accomplishment of all contracted maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations. These policies, procedures, methods, and instructions must provide for the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations to be performed in accordance with the certificate holder's maintenance program and maintenance manual.
(f) Each certificate holder who contracts for maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations must ensure that its system for the continuing analysis and surveillance of the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations carried out by a maintenance provider, as required by § 135.431(a), contains procedures for oversight of all contracted covered work.
(g) The policies, procedures, methods, and instructions required by paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section must be acceptable to the FAA and included in the certificate holder's maintenance manual, as required by § 135.427(b)(10).
(h) Each certificate holder who contracts for maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations must provide to its responsible Flight Standards office, in a format acceptable to the FAA, a list that includes the name and physical (street) address, or addresses, where the work is carried out for each maintenance provider that performs work for the certificate holder, and a description of the type of maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration that is to be performed at each location. The list must be updated with any changes, including additions or deletions, and the updated list provided to the FAA in a format acceptable to the FAA by the last day of each calendar month.
§ 135.427
Manual requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder shall put in its manual the chart or description of the certificate holder's organization required by § 135.423 and a list of persons with whom it has arranged for the performance of any of its required inspections, other maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations, including a general description of that work.
(b) Each certificate holder shall put in its manual the programs required by § 135.425 that must be followed in performing maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations of that certificate holder's aircraft, including airframes, aircraft engines, propellers, rotors, appliances, emergency equipment, and parts, and must include at least the following:
(1) The method of performing routine and nonroutine maintenance (other than required inspections), preventive maintenance, and alterations.
(2) A designation of the items of maintenance and alteration that must be inspected (required inspections) including at least those that could result in a failure, malfunction, or defect endangering the safe operation of the aircraft, if not performed properly or if improper parts or materials are used.
(3) The method of performing required inspections and a designation by occupational title of personnel authorized to perform each required inspection.
(4) Procedures for the reinspection of work performed under previous required inspection findings ( buy-back procedures ).
(5) Procedures, standards, and limits necessary for required inspections and acceptance or rejection of the items required to be inspected and for periodic inspection and calibration of precision tools, measuring devices, and test equipment.
(6) Procedures to ensure that all required inspections are performed.
(7) Instructions to prevent any person who performs any item of work from performing any required inspection of that work.
(8) Instructions and procedures to prevent any decision of an inspector regarding any required inspection from being countermanded by persons other than supervisory personnel of the inspection unit, or a person at the level of administrative control that has overall responsibility for the management of both the required inspection functions and the other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations functions.
(9) Procedures to ensure that required inspections, other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations that are not completed as a result of work interruptions are properly completed before the aircraft is released to service.
(10) Policies, procedures, methods, and instructions for the accomplishment of all maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations carried out by a maintenance provider. These policies, procedures, methods, and instructions must be acceptable to the FAA and ensure that, when followed by the maintenance provider, the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with the certificate holder's maintenance program and maintenance manual.
(c) Each certificate holder shall put in its manual a suitable system (which may include a coded system) that provides for the retention of the following information—
(1) A description (or reference to data acceptable to the Administrator) of the work performed;
(2) The name of the person performing the work if the work is performed by a person outside the organization of the certificate holder; and
(3) The name or other positive identification of the individual approving the work.
(d) For the purposes of this part, the certificate holder must prepare that part of its manual containing maintenance information and instructions, in whole or in part, in printed form or other form, acceptable to the Administrator, that is retrievable in the English language.
§ 135.429
Required inspection personnel.
(a) No person may use any person to perform required inspections unless the person performing the inspection is appropriately certificated, properly trained, qualified, and authorized to do so.
(b) No person may allow any person to perform a required inspection unless, at the time, the person performing that inspection is under the supervision and control of an inspection unit.
(c) No person may perform a required inspection if that person performed the item of work required to be inspected.
(d) In the case of rotorcraft that operate in remote areas or sites, the Administrator may approve procedures for the performance of required inspection items by a pilot when no other qualified person is available, provided—
(1) The pilot is employed by the certificate holder;
(2) It can be shown to the satisfaction of the Administrator that each pilot authorized to perform required inspections is properly trained and qualified;
(3) The required inspection is a result of a mechanical interruption and is not a part of a certificate holder's continuous airworthiness maintenance program;
(4) Each item is inspected after each flight until the item has been inspected by an appropriately certificated mechanic other than the one who originally performed the item of work; and
(5) Each item of work that is a required inspection item that is part of the flight control system shall be flight tested and reinspected before the aircraft is approved for return to service.
(e) Each certificate holder shall maintain, or shall determine that each person with whom it arranges to perform its required inspections maintains, a current listing of persons who have been trained, qualified, and authorized to conduct required inspections. The persons must be identified by name, occupational title and the inspections that they are authorized to perform. The certificate holder (or person with whom it arranges to perform its required inspections) shall give written information to each person so authorized, describing the extent of that person's responsibilities, authorities, and inspectional limitations. The list shall be made available for inspection by the Administrator upon request.
§ 135.431
Continuing analysis and surveillance.
(a) Each certificate holder shall establish and maintain a system for the continuing analysis and surveillance of the performance and effectiveness of its inspection program and the program covering other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations and for the correction of any deficiency in those programs, regardless of whether those programs are carried out by the certificate holder or by another person.
(b) Whenever the Administrator finds that either or both of the programs described in paragraph (a) of this section does not contain adequate procedures and standards to meet this part, the certificate holder shall, after notification by the Administrator, make changes in those programs requested by the Administrator.
(c) A certificate holder may petition the Administrator to reconsider the notice to make a change in a program. The petition must be filed with the responsible Flight Standards office within 30 days after the certificate holder receives the notice. Except in the case of an emergency requiring immediate action in the interest of safety, the filing of the petition stays the notice pending a decision by the Administrator.
§ 135.433
Maintenance and preventive maintenance training program.
Each certificate holder or a person performing maintenance or preventive maintenance functions for it shall have a training program to ensure that each person (including inspection personnel) who determines the adequacy of work done is fully informed about procedures and techniques and new equipment in use and is competent to perform that person's duties.
§ 135.435
Certificate requirements.
(a) Except for maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations, and required inspections performed by a certificated repair station that is located outside the United States, each person who is directly in charge of maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations, and each person performing required inspections must hold an appropriate airman certificate.
(b) For the purpose of this section, a person directly in charge is each person assigned to a position in which that person is responsible for the work of a shop or station that performs maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations, or other functions affecting airworthiness. A person who is directly in charge need not physically observe and direct each worker constantly but must be available for consultation and decision on matters requiring instruction or decision from higher authority than that of the person performing the work.
§ 135.437
(a) A certificate holder may perform or make arrangements with other persons to perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations as provided in its maintenance manual. In addition, a certificate holder may perform these functions for another certificate holder as provided in the maintenance manual of the other certificate holder.
(b) A certificate holder may approve any airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, rotor, or appliance for return to service after maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations that are performed under paragraph (a) of this section. However, in the case of a major repair or alteration, the work must have been done in accordance with technical data approved by the Administrator.
§ 135.439
Maintenance recording requirements.
(a) Each certificate holder shall keep (using the system specified in the manual required in § 135.427) the following records for the periods specified in paragraph (b) of this section:
(1) All the records necessary to show that all requirements for the issuance of an airworthiness release under § 135.443 have been met.
(2) Records containing the following information:
(i) The total time in service of the airframe, engine, propeller, and rotor.
(ii) The current status of life-limited parts of each airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance.
(iii) The time since last overhaul of each item installed on the aircraft which are required to be overhauled on a specified time basis.
(iv) The identification of the current inspection status of the aircraft, including the time since the last inspections required by the inspection program under which the aircraft and its appliances are maintained.
(v) The current status of applicable airworthiness directives, including the date and methods of compliance, and, if the airworthiness directive involves recurring action, the time and date when the next action is required.
(vi) A list of current major alterations and repairs to each airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance.
(b) Each certificate holder shall retain the records required to be kept by this section for the following periods:
(1) Except for the records of the last complete overhaul of each airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance the records specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be retained until the work is repeated or superseded by other work or for one year after the work is performed.
(2) The records of the last complete overhaul of each airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance shall be retained until the work is superseded by work of equivalent scope and detail.
(3) The records specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall be retained and transferred with the aircraft at the time the aircraft is sold.
(c) The certificate holder shall make all maintenance records required to be kept by this section available for inspection by the Administrator or any representative of the National Transportation Safety Board.
§ 135.441
Transfer of maintenance records.
Each certificate holder who sells a United States registered aircraft shall transfer to the purchaser, at the time of the sale, the following records of that aircraft, in plain language form or in coded form which provides for the preservation and retrieval of information in a manner acceptable to the Administrator:
(a) The records specified in § 135.439(a)(2).
(b) The records specified in § 135.439(a)(1) which are not included in the records covered by paragraph (a) of this section, except that the purchaser may allow the seller to keep physical custody of such records. However, custody of records by the seller does not relieve the purchaser of its responsibility under § 135.439(c) to make the records available for inspection by the Administrator or any representative of the National Transportation Safety Board.
§ 135.443
Airworthiness release or aircraft maintenance log entry.
(a) No certificate holder may operate an aircraft after maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations are performed on the aircraft unless the certificate holder prepares, or causes the person with whom the certificate holder arranges for the performance of the maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations, to prepare—
(1) An airworthiness release; or
(2) An appropriate entry in the aircraft maintenance log.
(b) The airworthiness release or log entry required by paragraph (a) of this section must—
(1) Be prepared in accordance with the procedure in the certificate holder's manual;
(2) Include a certification that—
(i) The work was performed in accordance with the requirements of the certificate holder's manual;
(ii) All items required to be inspected were inspected by an authorized person who determined that the work was satisfactorily completed;
(iii) No known condition exists that would make the aircraft unairworthy; and
(iv) So far as the work performed is concerned, the aircraft is in condition for safe operation; and
(3) Be signed by an authorized certificated mechanic or repairman, except that a certificated repairman may sign the release or entry only for the work for which that person is employed and for which that person is certificated.
(c) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(3) of this section, after maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations performed by a repair station located outside the United States , the airworthiness release or log entry required by paragraph (a) of this section may be signed by a person authorized by that repair station.
(d) Instead of restating each of the conditions of the certification required by paragraph (b) of this section, the certificate holder may state in its manual that the signature of an authorized certificated mechanic or repairman constitutes that certification.
§ 135.501
Applicability and definitions.
(a) This subpart prescribes the requirements applicable to each certificate holder for training each crewmember and person performing or directly supervising any of the following job functions involving any item for transport on board an aircraft:
(1) Acceptance;
(2) Rejection;
(3) Handling;
(4) Storage incidental to transport;
(5) Packaging of company material; or
(6) Loading.
(b) Definitions. For purposes of this subpart, the following definitions apply:
(1) Company material (COMAT) —Material owned or used by a certificate holder.
(2) Initial hazardous materials training —The basic training required for each newly hired person, or each person changing job functions, who performs or directly supervises any of the job functions specified in paragraph (a) of this section.
(3) Recurrent hazardous materials training —The training required every 24 months for each person who has satisfactorily completed the certificate holder's approved initial hazardous materials training program and performs or directly supervises any of the job functions specified in paragraph (a) of this section.
§ 135.503
Hazardous materials training: General.
(a) Each certificate holder must establish and implement a hazardous materials training program that:
(1) Satisfies the requirements of Appendix O of part 121 of this part;
(2) Ensures that each person performing or directly supervising any of the job functions specified in § 135.501(a) is trained to comply with all applicable parts of 49 CFR parts 171 through 180 and the requirements of this subpart; and
(3) Enables the trained person to recognize items that contain, or may contain, hazardous materials regulated by 49 CFR parts 171 through 180.
(b) Each certificate holder must provide initial hazardous materials training and recurrent hazardous materials training to each crewmember and person performing or directly supervising any of the job functions specified in § 135.501(a).
(c) Each certificate holder's hazardous materials training program must be approved by the FAA prior to implementation.
§ 135.505
Hazardous materials training required.
(a) Training requirement. Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c) and (f) of this section, no certificate holder may use any crewmember or person to perform any of the job functions or direct supervisory responsibilities, and no person may perform any of the job functions or direct supervisory responsibilities, specified in § 135.501(a) unless that person has satisfactorily completed the certificate holder's FAA-approved initial or recurrent hazardous materials training program within the past 24 months.
(b) New hire or new job function. A person who is a new hire and has not yet satisfactorily completed the required initial hazardous materials training, or a person who is changing job functions and has not received initial or recurrent training for a job function involving storage incidental to transport, or loading of items for transport on an aircraft, may perform those job functions for not more than 30 days from the date of hire or a change in job function, if the person is under the direct visual supervision of a person who is authorized by the certificate holder to supervise that person and who has successfully completed the certificate holder's FAA-approved initial or recurrent training program within the past 24 months.
(c) Persons who work for more than one certificate holder. A certificate holder that uses or assigns a person to perform or directly supervise a job function specified in § 135.501(a), when that person also performs or directly supervises the same job function for another certificate holder, need only train that person in its own policies and procedures regarding those job functions, if all of the following are met:
(1) The certificate holder using this exception receives written verification from the person designated to hold the training records representing the other certificate holder that the person has satisfactorily completed hazardous materials training for the specific job function under the other certificate holder's FAA approved hazardous material training program under appendix O of part 121 of this chapter; and
(2) The certificate holder who trained the person has the same operations specifications regarding the acceptance, handling, and transport of hazardous materials as the certificate holder using this exception.
(d) Recurrent hazardous materials training—Completion date. A person who satisfactorily completes recurrent hazardous materials training in the calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month in which the recurrent training is due, is considered to have taken that training during the month in which it is due. If the person completes this training earlier than the month before it is due, the month of the completion date becomes his or her new anniversary month.
(e) Repair stations. A certificate holder must ensure that each repair station performing work for, or on the certificate holder's behalf is notified in writing of the certificate holder's policies and operations specification authorization permitting or prohibition against the acceptance, rejection, handling, storage incidental to transport, and transportation of hazardous materials, including company material. This notification requirement applies only to repair stations that are regulated by 49 CFR parts 171 through 180.
(f) Certificate holders operating at foreign locations. This exception applies if a certificate holder operating at a foreign location where the country requires the certificate holder to use persons working in that country to load aircraft. In such a case, the certificate holder may use those persons even if they have not been trained in accordance with the certificate holder's FAA approved hazardous materials training program. Those persons, however, must be under the direct visual supervision of someone who has successfully completed the certificate holder's approved initial or recurrent hazardous materials training program in accordance with this part. This exception applies only to those persons who load aircraft.
§ 135.507
Hazardous materials training records.
(a) General requirement. Each certificate holder must maintain a record of all training required by this part received within the preceding three years for each person who performs or directly supervises a job function specified in § 135.501(a). The record must be maintained during the time that the person performs or directly supervises any of those job functions, and for 90 days thereafter. These training records must be kept for direct employees of the certificate holder, as well as independent contractors, subcontractors, and any other person who performs or directly supervises these job functions for the certificate holder.
(b) Location of records. The certificate holder must retain the training records required by paragraph (a) of this section for all initial and recurrent training received within the preceding 3 years for all persons performing or directly supervising the job functions listed in Appendix O of part 121 of this chapter at a designated location. The records must be available upon request at the location where the trained person performs or directly supervises the job function specified in § 135.501(a). Records may be maintained electronically and provided on location electronically. When the person ceases to perform or directly supervise a hazardous materials job function, the certificate holder must retain the hazardous materials training records for an additional 90 days and make them available upon request at the last location where the person worked.
(c) Content of records. Each record must contain the following:
(1) The individual's name;
(2) The most recent training completion date;
(3) A description, copy or reference to training materials used to meet the training requirement;
(4) The name and address of the organization providing the training; and
(5) A copy of the certification issued when the individual was trained, which shows that a test has been completed satisfactorily.
(d) New hire or new job function. Each certificate holder using a person under the exception in § 135.505(b) must maintain a record for that person. The records must be available upon request at the location where the trained person performs or directly supervises the job function specified in § 135.501(a). Records may be maintained electronically and provided on location electronically. The record must include the following:
(1) A signed statement from an authorized representative of the certificate holder authorizing the use of the person in accordance with the exception;
(2) The date of hire or change in job function;
(3) The person's name and assigned job function;
(4) The name of the supervisor of the job function; and
(5) The date the person is to complete hazardous materials training in accordance with Appendix O of part 121 of this chapter.
§ 135.601
Applicability and definitions.
(a) Applicability. This subpart prescribes the requirements applicable to each certificate holder conducting helicopter air ambulance operations.
(b) Definitions. For purposes of this subpart, the following definitions apply:
(1) Helicopter air ambulance operation means a flight, or sequence of flights, with a patient or medical personnel on board, for the purpose of medical transportation, by a part 135 certificate holder authorized by the Administrator to conduct helicopter air ambulance operations. A helicopter air ambulance operation includes, but is not limited to—
(i) Flights conducted to position the helicopter at the site at which a patient or donor organ will be picked up.
(ii) Flights conducted to reposition the helicopter after completing the patient, or donor organ transport.
(iii) Flights initiated for the transport of a patient or donor organ that are terminated due to weather or other reasons.
(2) Medical personnel means a person or persons with medical training, including but not limited to flight physicians, flight nurses, or flight paramedics, who are carried aboard a helicopter during helicopter air ambulance operations in order to provide medical care.
(3) Mountainous means designated mountainous areas as listed in part 95 of this chapter.
(4) Nonmountainous means areas other than mountainous areas as listed in part 95 of this chapter.
§ 135.603
Pilot-in-command instrument qualifications.
After April 24, 2017, no certificate holder may use, nor may any person serve as, a pilot in command of a helicopter air ambulance operation unless that person meets the requirements of § 135.243 and holds a helicopter instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with a category and class rating for that aircraft, that is not limited to VFR.
§ 135.605
Helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS).
(a) After April 24, 2017, no person may operate a helicopter in helicopter air ambulance operations unless that helicopter is equipped with a helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS) that meets the requirements in TSO-C194 and Section 2 of RTCA DO-309.
(b) The certificate holder's Rotorcraft Flight Manual must contain appropriate procedures for—
(1) The use of the HTAWS; and
(2) Proper flight crew response to HTAWS audio and visual warnings.
(c) Certificate holders with HTAWS required by this section with an approved deviation under § 21.618 of this chapter are in compliance with this section.
(d) The standards required in this section are incorporated by reference into this section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that specified in this section, the FAA must publish notice of change in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All approved material is available for inspection at the FAA's Office of Rulemaking (ARM-1), 800 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591 (telephone (202) 267-9677) and from the sources indicated below. It is also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call (202) 741-6030 or go to http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
(1) U.S. Department of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Office, DOT Warehouse M30, Ardmore East Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue, Landover, MD 20785; telephone (301) 322-5377. Copies are also available on the FAA's Web site. Use the following link and type the TSO number in the search box: http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgTSO.nsf/Frameset?OpenPage.
(i) TSO C-194, Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS), Dec. 17, 2008.
(ii) [Reserved]
(2) RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th Street NW., Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 833-9339, and are also available on RTCA's Web site at http://www.rtca.org/onlinecart/index.cfm.
(i) RTCA DO-309, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS) Airborne Equipment, Mar. 13, 2008.
(ii) [Reserved]
§ 135.607
Flight Data Monitoring System.
After April 23, 2018, no person may operate a helicopter in air ambulance operations unless it is equipped with an approved flight data monitoring system capable of recording flight performance data. This system must:
(a) Receive electrical power from the bus that provides the maximum reliability for operation without jeopardizing service to essential or emergency loads, and
(b) Be operated from the application of electrical power before takeoff until the removal of electrical power after termination of flight.
§ 135.609
VFR ceiling and visibility requirements for Class G airspace.
(a) Unless otherwise specified in the certificate holder's operations specifications, when conducting VFR helicopter air ambulance operations in Class G airspace, the weather minimums in the following table apply:
(b) A certificate holder may designate local flying areas in a manner acceptable to the Administrator, that must—
(1) Not exceed 50 nautical miles in any direction from each designated location;
(2) Take into account obstacles and terrain features that are easily identifiable by the pilot in command and from which the pilot in command may visually determine a position; and
(3) Take into account the operating environment and capabilities of the certificate holder's helicopters.
(c) A pilot must demonstrate a level of familiarity with the local flying area by passing an examination given by the certificate holder within the 12 calendar months prior to using the local flying area.
§ 135.611
IFR operations at locations without weather reporting.
(a) If a certificate holder is authorized to conduct helicopter IFR operations, the Administrator may authorize the certificate holder to conduct IFR helicopter air ambulance operations at airports with an instrument approach procedure and at which a weather report is not available from the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), a source approved by the NWS, or a source approved by the FAA, subject to the following limitations:
(1) The certificate holder must obtain a weather report from a weather reporting facility operated by the NWS, a source approved by the NWS, or a source approved by the FAA, that is located within 15 nautical miles of the airport. If a weather report is not available, the certificate holder may obtain weather reports, forecasts, or any combination of them from the NWS, a source approved by the NWS, or a source approved by the FAA, for information regarding the weather observed in the vicinity of the airport;
(2) Flight planning for IFR flights conducted under this paragraph must include selection of an alternate airport that meets the requirements of §§ 135.221 and 135.223;
(3) In Class G airspace, IFR departures with visual transitions are authorized only after the pilot in command determines that the weather conditions at the departure point are at or above takeoff minimums depicted in a published departure procedure or VFR minimum ceilings and visibilities in accordance with § 135.609.
(4) All approaches must be conducted at Category A approach speeds as established in part 97 or those required for the type of approach being used.
(b) Each helicopter air ambulance operated under this section must be equipped with functioning severe weather detection equipment, unless the pilot in command reasonably determines severe weather will not be encountered at the destination, the alternate destination, or along the route of flight.
(c) Pilots conducting operations pursuant to this section may use the weather information obtained in paragraph (a) to satisfy the weather report and forecast requirements of § 135.213 and § 135.225(a).
(d) After completing a landing at the airport at which a weather report is not available, the pilot in command is authorized to determine if the weather meets the takeoff requirements of part 97 of this chapter or the certificate holder's operations specification, as applicable.
§ 135.613
Approach/departure IFR transitions.
(a) Approaches. When conducting an authorized instrument approach and transitioning from IFR to VFR flight, upon transitioning to VFR flight the following weather minimums apply—
(1) For Point-in-Space (PinS) Copter Instrument approaches annotated with a “Proceed VFR” segment, if the distance from the missed approach point to the landing area is 1 NM or less, flight visibility must be at least 1 statute mile and the ceiling on the approach chart applies;
(2) For all instrument approaches, including PinS when paragraph (a)(1) of this section does not apply, if the distance from the missed approach point to the landing area is 3 NM or less, the applicable VFR weather minimums are—
(i) For Day Operations: No less than a 600-foot ceiling and 2 statute miles flight visibility;
(ii) For Night Operations: No less than a 600-foot ceiling and 3 statute miles flight visibility; or
(3) For all instrument approaches, including PinS, if the distance from the missed approach point to the landing area is greater than 3 NM, the VFR weather minimums required by the class of airspace.
(b) Departures. For transitions from VFR to IFR upon departure—
(1) The VFR weather minimums of paragraph (a) of this section apply if—
(i) An FAA-approved obstacle departure procedure is followed; and
(ii) An IFR clearance is obtained on or before reaching a predetermined location that is not more than 3 NM from the departure location.
(2) If the departure does not meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the VFR weather minimums required by the class of airspace apply.
§ 135.615
VFR flight planning.
(a) Pre-flight. Prior to conducting VFR operations, the pilot in command must—
(1) Determine the minimum safe cruise altitude by evaluating the terrain and obstacles along the planned route of flight;
(2) Identify and document the highest obstacle along the planned route of flight; and
(3) Using the minimum safe cruise altitudes in paragraphs (b)(1)-(2) of this section, determine the minimum required ceiling and visibility to conduct the planned flight by applying the weather minimums appropriate to the class of airspace for the planned flight.
(b) Enroute. While conducting VFR operations, the pilot in command must ensure that all terrain and obstacles along the route of flight are cleared vertically by no less than the following:
(1) 300 feet for day operations.
(2) 500 feet for night operations.
(c) Rerouting the planned flight path. A pilot in command may deviate from the planned flight path for reasons such as weather conditions or operational considerations. Such deviations do not relieve the pilot in command of the weather requirements or the requirements for terrain and obstacle clearance contained in this part and in part 91 of this chapter. Rerouting, change in destination, or other changes to the planned flight that occur while the helicopter is on the ground at an intermediate stop require evaluation of the new route in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section.
(d) Operations manual. Each certificate holder must document its VFR flight planning procedures in its operations manual.
§ 135.617
Pre-flight risk analysis.
(a) Each certificate holder conducting helicopter air ambulance operations must establish, and document in its operations manual, an FAA-approved preflight risk analysis that includes at least the following—
(1) Flight considerations, to include obstacles and terrain along the planned route of flight, landing zone conditions, and fuel requirements;
(2) Human factors, such as crew fatigue, life events, and other stressors;
(3) Weather, including departure, en route, destination, and forecasted;
(4) A procedure for determining whether another helicopter air ambulance operator has refused or rejected a flight request; and
(5) Strategies and procedures for mitigating identified risks, including procedures for obtaining and documenting approval of the certificate holder's management personnel to release a flight when a risk exceeds a level predetermined by the certificate holder.
(b) Each certificate holder must develop a preflight risk analysis worksheet to include, at a minimum, the items in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Prior to the first leg of each helicopter air ambulance operation, the pilot in command must conduct a preflight risk analysis and complete the preflight risk analysis worksheet in accordance with the certificate holder's FAA-approved procedures. The pilot in command must sign the preflight risk analysis worksheet and specify the date and time it was completed.
(d) The certificate holder must retain the original or a copy of each completed preflight risk analysis worksheet at a location specified in its operations manual for at least 90 days from the date of the operation.
§ 135.619
Operations control centers.
(a) Operations control center. After April 22, 2016, certificate holders authorized to conduct helicopter air ambulance operations, with 10 or more helicopter air ambulances assigned to the certificate holder's operations specifications, must have an operations control center. The operations control center must be staffed by operations control specialists who, at a minimum—
(1) Provide two-way communications with pilots;
(2) Provide pilots with weather briefings, to include current and forecasted weather along the planned route of flight;
(3) Monitor the progress of the flight; and
(4) Participate in the preflight risk analysis required under § 135.617 to include the following:
(i) Ensure the pilot has completed all required items on the preflight risk analysis worksheet;
(ii) Confirm and verify all entries on the preflight risk analysis worksheet;
(iii) Assist the pilot in mitigating any identified risk prior to takeoff; and
(iv) Acknowledge in writing, specifying the date and time, that the preflight risk analysis worksheet has been accurately completed and that, according to their professional judgment, the flight can be conducted safely.
(b) Operations control center staffing. Each certificate holder conducting helicopter air ambulance operations must provide enough operations control specialists at each operations control center to ensure the certificate holder maintains operational control of each flight.
(c) Documentation of duties and responsibilities. Each certificate holder must describe in its operations manual the duties and responsibilities of operations control specialists, including preflight risk mitigation strategies and control measures, shift change checklist, and training and testing procedures to hold the position, including procedures for retesting.
(d) Training requirements. No certificate holder may use, nor may any person perform the duties of, an operations control specialist unless the operations control specialist has satisfactorily completed the training requirements of this paragraph.
(1) Initial training. Before performing the duties of an operations control specialist, each person must satisfactorily complete the certificate holder's FAA-approved operations control specialist initial training program and pass an FAA-approved knowledge and practical test given by the certificate holder. Initial training must include a minimum of 80 hours of training on the topics listed in paragraph (f) of this section. A certificate holder may reduce the number of hours of initial training to a minimum of 40 hours for persons who have obtained, at the time of beginning initial training, a total of at least 2 years of experience during the last 5 years in any one or in any combination of the following areas—
(i) In military aircraft operations as a pilot, flight navigator, or meteorologist;
(ii) In air carrier operations as a pilot, flight engineer, certified aircraft dispatcher, or meteorologist; or
(iii) In aircraft operations as an air traffic controller or a flight service specialist.
(2) Recurrent training. Every 12 months after satisfactory completion of the initial training, each operations control specialist must complete a minimum of 40 hours of recurrent training on the topics listed in paragraph (f) of this section and pass an FAA-approved knowledge and practical test given by the certificate holder on those topics.
(e) Training records. The certificate holder must maintain a training record for each operations control specialist employed by the certificate holder for the duration of that individual's employment and for 90 days thereafter. The training record must include a chronological log for each training course, including the number of training hours and the examination dates and results.
(f) Training topics. Each certificate holder must have an FAA-approved operations control specialist training program that covers at least the following topics—
(1) Aviation weather, including:
(i) General meteorology;
(ii) Prevailing weather;
(iii) Adverse and deteriorating weather;
(iv) Windshear;
(v) Icing conditions;
(vi) Use of aviation weather products;
(vii) Available sources of information; and
(viii) Weather minimums;
(ii) Instrument approach procedures;
(3) Flight monitoring, including:
(i) Available flight-monitoring procedures; and
(ii) Alternate flight-monitoring procedures;
(4) Air traffic control, including:
(i) Airspace;
(ii) Air traffic control procedures;
(iii) Aeronautical charts; and
(iv) Aeronautical data sources;
(5) Aviation communication, including:
(i) Available aircraft communications systems;
(ii) Normal communication procedures;
(iii) Abnormal communication procedures; and
(iv) Emergency communication procedures;
(6) Aircraft systems, including:
(i) Communications systems;
(iii) Surveillance systems;
(iv) Fueling systems;
(v) Specialized systems;
(vi) General maintenance requirements; and
(vii) Minimum equipment lists;
(7) Aircraft limitations and performance, including:
(i) Aircraft operational limitations;
(ii) Aircraft performance;
(iii) Weight and balance procedures and limitations; and
(iv) Landing zone and landing facility requirements;
(8) Aviation policy and regulations, including:
(i) 14 CFR Parts 1, 27, 29, 61, 71, 91, and 135;
(ii) 49 CFR Part 830;
(iii) Company operations specifications;
(iv) Company general operations policies;
(v) Enhanced operational control policies;
(vi) Aeronautical decision making and risk management;
(vii) Lost aircraft procedures; and
(viii) Emergency and search and rescue procedures, including plotting coordinates in degrees, minutes, seconds format, and degrees, decimal minutes format;
(9) Crew resource management, including:
(i) Concepts and practical application;
(ii) Risk management and risk mitigation; and
(iii) Pre-flight risk analysis procedures required under § 135.617;
(10) Local flying area orientation, including:
(i) Terrain features;
(ii) Obstructions;
(iii) Weather phenomena for local area;
(iv) Airspace and air traffic control facilities;
(v) Heliports, airports, landing zones, and fuel facilities;
(vi) Instrument approaches;
(vii) Predominant air traffic flow;
(viii) Landmarks and cultural features, including areas prone to flat-light, whiteout, and brownout conditions; and
(ix) Local aviation and safety resources and contact information; and
(11) Any other requirements as determined by the Administrator to ensure safe operations.
(g) Operations control specialist duty time limitations. (1) Each certificate holder must establish the daily duty period for an operations control specialist so that it begins at a time that allows that person to become thoroughly familiar with operational considerations, including existing and anticipated weather conditions in the area of operations, helicopter operations in progress, and helicopter maintenance status, before performing duties associated with any helicopter air ambulance operation. The operations control specialist must remain on duty until relieved by another qualified operations control specialist or until each helicopter air ambulance monitored by that person has completed its flight or gone beyond that person's jurisdiction.
(2) Except in cases where circumstances or emergency conditions beyond the control of the certificate holder require otherwise—
(i) No certificate holder may schedule an operations control specialist for more than 10 consecutive hours of duty;
(ii) If an operations control specialist is scheduled for more than 10 hours of duty in 24 consecutive hours, the certificate holder must provide that person a rest period of at least 8 hours at or before the end of 10 hours of duty;
(iii) If an operations control specialist is on duty for more than 10 consecutive hours, the certificate holder must provide that person a rest period of at least 8 hours before that person's next duty period;
(iv) Each operations control specialist must be relieved of all duty with the certificate holder for at least 24 consecutive hours during any 7 consecutive days.
(h) Drug and alcohol testing. Operations control specialists must be tested for drugs and alcohol according to the certificate holder's Drug and Alcohol Testing Program administered under part 120 of this chapter.
§ 135.621
Briefing of medical personnel.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, prior to each helicopter air ambulance operation, each pilot in command, or other flight crewmember designated by the certificate holder, must ensure that all medical personnel have been briefed on the following—
(1) Passenger briefing requirements in § 135.117(a) and (b); and
(2) Physiological aspects of flight;
(3) Patient loading and unloading;
(4) Safety in and around the helicopter;
(5) In-flight emergency procedures;
(6) Emergency landing procedures;
(7) Emergency evacuation procedures;
(8) Efficient and safe communications with the pilot; and
(9) Operational differences between day and night operations, if appropriate.
(b) The briefing required in paragraphs (a)(2) through (9) of this section may be omitted if all medical personnel on board have satisfactorily completed the certificate holder's FAA-approved medical personnel training program within the preceding 24 calendar months. Each training program must include a minimum of 4 hours of ground training, and 4 hours of training in and around an air ambulance helicopter, on the topics set forth in paragraph (a)(2) through (9) of this section.
(c) Each certificate holder must maintain a record for each person trained under this section that—
(1) Contains the individual's name, the most recent training completion date, and a description, copy, or reference to training materials used to meet the training requirement.
(2) Is maintained for 24 calendar months following the individual's completion of training.
CCAR-135 原文
CCAR-135 小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格审定规则
来源: CAAC PDF原文
中国民用航空总局令 第 151 号 （CCAR-135） 已经 2005 年 8 《小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格审定规则》 月 31 日中国民用航空总局局务会议通过，现予公布，自 2006 年 1 月 1 日 起施行。
局长：杨元元 二〇〇五年九月二十日
1
A章
总
则 ....................................................................................................... 9
第 135.1 条 目的和依据...................................................................................................... 9 第 135.3 条 适用范围.......................................................................................................... 9 第 135.5 条 定义................................................................................................................ 10 第 135.7 条 运行合格审定的职责和基本要求................................................................ 10 第 135.9 条 运行合格证的申请和颁发............................................................................ 10 第 135.11 条 运行合格证的颁发条件.............................................................................. 11 第 135.13 条 运行合格证和运行规范的内容.................................................................. 12 第 135.15 条 运行合格证和运行规范的有效期限.......................................................... 13 第 135.17 条 运行合格证和运行规范的检查.................................................................. 13 第 135.19 条 运行合格证的修改...................................................................................... 13 第 135.21 条 合格证持有人在保存和使用运行规范上的责任...................................... 14 第 135.23 条 运行规范的修改.......................................................................................... 14 第 135.25 条 监督和检查的实施...................................................................................... 15 第 135.27 条 按照本规则实施运行所必需的管理机构和人员...................................... 16 第 135.29 条 管理人员的合格条件.................................................................................. 16 第 135.31 条 运行的近期经历.......................................................................................... 17 第 135.33 条 主运营基地、飞行基地和维修基地.......................................................... 18 第 135.35 条 按照军方合同实施运行的偏离批准.......................................................... 18 第 135.37 条 实施应急运行的偏离批准.......................................................................... 18 第 135.39 条 需要立即决断和处置的紧急情况.............................................................. 18 第 135.41 条 手册要求...................................................................................................... 18 第 135.43 条 手册内容...................................................................................................... 19 第 135.45 条 航空器要求.................................................................................................. 20 第 135.47 条 合格证持有人名称的使用.......................................................................... 21 第 135.49 条 危险品的载运.............................................................................................. 21 第 135.51 条 航空器的湿租.............................................................................................. 21
B章
飞行运行 ................................................................................................. 23
第 135.61 条 遵守的规章.................................................................................................. 23 第 135.63 条 记录保持要求.............................................................................................. 23 第 135.65 条 机械不正常情况的报告.............................................................................. 24 第 135.67 条 报告潜在的危险气象条件和通信或者导航设施的不正常情况.............. 24 第 135.69 条 紧急情况下有限制的继续或者中止飞行.................................................. 24 2
第 135.71 条 适航检查...................................................................................................... 25 第 135.75 条 局方监察员进入驾驶舱的权利.................................................................. 25 第 135.77 条 运行控制责任.............................................................................................. 25 第 135.79 条 飞行定位要求.............................................................................................. 25 第 135.81 条 为运行人员提供的航空信息资料.............................................................. 25 第 135.83 条 驾驶舱中必需配备的资料.......................................................................... 26 第 135.85 条 载运无需符合本规则旅客载运规定的人员 ............................................... 27 第 135.87 条 行李和货物的载运 ....................................................................................... 27 第 135.89 条 驾驶员使用氧气的要求 ............................................................................... 28 第 135.91 条 旅客医用氧气 ............................................................................................... 28 第 135.93 条 自动驾驶仪的最低使用高度 ....................................................................... 29 第 135.95 条 航空人员的条件 ........................................................................................... 30 第 135.97 条 用于满足近期飞行经历的航空器和设施 ................................................... 30 第 135.99 条 飞行机组成员的组成 ................................................................................... 30 第 135.101 条 飞行机组成员的值勤要求 ......................................................................... 30 第 135.103 条 仪表飞行规则（IFR）运行中要求配备的副驾驶 ................................... 30 第 135.105 条 客舱乘务员要求........................................................................................ 31 第 135.107 条 机长或者副驾驶的指派要求 ..................................................................... 31 第 135.109 条 II 类运行中要求的副驾驶.......................................................................... 31 第 135.111 条 旅客占用驾驶员座位.................................................................................. 31 第 135.113 条 操纵装置的控制 ......................................................................................... 31 第 135.115 条 飞行前对旅客的简介 ................................................................................. 31 第 135.117 条 禁止载运武器 ............................................................................................. 32 第 135.119 条 禁止干扰机组成员 ..................................................................................... 33 第 135.121 条 酒精饮料 ..................................................................................................... 33 第 135.123 条 航空器在地面移动、起飞和着陆期间食品、饮料和旅客服务设施的存放 .............................................................................................................................................. 33 第 135.125 条 紧急情况和应急撤离职责 ......................................................................... 33 第 135.127 条 航空器保安 ................................................................................................. 33 第 135.129 条 旅客告示 ..................................................................................................... 33 第 135.131 条 安全带和儿童限制装置的使用 ................................................................. 34 第 135.133 条 出口座位安排 ............................................................................................. 35 第 135．135 条 旋翼机水上平台运行 .............................................................................. 37
C 章 航空器与设备 ........................................................................................... 38 3
第 135.141 条 适用范围 ..................................................................................................... 38 第 135.143 条 一般要求 ..................................................................................................... 38 第 135.145 条 便携式电子设备 ......................................................................................... 38 第 135.146 条 应急定位发射机 ......................................................................................... 38 第 135.147 条 航空器验证试飞 ......................................................................................... 39 第 135.149 条 要求双套操纵装置 ..................................................................................... 39 第 135.151 条 设备的基本要求 ......................................................................................... 39 第 135.153 条 旅客广播和机组内话系统 ......................................................................... 40 第 135.155 条 飞行数据记录器 ......................................................................................... 41 第 135.157 条 驾驶舱话音记录器 ..................................................................................... 41 第 135.159 条 近地警告系统 ............................................................................................. 42 第 135.161 条 地形提示和警告系统（TAWS）............................................................... 42 第 135.163 条 载客航空器的灭火瓶要求 ......................................................................... 43 第 135.165 条 氧气设备要求 ............................................................................................. 43 第 135.167 条 按照目视飞行规则（VFR）夜间或者云上载客运行的设备要求.......... 44 第 135.169 条 按照目视飞行规则（VFR）夜间或者云上载客运行的无线电和导航设备 要求...................................................................................................................................... 44 第 135.171 条 按照仪表飞行规则（IFR）载客运行的航空器设备要求 ....................... 45 第 135.173 条 仪表飞行规则（IFR）或者延伸跨水运行的无线电和导航设备要求 ... 45 第 135.175 条 延伸跨水运行的应急设备要求 ................................................................. 46 第 135.177 条 飞行机组成员工作位肩带的要求 ............................................................. 47 第 135.179 条 机载雷暴探测设备的要求 ......................................................................... 47 第 135.181 条 机载气象雷达设备的要求 ......................................................................... 48 第 135.183 条 旅客座位数超过 19 座的航空器的应急设备要求 ................................... 48 第 135.185 条 附加应急设备的要求 ................................................................................. 49 第 135.187 条 不工作的仪表和设备 ................................................................................. 52 第 135.189 条 机载防撞系统（ACAS II） ....................................................................... 52 第 135.191 条 航空器云上或者仪表飞行规则条件下运行的性能要求 ......................... 52 第 135.193 条 陆上航空器跨水运行的性能要求 ............................................................. 53 第 135.195 条 空重和重心数据的更新要求 ..................................................................... 54 第 135.197 条 航空器标记和标牌的文字要求 ................................................................. 54 第 135.199 条 空速管加温指示系统 ................................................................................. 54 第 135.203 条 机舱材料要求 ........................................................................................... 54
D章
目视/仪表飞行规则的运行限制和天气要求........................................ 55 4
第 135.211 条 适用性........................................................................................................ 55 第 135.213 条 目视飞行规则飞行的最低高度要求........................................................ 55 第 135.215 条 目视飞行规则飞行的能见度要求............................................................ 55 第 135.217 条 旋翼机目视飞行规则飞行中的目视参考要求........................................ 55 第 135.219 条 目视飞行规则飞行的燃油供应要求........................................................ 55 第 135.221 条 目视飞行规则云上载客飞行的运行限制................................................ 56 第 135.223 条 天气报告和预报........................................................................................ 56 第 135.225 条 仪表飞行规则运行的限制........................................................................ 56 第 135.227 条 仪表飞行规则起飞限制............................................................................ 57 第 135.229 条 仪表飞行规则目的地机场最低天气标准................................................ 57 第 135.231 条 仪表飞行规则备降机场最低天气标准.................................................... 57 第 135.233 条 仪表飞行规则燃油及备降机场要求........................................................ 57 第 135.235 条 仪表飞行规则起飞、进近和着陆最低标准............................................ 58 第 135.237 条 结冰条件下的运行限制............................................................................ 59 第 135.239 条 机场要求.................................................................................................... 60
E章
飞行机组成员合格要求 ......................................................................... 61
第 135.241 条 适用范围.................................................................................................... 61 第 135.243 条 机长的资格要求........................................................................................ 61 第 135.245 条 运行经历.................................................................................................... 62 第 135.247 条 副驾驶资格要求........................................................................................ 62 第 135.249 条 近期经历.................................................................................................... 63 第 135.251 条 违禁药物、酒精的使用和测试 ................................................................. 63
F章
机组成员飞行时间和值勤时间限制及休息要求 ................................. 64
第 135.261 条 概则............................................................................................................ 64 第 135.263 条 驾驶员值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和休息要求.................................... 64 第 135.265 条 客舱乘务员值勤期限制和休息要求........................................................ 66 第 135.267 条 机组成员的周、月、年飞行时间限制.................................................... 66 第 135.269 条 机组成员值勤期和飞行时间安排的附加限制........................................ 66 第 135.271 条 机组成员休息时间的附加要求................................................................ 67
G章
机组成员考试要求................................................................................. 68
第 135.291 条 适用性........................................................................................................ 68 第 135.293 条 初始训练和复训中的驾驶员考试要求.................................................... 68 第 135.295 条 客舱乘务员初始训练和复训中的考试要求............................................ 69 5
第 135.297 条 仪表熟练检查要求.................................................................................... 69 第 135.299 条 机长航路与机场资格的航线检查............................................................ 70 第 135.301 条 考试和检查的附加规定............................................................................ 70
H章
训练......................................................................................................... 72
第 135.321 条 适用范围.................................................................................................... 72 第 135.323 条 训练的基本要求........................................................................................ 72 第 135.325 条 训练的附加要求........................................................................................ 73 第 135.327 条 训练大纲制定、修订及批准.................................................................... 73 第 135.329 条 训练大纲中的课程.................................................................................... 73 第 135.331 条 机组成员训练要求.................................................................................... 74 第 135.333 条 机组成员应急生存训练............................................................................ 75 第 135.335 条 危险物品的处置和载运的训练要求........................................................ 76 第 135.337 条 飞行模拟机和其他训练设备的批准........................................................ 76 第 135.339 条 飞行检查员的资格审定............................................................................ 77 第 135.341 条 航空器飞行教员和模拟机飞行教员的资格审定.................................... 78 第 135.343 条 航空器飞行检查员和模拟机飞行检查员的训练要求............................ 79 第 135.345 条 飞行教员的训练要求................................................................................ 80 第 135.347 条 驾驶员和客舱乘务员训练大纲................................................................ 80 第 135.349 条 机组成员初始训练和定期复训要求........................................................ 81 第 135.351 条 驾驶员初始、转机型和升级地面训练.................................................... 81 第 135.353 条 驾驶员初始、转机型、升级和差异飞行训练........................................ 82 第 135.355 条 客舱乘务员初始和转机型地面训练........................................................ 83 第 135.357 条 定期复训.................................................................................................... 83
I 章 飞机性能使用限制 .................................................................................. 84 第 135.361 条 适用范围.................................................................................................... 84 第 135.363 条 总则............................................................................................................ 84 第 135.365 条 活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的重量限制................................ 85 第 135.367 条 活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的起飞限制................................ 85 第 135.369 条 活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机所有发动机工作的航路限制.... 86 第 135.371 条 活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机一台发动机不工作时的航路限制 .............................................................................................................................................. 86 第 135.373 条 活塞式发动机驱动的 4 台或者 4 台以上发动机的 25 部运输类飞机两台 发动机不工作时的航路限制.............................................................................................. 87 6
第 135.375 条 活塞式发动机驱动大型运输类飞机目的地机场着陆限制.................... 87 第 135.377 条 活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机备降机场的着陆限制................ 88 第 135.379 条 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的起飞限制.................................... 88 第 135.381 条 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机一台发动机不工作时的航路限制 89 第 135.383 条 三台或者三台以上涡轮发动机驱动大型运输类飞机二台发动机不工作 时的航路限制...................................................................................................................... 89 第 135.385 条 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的目的地机场着陆限制................ 90 第 135.387 条 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机备降机场的着陆限制.................... 91 第 135.389 条 大型非运输类飞机的起飞限制................................................................ 91 第 135.391 条 大型非运输类飞机一台发动机不工作时的航路限制............................ 91 第 135.393 条 大型非运输类飞机目的地机场的着陆限制............................................ 92 第 135.395 条 大型非运输类飞机备降机场的着陆限制................................................ 92 第 135.397 条 小型运输类飞机的性能使用限制............................................................ 92 第 135.399 条 通勤类飞机的性能使用限制.................................................................... 92 第 135.401 条 小型非运输类飞机的性能使用限制........................................................ 93
J 章 航空器维修 .............................................................................................. 94 第 135.411 条 总则 ............................................................................................................. 94 第 135.413 条 航空器的适航性责任................................................................................ 94 第 135.415 条 合格证持有人的维修系统........................................................................ 95 第 135.417 条 维修系统的要求........................................................................................ 95 第 135.419 条 培训大纲和人员技术档案 ......................................................................... 96 第 135.421 条 合格证持有人的维修工程管理手册........................................................ 96 第 135.423 条 航空器检查大纲 ......................................................................................... 97 第 135.425 条 航空器维修方案........................................................................................ 98 第 135.427 条 附加维修要求............................................................................................ 99 第 135.429 条 航空器的修理和改装................................................................................ 99 第 135.431 条 维修记录.................................................................................................... 99 第 135.433 条 航空器飞行记录本.................................................................................. 100 第 135.435 条 航空器放行.............................................................................................. 100 第 135.437 条 航空器的适航性检查.............................................................................. 101 第 135.439 条 使用困难报告(运行) ............................................................................... 101 第 135.441 条 使用困难报告(结构) ............................................................................... 102 第 135.443 条 机械原因中断使用汇总报告.................................................................. 103
K章
法律责任............................................................................................... 104 7
第 135.513 条 小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格证的吊扣和吊销...................... 104 第 135.515 条 警告和罚款.............................................................................................. 104
L章
附
则 ................................................................................................... 106
第 135.613 条 施行和废止.............................................................................................. 106 附件 A 定义 ..................................................................................................................... 107 附件 B 载客数超过 9 人飞机的附加适航要求 ............................................................. 111 附件 C 飞机飞行数据记录器规范 ................................................................................. 114 附件 D 旋翼机飞行数据记录器规范............................................................................. 121 附件 E 旋翼机水上平台运行要求................................................................................... 126 关于《小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格审定规则》的说明................................ 130
8
A章 第 135.1 条
总
则
目的和依据
为了对小型航空器商业运输运营人进行运行合格审定和持续监督检查，规范其运行 活动，保证其达到并保持规定的运行安全水平，根据《中华人民共和国民用航空法》和 《国务院对确需保留的行政审批项目设定行政许可的决定》制定本规则。 第 135.3 条
适用范围
(a) 本规则适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的航空运营人所实施的下列商业 运输飞行： (1) 使用下列航空器实施的定期载客运输飞行： (i) 最大起飞全重不超过 5700 千克的多发飞机； (ii) 单发飞机； (iii) 旋翼机。 (2) 使用下列航空器实施的非定期载客运输飞行： (i) 旅客座位数量(不包括机组座位)不超过 30 座，并且最大商载不超过 3400 千克 的多发飞机； (ii) 单发飞机； (iii)旋翼机。 (3) 使用下列航空器实施的全货机运输飞行： (i) 最大商载不超过 3400 千克的多发飞机； (ii) 单发飞机； (iii) 旋翼机。 （4）使用本条(a)(1)和(a)(2)规定的航空器，在同一机场起降且半径超过 40 千米 的空中游览飞行。 (b) 对于适用于本条(a)款规定的航空运营人，在本规则中称之为小型航空器商业 运输运营人。 (c) 对于按照本规则审定合格的小型航空器商业运输运营人，可以按照审定情况在 其运行合格证和运行规范中批准其实施下列一项或者多项运行种类的运行： (1) 定期载客运行，指本条（a）（1）款规定的运行； (2) 非定期载客及全货运行，指本条（a）（2）和（a）（3）规定的运行； (d) 小型航空器商业运输运营人应当遵守其他有关的中国民用航空规章，但在本规 则对相应要求进行了增补或者提出了更高标准的情况下，应当按照本规则的要求执行。 9
(e) 小型航空器商业运输运营人在中国境外运行时，应当遵守《国际民用航空公约》 附件二《空中规则》或者适用的运行所在地的法规。在 CCAR-61 部、CCAR-91 部和本规 则的规定严于上述附件和运行所在地法规的规定并且不与其发生抵触时，还应当遵守 CCAR-61 部、CCAR-91 部和本规则的规定。 (f) 小型航空器商业运输运营人在运行中所使用的人员和小型航空器商业运输运营 人所载运的人员应当遵守本规则中的适用要求。 第 135.5 条
定义
(a)在本规则中，局方是指中国民用航空总局（以下简称民航总局）、民航地区管理 局及其派出机构。 (b)除本规则其他章中另有规定外，本规则中某些特定用语的含义在本规则附件 A 《定义》中规定。 第 135.7 条
运行合格审定的职责和基本要求
(a)民航总局对小型航空器商业运输运营人的合格审定和运行实施统一监督管理。 (b)民航总局飞行标准职能部门依据本规则组织指导小型航空器商业运输运营人的 运行合格审定和持续监督检查工作，制定必要的工作程序，规定运行合格证、运行规范 及其申请书的统一格式。 (c)民航地区管理局负责对其所辖地区内设立的小型航空器商业运输运营人实施运 行合格审定，颁发运行合格证和运行规范，并及时向民航总局飞行标准职能部门备案。 (d) 民航总局委任的单位或者个人(以下简称局方委任代表)负责局方指定的具体检 查工作。 (e) 小型航空器商业运输运营人应当经局方按照本规则审定合格，获得局方颁发的 小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格证(以下简称运行合格证)和运行规范后，方可以按 照运行规范的要求实施本规则规定的运行。 (f) 小型航空器商业运输运营人取得运行合格证和运行规范后，即成为本规则规定 的运行合格证持有人(以下简称合格证持有人)。 (g) 合格证持有人不得违反运行合格证和运行规范的要求实施运行，并且不得违反 给其颁发的偏离许可和豁免许可。 第 135.9 条
运行合格证的申请和颁发
(a) 运行合格证的申请人应当按照局方规定的格式和方法提交申请书，申请书应当 至少附带下列材料： (1)审定活动日程表； (2)包含本规则第 135.43 条所要求内容的手册； (3)训练大纲及课程； 10
(4)本规则要求的管理人员资历； (5)航空器、运行设备设施的购买合同、租赁合同或者协议文件的副本； (6)说明申请人如何符合本规则所有适用条款的符合性声明； (7)说明计划运行的性质和范围的文件，包括准许申请人从事经营活动的有关证明 文件。 (b)民航地区管理局应当在收到申请书之后的 5 个工作日内，以书面形式通知申请 人是否受理申请。申请人未能按照本条(a)款要求提交齐全的材料或者申请书格式不符 合要求，需要申请人补充申请材料的，民航地区管理局应当在该 5 个工作日内一次性告 知申请人需要补正的全部内容。 (c)民航地区管理局受理申请后，将对申请人的申请材料是否符合本规则的要求进 行审查，对申请人能否按照本规则安全运行进行验证检查。对于申请材料的内容与本规 则要求不符或者申请人不能按照本规则安全运行的，应当以书面形式通知申请人对申请 材料的相关内容作出修订或者对运行缺陷进行纠正。 (d)民航地区管理局应当在 20 个工作日内做出是否颁发运行合格证和运行规范的决 定，但由于申请人的原因延误的时间或者民航地区管理局进行验证检查、组织专家评审 的时间不计入前述期限。 (e)民航地区管理局作出颁发运行合格证和运行规范决定后，应当在自作出决定之 日起 10 个工作日内向申请人颁发、送达运行合格证和运行规范。 (f)申请人属于本规则第 135.11 条(b)款规定情形的，不予颁发运行合格证和运行 规范。对于此种情况，民航地区管理局应当以书面形式通知申请人，说明理由并告知申 请人依法享有申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼的权利。 (g)申请人申请或者申请修改运行合格证和运行规范以及与运行合格审定有关的其 他项目，应当保证申请材料真实完整。对于处于运行合格审定过程中的运行合格证申请 人，存在弄虚作假情况的，局方可以终止其运行合格审定进程；情节严重的，局方可以 决定在 1 年以内不再受理该申请人的相应申请。对于申请人在运行合格审定过程中以不 正当手段取得运行合格证、运行规范和其他批准项目的，由局方撤销相应的证件和批准。
第 135.11 条
运行合格证的颁发条件
(a) 局方在经过运行合格审定之后认为申请人符合下列全部条件，则为该申请人颁 发小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格证和相应的运行规范： (1) 满足本规则所有适用条款的要求； (2) 按照中国民用航空规章的规定，配备了合适和足够的人员、设备、设施和资料， 并且能够按照本规则的规定及其运行规范实施安全运行； (3)取得适合于其运行种类的经营许可。 11
(b) 申请人具有下列情形之一的，不予颁发运行合格证： (1) 申请人原先持有的小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格证或者大型飞机公共航 空运输承运人运行合格证已被吊销； (2) 申请人安排或者计划安排担任本规则第 135.27 条规定的主要管理职位的人员， 曾经担任另一小型航空器商业运输运营人或者大型飞机公共航空运输承运人的具有运 行控制权的职位，并对其合格证的吊销或者拟予吊销负有主要责任； (3) 对本申请人有控制权或者股份控制权的人员，曾对另一小型航空器商业运输运 营人或者大型飞机公共航空运输承运人的运行合格证的吊销或者拟予吊销负有主要责 任并且对该合格证持有人具有相同或者类似的控制权或者股份控制权。 第 135.13 条
运行合格证和运行规范的内容
(a) 运行合格证包含下列内容： (1) 合格证持有人的名称； (2) 合格证持有人主运营基地的地址； (3) 合格证的编号； (4) 合格证的生效日期； (5) 负责监督该合格证持有人运行的局方机构名称或者代号； (6) 被批准的运行种类； (7) 说明经审定，该合格证持有人符合本规则的相应要求，批准其按照所颁发的运 行规范实施运行。 (b) 小型航空器商业运输运营人的运行规范包含下列内容： (1) 主运营基地、飞行基地和维修基地的具体地址，需要作为合格证持有人与局方 进行通信联系的不同于主运营基地地址的地址，以及其文件收发机构的名称与通信地 址； (2) 对每种运行的实施规定的权利、限制和主要程序； (3) 每个级别和型别的航空器在运行中所需要遵守的其他程序； (4) 批准使用的每架航空器型号、系列编号、国籍标志和登记标志，运行中需要使 用的每个正常使用机场、备降机场、临时使用机场和加油机场或者运行区域。经局方批 准，这些项目可以列在现行有效的清单中，作为运行规范的附件，并在运行规范的相应 条款中注明该清单名称； (5) 批准的运行种类； (6) 批准运行的航线、区域及限制； (7) 机场的限制； (8) 机体、发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼、设备（包括应急设备）的维修时限或者确定维 修时限的标准； 12
(9) 批准的控制航空器重量与平衡的方法； (10) 航空器互换的要求； (11) 湿租航空器的有关资料； (12) 局方按照规定颁发的豁免或者批准的偏离； (13) 局方认为必需的其他项目。 第 135.15 条
运行合格证和运行规范的有效期限
(a) 运行合格证长期有效，但在出现下列情形之一时失效： (1) 合格证持有人自愿放弃，并将其交回局方； (2) 局方吊扣、吊销或者以其他方式暂停或者终止该合格证。 (b) 在出现下列情形时，运行规范全部失效或者部分条款失效： (1) 局方暂停或者终止该运行规范中批准的部分运行，则运行规范中关于该运行的 条款失效。暂停部分运行的，在暂停期满之后，关于该运行的条款恢复有效； (2) 局方暂停或者终止该运行规范中批准的全部运行，则运行规范全部失效。暂停 全部运行的，在暂停期满之后，运行规范恢复有效； (3)局方吊扣、吊销或者以其他方式终止运行合格证，则运行规范全部失效。吊扣 运行合格证的，在吊扣期满之后，运行规范恢复有效； (4) 对于某一运行种类，合格证持有人没有满足本规则第 135.31 条(a)款中规定的 近期经历要求，并且没有按照本规则第 135.31 条(b)款规定的程序恢复该种类运行时， 关于该种类运行的条款失效。 (c) 当运行合格证或者运行规范被吊扣、暂停、吊销或者因其他原因而失效时，合 格证持有人应当将运行合格证或者运行规范交还局方。吊扣运行合格证和暂停运行规范 的，局方应当在吊扣或者暂停期满之后将运行合格证或者运行规范交还运行合格证持有 人。 第 135.17 条
运行合格证和运行规范的检查
合格证持有人应当将其运行合格证和运行规范的原件保存在主运营基地，并能随时 接受局方的检查。 第 135.19 条
运行合格证的修改
(a) 在下列情形下，局方可以修改按照本规则颁发的运行合格证： (1) 局方认为为了安全和公众利益需要修改； (2) 合格证持有人申请修改，并且局方认为安全和公众利益允许进行这种修改。 (b) 合格证持有人申请修改其运行合格证时，适用本规则第 135.9 条(b)款至(g)款 规定的程序和期限并同时应当遵守下列规定： (1) 合格证持有人应当在其计划的修改生效日期前适当时间向局方提交修改其运行 13
合格证的申请书； (2) 申请书应当按照局方规定的格式和方法向局方提交。 (c) 当合格证持有人对其运行合格证修改的申请被拒绝或者对局方发出的修改决定 有不同意见，请求重新考虑时，应当在收到通知后 20 个工作日之内向民航总局提出重 新考虑的请求。 第 135.21 条
合格证持有人在保存和使用运行规范上的责任
(a) 合格证持有人应当在其主运营基地保存一套独立的和完整有效的运行规范。 (b) 合格证持有人应当将其运行规范中的有关内容或者信息，写进其运行手册中， 并且应当清楚地写明这些内容是其运行规范的一部分，还应当说明运行规范的要求具有 强制性；或者将完整的运行规范与手册放在一起，按照本规则第 135.41 条对手册的要 求进行分发、携带、存放和更新。 (c) 合格证持有人应当持续保证其每个参与运行工作的人员，熟知运行规范中适用 于该人员工作职责的有关规定。 第 135.23 条
运行规范的修改
(a) 在下列任一情况下，局方可以修改按照本规则颁发的运行规范： (1) 局方认为为了安全和公众利益需要修改； (2) 合格证持有人申请修改，局方认为安全和公众利益允许此种修改。 (b) 除本条(d)款规定的情形外，局方提出修改合格证持有人的运行规范时，使用 下列程序： (1) 局方以书面形式提出修改内容，通知合格证持有人； (2) 局方确定一个不少于 7 天的合理期限，在此期限内，合格证持有人可以对修改 内容提交有关书面资料和意见； (3) 局方在考虑了所提交的全部材料后，作出下列决定之一并通知合格证持有人： (i) 采用全部修改内容； (ii) 采用部分修改内容； (iii) 撤销所提出的修改内容。 (4) 当局方颁发了运行规范的修改项时，修改项在合格证持有人收到通知之日后第 30 天生效。但是，由于存在紧急情况，为了安全需要立即行动的，局方可以根据本条(d) 款要求使其立即生效。 (c) 合格证持有人申请修改其运行规范，适用本规则第 135.9 条(b)款至(g)款规定 的程序和期限并应当遵守下列规定： (1) 合格证持有人应当在计划的运行规范修改生效日期前适当的时间提交修改其运 行规范的申请书。但有下列任一情形的，应当在其计划的运行规范修改生效日期前足够 的时间提出申请： 14
(i) 兼并其他运营人或者增设按照本规则运行的分支机构的； (ii) 增加运行的资产，需要重新证明其能够安全运行的； (iii) 本规则第 135.3 条(c)款中确定的运行种类改变的； (iv) 由于破产行为而暂停运行后需要恢复运行的； (v) 初次引进以前未经小型航空器商业运输运营人或者大型飞机公共航空运输承运 人运行的航空器的。 (2) 申请书应当以局方规定的格式和方法向局方提交； (3) 在考虑了提交的所有材料后，局方将作出下列决定之一并通知合格证持有人： (i) 接受所申请的全部修改； (ii) 接受所申请的部分修改； (iii) 拒绝所申请的修改。此时，合格证持有人可以按照本条(d)款规定请求局方 对其拒绝决定进行重新考虑。 (4) 如果局方批准了修改，在与合格证持有人就其修改的执行问题进行协调后，修 改项在局方批准的日期生效。 (d) 如果局方发现存在危及安全、需要立即行动的紧急情况，使得本条规定的程序 不能实行，或者按照程序进行将违背公众利益，则可以采取下列措施： (1) 局方将修改运行规范，并使修改项在合格证持有人收到该修改通知的日期立即 生效； (2) 在发给合格证持有人的通知中，局方将说明原因，指出存在危及安全、需要立 即行动的紧急情况。 第 135.25 条
监督和检查的实施
(a) 合格证持有人应当接受局方在任何时间或者地点对其进行的监督或者检查，以 确定其是否符合中国民用航空规章的规定和是否符合其运行合格证和运行规范的规定。 (b) 合格证持有人应当能在其主运营基地向局方提供下列资料： (1) 合格证持有人的小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格证和运行规范； (2) 按照中国民用航空规章规定应当保存的每种记录、文件、报告的现行清单。 (c) 负责保存合格证持有人记录、文件、报告的所有人员，应当能向局方提供这些 资料。 (d) 局方可以根据本条(a)款检查的结果或者任何其他适当的材料，确定合格证持 有人是否满足继续持有运行合格证和运行规范。 (e) 合格证持有人如果不能按照局方要求，提供其运行合格证、运行规范或者任何 必需的记录、文件、报告，局方可以暂停其运行合格证和运行规范中的部分或者全部运 行批准。
15
第 135.27 条
按照本规则实施运行所必需的管理机构和人员
(a) 合格证持有人应当拥有能够有效控制和监督其整个运行的管理机构，并拥有足 够的合格管理人员和技术人员，以保证在其运行中保持最高的安全水平。合格证持有人 应当在下列职位上安排合格的专职人员： (1) 运行主管，负责合格证持有人飞行运行的组织实施符合本规则的要求； (2) 维修主管，负责合格证持有人的航空器维修工作符合本规则的要求； (3) 总飞行师，负责合格证持有人的飞行人员训练和技术管理符合本规则的要求。 (b) 对于某项具体运行，如果合格证持有人能证明，由于所涉及的运行种类、所使 用的航空器数量与型号和运行的区域等因素，使用较少的管理人员或者不同的管理人员 配置能够完成本条(a)款规定职位的全部职责并能以同等安全水平完成运行，局方可以 认可其管理人员的配备。 (c) 本条(a)款要求的或者按照本条(b)款认可的职位名称和管理人员数量，应当明 确填入合格证持有人的运行规范。 (d) 担任本条(a)款或者(b)款要求或者认可的职位的人员，以及按照运行合格证实 施运行的各级负责人，应当符合下列要求： (1) 在训练、经验、专业知识上保持合格水平； (2) 在其职责范围内，熟悉下列资料中与合格证持有人各种运行有关的内容： (i) 有关的中国民用航空规章； (ii) 合格证持有人的运行规范； (iii) 航空安全标准和安全运行常规； (iv) 中国民用航空规章中所有适用的维修和适航要求； (v) 合格证持有人的手册。 (3) 严格履行其职责，以符合适用的规章要求，并保证安全运行。 (e) 合格证持有人应当在其手册内的一般政策规定中，写明本条(a)款规定的人员 的任务、职责和权力，并写明担任这些职务人员的姓名和业务地址。合格证持有人应当 在上述所列职位上的人员变换或者空缺后 10 天内通知局方。
第 135.29 条
管理人员的合格条件
(a) 担任本规则第 135.27 条(a)款中运行主管的人员应当符合下列条件： (1) 该管理人员应当至少持有商用驾驶员执照；如果在该合格证持有人的某些运行 中担任机长的驾驶员需要持有仪表等级，则该管理人员也应当持有仪表等级；如果在该 合格证持有人的某些运行中担任机长的驾驶员需要持有航线运输驾驶员执照，则该管理 人员也应当持有航线运输驾驶员执照； (2) 符合下列条件之一： 16
(i) 在最近 6 年内，在按照本规则或者 CCAR-121 部实施的运行中，至少有 3 年在 运行主管或者类似职位上进行运行管理的经历； (ii) 对于初次担任运行主管的人员，在最近 6 年内，至少在按照本规则或者 CCAR-121 部实施的运行中具有担任机长 3 年的经历；对于在运行主管或者类似职位上具 有运行管理经历的人员，至少在按照本规则或者 CCAR-121 部实施的运行中具有担任机 长 3 年的经历。 (b) 担任本规则第 135.27 条(a)款中总飞行师的人员应当符合下列条件： (1) 该管理人员应当至少持有商用驾驶员执照；如果在该合格证持有人的某些运行 中担任机长的驾驶员需要持有仪表等级，则该管理人员也应当持有仪表等级；如果在该 合格证持有人的某些运行中担任机长的驾驶员需要持有航线运输驾驶员执照，则该管理 人员也应当持有航线运输驾驶员执照； (2) 具有在该合格证持有人的至少一种机型上担任机长的有效资格； (3) 对于初次担任总飞行师的人员，在最近 6 年内，至少在按照本规则或者 CCAR-121 部实施的运行中具有担任机长 3 年的经历；对于在总飞行师或者类似职位上具有运行管 理经历的人员，至少在按照本规则或者 CCAR-121 部实施的运行中具有担任机长 3 年的 经历。 (c) 担任本规则第 135.27 条(a)款中维修主管的人员应当持有维修管理人员资格证 书，并且符合下列条件之一： (1) 持有按照 CCAR-66 部颁发的维修管理人员证书； (2) 在最近 6 年内具有至少 3 年从事合格证持有人运行的至少一种类别飞机的维修 或者维修管理经历。 (d) 局方可以批准合格证持有人使用不符合本条(a)、(b)、(c)款规定的经历要求 的人员，只要局方认为该人员胜任此项工作。 第 135.31 条
运行的近期经历
(a) 如果合格证持有人连续中断其运行规范中批准实施的定期载客运行达 30 天， 或者连续中断定期载客运行之外的运行达 90 天，则在此中断期之后，应当按照本条(b) 款规定恢复运行，否则不得继续实施此种运行。 (b) 在本条(a)款的中断期之后，合格证持有人只有符合下列条件并经局方批准， 方可以恢复相应种类的运行： (1) 在恢复该种运行之前，至少提前 5 个工作日通知局方； (2) 如果局方决定重新进行全面检查，以确定其是否保持了合适和足够的资源，能 否实施安全运行，合格证持有人应当在前述 5 个工作日期间，使其处于能随时接受检查 的状态。
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第 135.33 条
主运营基地、飞行基地和维修基地
(a) 合格证持有人应当保持一个主运营基地。合格证持有人还可以按照运行需要建 立飞行基地和维修基地，飞行基地和维修基地可以与主运营基地在同一地点，也可以在 不同地点。 (b) 在计划建立或者变更主运营基地、飞行基地或者维修基地之前至少 30 天，合 格证持有人应当以书面形式告知局方。 第 135.35 条
按照军方合同实施运行的偏离批准
(a) 局方可以批准合格证持有人偏离本规则的适用规定，实施其按照军方合同确定 的运行。 (b) 在按照本条批准一项偏离时，局方将对合格证持有人的运行规范颁发相应的修 改项。 (c) 局方可以在任何时候终止按照本条颁发的偏离批准。 第 135.37 条
实施应急运行的偏离批准
(a) 在紧急情况下并满足下列条件时，局方可以批准合格证持有人偏离本规则的适 用规定： (1) 在该紧急情况下为保护人员生命和财产安全应当采取运送人员或者财产的行 动； (2) 局方认为，为了立即实施上述运行，应当偏离有关规定。 (b) 在紧急情况下，局方可以使用下列方法之一批准偏离： (1) 局方对合格证持有人的运行规范颁发相应的修改项； (2) 如果情况紧急不允许及时修改运行规范，则局方可以用口头或者其他方式批准 该偏离，但合格证持有人应当在开始这种运行后 24 小时之内，向局方提交说明这种紧 急情况性质的报告。 第 135.39 条
需要立即决断和处置的紧急情况
(a) 在涉及人员和财产安全的紧急情况下，合格证持有人可以在切合该紧急情况所 需的限度内，偏离本规则中与航空器、设备和最低天气标准相关的规定。 (b) 在涉及人员和财产安全的紧急情况下，机长可以决定在切合该紧急情况所需的 限度内偏离本规则的规定。 (c) 按照本条规定偏离本规则的任何人员，应当在作出偏离行为之后的 10 个工作 日之内，向负责该合格证持有人的地区管理局飞行标准部门递交一份关于所涉及航空器 运行的完整报告，包括对所作偏离和作出偏离的原因的描述。 第 135.41 条
手册要求
(a) 除在运行中仅使用一名驾驶员的合格证持有人外，合格证持有人应当编写手册 18
并保持其现行有效，手册中应当包含局方可以接受的合格证持有人的程序和政策。为合 格证持有人实施运行的飞行、维修和其他地面人员应当使用该手册。但是，如果局方认 为由于运行的规模有限，没有必要为飞行、维修或者其他地面人员编写手册某些部分， 则局方可以批准其偏离本条要求。 (b) 合格证持有人应当在其主运营基地保存至少一套手册。 (c) 手册不得与所有适用的中国民用航空规章、该合格证持有人在国外运行时适用 的外国法规以及合格证持有人的运行合格证和运行规范相抵触。 (d) 手册或者手册的相应部分，包括其修订和增补，应当由合格证持有人提供给飞 行、维修和其他地面人员使用。 (e) 本条(d)款所述的合格证持有人的工作人员应当及时更新手册，保持手册的最 新状态，并使用最新有效的手册内容。上述人员在履行其职责时应当能随时查阅手册或 者手册的相应部分。如果合格证持有人已经在航空器上配备了手册或者手册的相应部 分，则不要求机组成员随身携带这些手册，但应当有专人负责这些手册的更新。 (f) 手册应当具有中文版本，如果合格证持有人在运行中使用了不熟悉中文的人员， 则应当为其提供相应熟悉文字的手册，并且应当保证这些手册的一致性和同等有效性。 (g) 为了遵守本条(d)款的要求，合格证持有人可以用印刷形式或者其他局方可以 接受的形式为(d)款中所列的人员提供手册或者手册的相应部分。如果合格证持有人使 用印刷形式之外的形式，则应当保证为这些人员提供配套的阅读设备。 (h) 如果合格证持有人将航空器飞往存有相应维修资料的特定航站实施检查和维修 时，则该航空器上不需携带该相应维修资料。 第 135.43 条
手册内容
在手册每一经修订的页面上应当有最后一次修订的日期，手册的内容应当包括： (a) 本规则第 135.27 条要求的经局方批准的管理人员的姓名，该人员被指派的职 责和权限，以及按照本规则第 135.77 条被合格证持有人批准实施运行控制的每个人员 的姓名和职务。 (b) 保证遵守航空器重量和平衡限制的程序，以及对于多发航空器，确认其遵守本 规则第 135.195 条规定的程序。 (c) 合格证持有人的运行规范或者相应的摘录信息，包括批准运行的区域、批准使 用的航空器类别和级别、机组组成以及批准的运行种类。 (d) 遵守事故通报要求的程序。 (e) 确保机长了解航空器已经完成要求的适航检查、符合相关维修要求并被批准返 回使用的程序。 (f) 报告和记录机长在飞行前、飞行中和飞行后发现的机械不正常情况的程序。 (g) 机长确认上次飞行中发现的机械不正常情况或者缺陷是否修复或者推迟修复的 19
程序。 (h) 机长在运营人没有作出预先安排的地点获得航空器维修、预防性维修和获取服 务时需要遵守的程序(如果驾驶员被批准为运营人完成这一工作)。 (i) 特定类型运行所需的设备发生故障或者失效，判断是否放行或者继续飞行时， 按照本规则第 135.187 条确定的程序。 (j) 航空器加油、清除燃油污染、防火（包括静电防护），以及加油期间管理和保 护乘客需要遵守的程序。 (k) 机长按照本规则第 135.115 条的要求对乘客进行安全讲解时需要遵守的程序。 (l) 飞行定位程序或者相应的运行控制程序。 (m) 确保遵守应急程序，包括在紧急情况下每类机组必需成员的职责分工和按照本 规则第 135.125 条应急撤离时的职责分工。 (n) 适用时，驾驶员的航路资格审定程序。 (o) 批准的航空器检查大纲或者维修方案。 (p) 遵守中国民用航空危险品运输管理相关规定的程序。 (q) 紧急情况下将需要他人协助的乘客快速撤离至出口需要遵守的程序。 (r) 控制相关运行人员执勤时间、飞行时间和休息期的程序。 (s) 防冰/除冰程序。 (t) 遵守中国民航有关保安规定的程序，包括防止非法干扰、劫机、破坏行为的程 序。 (u)遵守本规则其他有关要求的程序。
第 135.45 条
航空器要求
(a) 除本条(d)款规定的情况外，合格证持有人不得按照本规则运行航空器，除非 该航空器经局方批准或者满足下列要求： (1) 在中国登记，具有中国颁发的有效适航证； (2) 处于适航状态并满足中国民用航空规章中相应的适航要求，包括与标识和设备 相关的要求； (3) 旅客座位数量（不包括驾驶员座位）超过 9 座的活塞式发动机或者涡轮螺旋发 动机驱动的飞机应当取得下述类型的型号合格证： (i) 运输类； (ii) 通勤类； (iii) 正常类并且满足本规则附件 B 中的附加适航要求。 (b) 每个合格证持有人应当对至少一架航空器具有排他的使用权，该航空器满足适 用于合格证持有人的运行规范中批准的至少一个种类的运行的要求。此外，对于其他合 20
格证持有人没有航空器排他使用权的每一种类的运行，该合格证持有人应当可以根据书 面协议，包括实施所需维修的协议，使用至少一架航空器来满足适用于该种类运行的要 求。但是本款不禁止合格证持有人使用或者批准使用在本规则运行之外的运行中使用的 航空器，也不要求合格证持有人对其使用的所有航空器具有排他的使用权。 (c) 在本条(b)款中，作为航空器的所有人单独占有、控制和使用航空器用于飞行 时，认为其具有排他的使用权；合格证持有人具有在航空器使用时生效的书面协议，包 括实施所需维修的协议，允许其占有、控制和使用航空器至少 6 个连续日历月时，认为 其具有航空器的排他的使用权。 (d) 如果满足下列要求，合格证持有人可以租用在某一国际民航公约缔约国登记的 不带机组的民用航空器用于运行： (1) 该航空器带有登记国颁发的适当适航证，满足该国的登记和标识要求，并且该 航空器的型号合格证和适航证得到了民航总局的认可； (2) 该航空器由合格证持有人雇佣的持有中国驾驶员执照的人员操作； (3) 合格证持有人向民航总局递交了航空器租用协议的副本。 第 135.47 条
合格证持有人名称的使用
(a) 合格证持有人按照本规则实施运行时所使用的名称应当与其运行规范上所列名 称一致。 (b)除经局方批准外，在按照本规则运行的航空器上应当明显地标出运行该航空器 的合格证持有人的名称，否则合格证持有人不得运行该航空器。航空器上标示名称的方 法及其可读性应当经局方认可。 第 135.49 条
危险品的载运
(a)无论是否载运危险品，合格证持有人都应当遵守中国民用航空规章 CCAR-276 部 《中国民用航空危险品运输管理规定》的要求。 (b)合格证持有人从事危险品运输，应当获得局方批准。 第 135.51 条
航空器的湿租
(a)除经民航总局批准外，合格证持有人不得湿租境内外非商业运输运营人的航空 器用于本规则的运行。 (b)合格证持有人在进行涉及湿租的运行前，应当向局方提交一份与境内外其他商 业运输运营人签订的航空器湿租租赁合同和有关批准文件的副本，局方收到租赁合同副 本后，将确定合同中航空器的运行控制方，并根据需要，给合同一方或者双方分别颁发 运行规范的修改项，否则合格证持有人不得进行湿租运行。 (c)合格证持有人应当提供下列需要列入运行规范的信息： (1)合同双方的名称和合同的有效期限； 21
(2)合同所涉及的每架航空器的国籍标志和登记标志； (3)运行种类； (4)运行的机场或者区域； (5)具体说明计划由哪一方控制运行和实施这种运行控制的时间、机场或者区域。 (d)在对本条(b)款事项作出决定时，局方将考虑下列因素： (1)机组成员资格； (2)航空器适航性和维修工作； (3)运行控制； (4)航空器的地面保障服务； (5)航班计划； (6)局方认为有关的其他因素。 (e）经局方批准，合格证持有人在因特殊原因取消其航空器的飞行时，可以湿租按 照本规则运行的其他商业运输运营人的航空器，载运其旅客进行替代飞行。这种飞行应 当遵守本规则相应于所实施的该种运行的规定。
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B章 第 135.61 条
飞行运行
遵守的规章
合格证持有人在遵守 CCAR-91 部的基础上，还应当遵守本章的飞行运行规则。 第 135.63 条
记录保持要求
(a) 合格证持有人应当在其主运营基地或者局方批准的其他地方保存以下资料，并 处于能随时接受局方检查的状态： (1) 运行合格证； (2) 运行规范； (3) 一份可以用于本规则运行的航空器的清单，并列出每架航空器的装备可以允许 其实施的运行； (4) 合格证持有人所使用的每名驾驶员的记录，该记录应当包括下列内容： (i) 驾驶员姓名； (ii) 驾驶员持有的执照的种类、编号和包含的等级； (iii) 足够详尽的驾驶员航空经历，以用于判断驾驶员在本规则运行中驾驶航空器 的资格； (iv) 驾驶员当前的职位和被委派至该职位的日期； (v) 驾驶员持有的体检合格证的级别和有效期限； (vi) 按照本规则要求进行的各种训练中的资格考试、熟练检查、仪表熟练检查和 航路检查的日期和结果，以及在这些考试和检查中所使用的航空器的型号； (vii) 驾驶员飞行时间的详细记录； (viii) 如该驾驶员担任飞行检查员，批准其担任飞行检查员的文件； (ix) 由于健康、职业资格或者其他原因被解除驾驶员职位的有关记录； (x) 本规则要求的初始训练和定期复训的完成日期。 (5) 每个客舱乘务员的个人记录，其内容应当足以确定其符合本规则 F 章和 H 章中 相应部分的要求。 (b) 合格证持有人应当将本条(a)(3)款要求的记录保存至少 6 个月，应当将本条 (a)(4)和(a)(5)款要求的每项记录保存至少 12 个月。 (c) 对于多发航空器，合格证持有人应当制定一式两份包含航空器装载信息的装载 舱单并对其准确性负责。舱单应当在每次起飞之前准备完毕,并且应当包括下列内容： (1) 乘客人数； (2) 装载后航空器的总重； 23
(3) 该次飞行的最大允许起飞重量； (4) 重心限制； (5) 装载后的航空器重心，但如果航空器根据装载表或者其他经局方批准的方法进 行装载，能够确保装载后的航空器重心不会超出批准的限制，则不需要计算实际的重心。 在这种情况下，需在舱单上注明，根据装载表或者其他经批准的方法，该航空器的重心 在限制之内； (6) 航空器的登记号或者航班号； (7) 本次飞行的始发地和目的地； (8) 机组成员的姓名及其值勤位置。 (d) 对于要求制定装载舱单的航空器，航空器机长应当将一份完整的舱单随航空器 携带至目的地。合格证持有人应当在其主运营基地或者另一局方同意的地点保存一份完 整的舱单至少 30 个日历日。 第 135.65 条
机械不正常情况的报告
(a) 每个合格证持有人应当在每架航空器上携带航空器飞行记录本，以记录机械不 正常情况及修复或者延期修复的情况。 (b) 对于驾驶员在飞行时间内发现的机械不正常情况，机长应当确保将其记录在航 空器飞行记录本上。每次飞行前，机长应当对上次飞行结束时记录在航空器飞行记录本 上的每项机械不正常情况的当前状态作出判定。 (c) 每个对机体、动力装置、螺旋桨、旋翼或者设备方面的故障或者失效采取修复 或者延期修复措施的人员，应当按照本规则中相应的维修要求将所采取的措施记录在航 空器飞行记录本上。 (d) 合格证持有人应当建立一个在航空器上保存本条要求的、供相关人员使用的航 空器飞行记录本的程序，并且在本规则第 135.41 条要求的手册中包含这一程序。 第 135.67 条
报告潜在的危险气象条件和通信或者导航设施的不正常情况
驾驶员在飞行中一旦遇到潜在的危险气象条件或者发现某一地面通信或者导航设 施不正常，如果认为严重影响飞行的安全，则应当尽快通知空中交通管制部门。 第 135.69 条
紧急情况下有限制的继续或者中止飞行
(a) 在按照本规则实施飞行期间，如果合格证持有人或者机长了解到会影响运行安 全的实际情况(包括机场和跑道情况)，则应当根据情况对继续飞行加以限制或者中止飞 行，直至相关的情况得到改善。 (b) 除下列情况外，机长不得允许航空器在出现本条(a)款规定的情况时继续飞向 预计着陆机场： (1) 有足够的理由认定在预计到达计划着陆机场时，影响运行安全的实际情况将得 24
到消除； (2) 除飞向着陆机场外已经没有更为安全的方法。对于该种情况，继续飞向上述机 场将构成本规则第 135.39 条所规定的紧急状态。 第 135.71 条
适航检查
除非机长确认航空器已按照适用情况完成了所要求的维修工作，航空器处于适航状 态，否则不得开始飞行。对于合格证持有人规定由机长进行飞行前检查的情况，应当在 本规则第 135.41 条要求的手册中明确，并在训练大纲中增加相应的培训要求。 第 135.75 条
局方监察员进入驾驶舱的权利
(a) 局方监察员执行监察任务时，在向机长出示监察员证件后，机长应当允许其不 受阻碍地进入该航空器的驾驶舱。但本款并不限制机长在紧急情况下出于安全考虑拒绝 任何人进入驾驶舱的应急处置权。 (b) 在实施航线监察时，应当将驾驶舱内的向前观察员座位或者配有耳机或者话筒 的前排旅客座位提供给局方监察员使用。座位和耳机或者话筒的位置是否适合在航线检 查中使用由局方监察员确定。 第 135.77 条
运行控制责任
(a) 每个合格证持有人应当对运行控制负责，并且应当在本规则第 135.41 条要求 的手册中列出经合格证持有人批准实施运行控制的每个人的姓名和职务。 (b) 在合格证持有人的运行控制程序中，应当确定机长对航空器的放行所负有的责 任。 第 135.79 条
飞行定位要求
(a) 每个合格证持有人应当建立飞行定位程序，该程序： (1) 至少能够为合格证持有人提供 CCAR-91 部目视飞行规则飞行计划所要求的信 息； (2) 如果航空器失踪或者未能按照预达时间到达目的地且失去联系，能及时通知局 方或者相关搜寻救援机构； (3) 如果在无法保持与合格证持有人通信联络的地区实施飞行，该程序能提供重新 建立无线电或者电话通信联络的地点、日期和预计时间。 (b) 有关飞行定位资料应当存放在合格证持有人的主运营基地或者合格证持有人的 飞行定位程序中指定的其他地方，直至飞行结束。 (c) 除非在本规则要求的手册中已经包含了这一程序,合格证持有人应当将一份飞 行定位程序的副本(及其修订和增补)提供给局方。 第 135.81 条
为运行人员提供的航空信息资料
合格证持有人应当为其雇佣的相关人员提供运行规范中适用于该人员职能和责任 25
的信息，并且应当为每个驾驶员提供下列现行有效的资料： (a) 必需的航空信息资料，包括导航设备、机场灯光和目视助航设备、空域、空中 交通管制程序、应急程序、影响飞行安全的因素、航空图表等方面的信息，或者包含相 同信息的商业出版资料。 (b) 本规则和 CCAR-91 部相关部分。 (c) 航空器使用手册、航空器飞行手册或者等效资料。 (d) 对于国际飞行，相关运行和进入相关国家所适用的航行资料汇编，或者包含相 同信息的商业出版资料。 第 135.83 条
驾驶舱中必需配备的资料
(a) 合格证持有人应当为驾驶员提供下列资料，这些资料应当保持最新有效的状态， 以恰当、适用的形式编制，并且放置在驾驶员从其驾驶座位上易于取用的地方： (1) 驾驶舱检查单； (2) 对于多发航空器或者带可以收放起落架的航空器，按照适用情况包含本条(c) 款要求的程序的驾驶舱应急检查单； (3)驾驶员操作位置上一套相关的航空图表，目视飞行规则飞行应当包含航空地图； (4) 对于仪表飞行规则运行，驾驶员操作位置上一套适用的航路、终端区以及进近 图； (5) 对于多发航空器，一台发动机失效时的爬升性能数据，并且当航空器被批准用 于仪表飞行规则飞行或者云上飞行时，该数据应当足以让驾驶员判断是否满足本规则第 135.191 条(a)(2)款的规定。 (b) 本条(a)(1)款要求的驾驶舱检查单中应当按照以下各个阶段列出检查项目： (1) 开车前； (2) 起飞前； (3) 起飞后； (4) 着陆前； (5) 着陆后； (6) 关车。 (c) 本条(a)款第(2)项要求的驾驶舱应急检查单应当按照适用情况包含以下方面的 程序： (1) 对燃油、液压、电气和机械系统的应急操作； (2) 仪表和操纵系统的应急操作； (3) 发动机失效程序； (4) 其他保证安全所需的应急程序。
26
第 135.85 条 载运无需符合本规则旅客载运规定的人员 下列人员登机乘坐航空器可以不符合本规则第 135.105 条、第 135.111 条、第 135.115 条和第 135.129 条的旅客载运要求： (a) 机组成员或者合格证持有人的其他雇员。 (b) 在航空器上安全处置动物所必需的人员。 (c) 在航空器上安全处置危险物品所必需的人员。 (d) 按照中国政府的批准进行的在运送中作为保安或者仪仗人员的随行人员。 (e) 按照军方货物运输合同在此次运行中载运的军方相关人员。 (f) 经批准的实施航路检查的局方代表。 (g) 履行合格证持有人载货运行中相关职责的人员。 第 135.87 条 行李和货物的载运 合格证持有人载运货物和行李(包括手提行李)时，应当满足下列要求： (a) 装载在航空器内经批准的货架、货箱或者货舱内。 (b) 按照经批准的方式固定在航空器内。 (c) 以满足下列全部要求的方式装载在客舱内： (1) 对于货物，用安全带或者其他有足够强度的系留装置予以固定，在正常可以预 见的飞行与地面条件下不会产生移动；对于手提行李，进行系留以避免空中颠簸时发生 移动； (2) 进行包装或者封盖，以避免伤害乘客； (3) 不会对座椅或者地板结构施加超过载荷限制的力； (4) 不能放在妨碍通达或者使用应急出口和正常出口的位置，或者妨碍使用驾驶舱 和客舱之间过道的位置。也不得放在挡住旅客视线，使旅客无法见到“安全带”标牌、 “禁止吸烟”标牌或者任何要求的出口标牌的位置，除非有辅助的标牌或者其他经批准 的方法，能为旅客提供明确的提示； (5) 不能直接放置在就座乘客的正上方； (6) 对于某些在飞行过程中需要移动的物品，在起飞和着陆阶段也应当按照本条规 定进行存放； (7) 对于全货物运行，如果在发生紧急情况时，货物的装载能够保证至少有一个应 急或者正常出口供机上所有乘员顺利撤离航空器，则本条(c)款第(4)项的要求不适用。 (d) 在旅客座位下方安放行李时，应当有措施能保证在航空器受到碰撞所产生的极 限惯性力的作用下，所放行李不会发生滑动，该力是由航空器型号合格审定所依据的紧 急着陆条件规则确定的。 (e) 如果装载货物的货舱在设计上要求飞行机组成员在飞行中发生火灾时进入货舱 灭火，则货物的装载应当保证机组成员能够使用手提式灭火器将灭火剂喷射到货舱所有 27
部位。 第 135.89 条 驾驶员使用氧气的要求 (a) 非增压航空器的驾驶员在进行下列飞行时应当持续使用氧气： (1) 高度超过平均海平面高度 3000 米（10000 英尺）但不超过 3600 米（12000 英 尺），在这些高度上飞行超过 30 分钟后的飞行时间段； (2) 高度超过平均海平面高度 3600 米（12000 英尺）。 (b) 增压航空器： (1) 增压航空器在座舱气压高度大于平均海平面高度 3000 米（10000 英尺）时，每 个驾驶员应当遵守本条(a)款的要求； (2) 增压航空器在平均海平面高度 7600 米至 10600 米（25000 英尺至 35000 英尺） 的高度上运行时，每个驾驶员应当配备一个快速佩戴型的氧气面罩，否则应当满足下列 要求： (i) 至少一名处于操作位置的驾驶员应当佩戴氧气面罩，该面罩应当可靠地固定和 密封，并且始终处于供氧状态或者可以在座舱气压高度超过平均海平面高度 3600 米 （12000 英尺）时自动供氧； (ii) 飞行期间，在驾驶舱值勤的每位其他驾驶员应当拥有一个与氧气源相连接的 氧气面罩，该面罩放置在驾驶员能迅速戴至面部供其可靠、密封使用的位置。 第 135.91 条 旅客医用氧气 (a) 除本条(d)、(e)款规定的情况外，合格证持有人不得允许携带或者使用储存、 发生或者分配医用氧气的设备，除非所携带的装置在制造上可以保证所有阀门、接头和 仪表在携带和使用的过程中不会损坏，并且满足下列要求： (1) 该设备应当： (i) 由乘客携带该设备时，合格证持有人应当确认其满足我国或者运行所在国关于 该设备制造、包装、标记、标签和维修方面的要求； (ii) 由合格证持有人配置该设备时，该设备应当符合我国关于其制造、包装、标 记、标签和维修方面的要求，并且按照合格证持有人经批准的维修方案进行维护； (iii) 所有外表面无可燃污染物； (iv) 被恰当固定。 (2) 当氧气以液态形式储存时，从购入新设备之日起或者从储存容器最后一次被清 洗之日起，该设备应当已经按照合格证持有人经批准的维修方案进行维修； (3) 当氧气以国家的相应标准所定义的压缩气体形式储存时，应当满足下列要求： (i) 当合格证持有人拥有该设备时，应当按照合格证持有人经批准的维修方案维修； (ii) 氧气瓶中的压力不得超过氧气瓶的额定压力。 (4) 在航空器上携带该设备时或者准备使用该设备时，应当通知航空器的机长； 28
(5) 应当存放好该设备，并且使用该设备的人员应当在座位上就座，以便不妨碍接 近和使用所需的任何应急出口、正常出口或者客舱中的过道。 (b) 任何人不得、合格证持有人也不得允许任何人在距离按照本条(a)款载运的氧 气储存和分配设备 3 米（10 英尺）的范围内吸烟或者用火。 (c) 在航空器上载有旅客时，除了在使用医用氧气方面受过训练的人员外，合格证 持有人不得允许任何人连接或者拆卸氧气瓶或者其他附属部件。 (d) 在紧急医疗事件中由于没有其他合理可用的运输方法而参加医疗飞行的航空 器，如果该次飞行所运送的人员由一名在医用氧气方面受过训练的人员陪同，则对于航 空器上载运的由专业或者医疗急救机构提供的氧气设备，本条(a)款第(1)项第(i)目不 适用。 (e) 根据本条(d)款规定偏离本条(a)款第(1)项第(i)目规定的合格证持有人参加应 急医疗飞行，应当在作出偏离行动后 10 个工作日内向其合格证主管机构提交一份关于 偏离所涉及运行的完整报告，在报告中包括对偏离行动的描述和偏离的原因。 第 135.93 条 自动驾驶仪的最低使用高度 (a) 除本条(b)、(c)、(d)和(e)款规定的情况外，在离地高度低于航空器飞行手册 或者等效文件中注明的自动驾驶仪失效时最大高度损失值的 2 倍，或者低于 150 米（500 英尺）（取两者之中较高者）时，任何人不得使用自动驾驶仪。 (b) 如使用仪表着陆系统（ILS）之外的仪表进近设施，当离地高度低于为该程序 所批准的最低下降高度之下 15 米（50 英尺），或者低于经批准的航空器飞行手册或者等 效文件中对进近状态下自动驾驶仪失效时所规定的最大高度损失值的 2 倍(取两者之中 较高者)时，任何人不得使用自动驾驶仪。 (c) 对于仪表着陆系统（ILS）进近，如果报告的天气条件低于 CCAR-91 部第 91.155 条所规定的基本目视飞行规则最低天气标准，则当离地高度低于 15 米（50 英尺），或者 低于经批准的航空器飞行手册或者等效文件中对带进近耦合器的自动驾驶仪失效所规 定最大高度损失值(取两者之中较高者)时，任何人不得使用带进近耦合器的自动驾驶 仪。 (d) 尽管有本条(a)、(b)或者(c)款的规定，如果满足下列要求，局方仍可以颁发 运行规范，批准使用经批准的带自动驾驶能力的飞行控制引导系统进近至接地： (1) 航空器飞行手册或者等效文件中没有载明该系统在自动驾驶仪失效时有任何高 度损失值； (2) 局方发现使用该系统进近至接地不会对本条的安全标准带来其他不利影响。 (e) 尽管有本条(a)款的规定，如果满足下列要求，局方仍可以颁发运行规范，批 准在飞行的起飞和初始爬升阶段使用经批准的带自动驾驶能力的自动驾驶仪系统： (1) 航空器飞行手册中规定了经审定的最低接通高度限制； 29
(2) 在到达航空器飞行手册中规定的最低接通高度限值或者局方规定的高度(两者 取高者)之前，不接通该系统； (3) 局方发现使用该系统不会对本条要求的安全标准带来其他不利影响。 (f) 本条不适用于旋翼机的运行。 第 135.95 条 航空人员的条件 合格证持有人在完成那些应当由持有执照的航空人员实施的工作时，所使用的航空 人员应当满足下列条件： (a) 持有适合的现行有效的航空人员执照。 (b) 满足中国民用航空规章中适用的资格要求，能够胜任所从事的工作。 第 135.97 条 用于满足近期飞行经历的航空器和设施 合格证持有人应当提供航空器和设施，使每个驾驶员满足近期飞行经历要求，持续 保持其熟练水平，并可以用于演示以证实驾驶员可以胜任所有被批准参加的运行。 第 135.99 条 飞行机组成员的组成 在合格证持有人运行的航空器上所配备的飞行机组成员，应当符合航空器操作限制 或者航空器飞行手册中的机组配备规定，以及本规则对所实施运行类型的机组配备规 定。 第 135.101 条 飞行机组成员的值勤要求 (a) 在飞行的关键阶段，合格证持有人不得要求飞行机组成员完成航空器安全运行 所必需的工作之外的任何其他工作，飞行机组任何成员也不得承担这些工作。预定厨房 供应品，确认旅客的衔接航班，对旅客进行合格证持有人的广告宣传、介绍风景名胜和 其他与安全无关的广播，填写与运行无关的公司报告表、记录表等工作都不是航空器安 全运行所必需的工作。 (b) 在飞行的关键阶段，飞行机组成员不得从事可能分散飞行机组其他成员工作精 力，或者可能干扰其他成员正确完成这些工作的活动，机长也不得允许其从事此种活动。 这些活动包括进餐、在驾驶舱无关紧要的交谈、在驾驶舱和客舱乘务员之间无关紧要的 通话、阅读与正常飞行无关的刊物等。 (c) 在本条中，飞行关键阶段是指滑行、起飞、着陆和除巡航飞行以外在 3000 米 (10000 英尺)以下的飞行阶段。 第 135.103 条 仪表飞行规则（IFR）运行中要求配备的副驾驶 (a) 除本条(b)款规定的情况外，在根据仪表飞行规则（IFR）实施载客运行的航空 器上，应当配备一名副驾驶。 (b) 除按照本规则第 135.99 条和第 135.109 条的规定配备副驾驶的情况外，当航 空器装备有经批准的自动驾驶仪系统并且相应的运行规范中也已批准使用该系统时，可 30
以偏离本条(a)款的要求，无需配备副驾驶。但是，在此种情况下担任机长的驾驶员， 应当在该厂家和型号的航空器上具有至少 100 小时的机长飞行时间。合格证持有人申请 使用自动驾驶仪系统代替副驾驶,应当向局方申请颁发相应的运行规范条款。如果满足 下列条件，局方可以批准其使用自动驾驶仪代替副驾驶： (1) 该自动驾驶仪能够操纵航空器来保持飞行和进行绕三轴旋转的机动飞行； (2) 合格证持有人经演示证明，机长能够在合理的工作负荷下完成所有职责，使用 自动驾驶仪的运行能够安全实施，符合本规则所有的运行要求； (3) 相应的运行规范条款中包含了局方认为出于安全考虑所需规定的使用自动驾驶 仪的条件和限制。 第 135.105 条
客舱乘务员要求
合格证持有人运行旅客座位数(不含驾驶员座位)超过 19 座的航空器，应当配备一 名客舱乘务员。 第 135.107 条 机长或者副驾驶的指派要求 (a) 合格证持有人在按照本规则运行时，应当满足下列要求： (1) 为每次飞行指派一名机长； (2) 为每次需要两名驾驶员的飞行，指派一名副驾驶。 (b) 航空器的机长应当按照合格证持有人的指派，在该次飞行的所有时间内承担机 长职责。 第 135.109 条 II 类运行中要求的副驾驶 合格证持有人使用航空器实施 II 类运行时，应当指派一名副驾驶。 第 135.111 条 旅客占用驾驶员座位 如果合格证持有人所用航空器的旅客座位数(不包含驾驶员座位)不超过 8 座，并且 按照本规则规定允许其使用一名驾驶员实施运行，则可以允许机长、副驾驶、合格证持 有人的航空检查人员和局方监察员以外的人员占用空置的驾驶员座位。 第 135.113 条 操纵装置的控制 除符合下列规定的人员外，机长不得允许任何人员在按照本规则实施的飞行中操作 航空器的操纵装置，任何人员也不得在这些飞行中操作航空器的操纵装置： (a) 合格证持有人雇佣的对该航空器具备资格的驾驶员。 (b) 经局方批准的监察员或者委任代表，该监察员或者委任代表合格于操作该航空 器，正在进行飞行检查工作，并且得到了机长的许可。 第 135.115 条 飞行前对旅客的简介 (a) 在每次起飞前，载客航空器的机长应当保证所有旅客得到下述方面的口头简介： 31
(1) 吸烟。每位旅客应当得到何时、何处和在何种情况下禁止吸烟的简介。该简介 应当包含如下申明：中国民用航空规章要求旅客遵守点亮的旅客信息灯、出示的标牌和 因安全目的指定的禁烟区的指令，并听从机组成员的相关指令。简介还应当包括关于现 行法规禁止摆弄、损伤和毁坏航空器厕所(如该航空器装有厕所的话)内安装的烟雾探测 器，禁止在厕所内吸烟，以及适用时，禁止在客舱内吸烟的规定； (2) 安全带的使用，包括系紧和松开安全带的方法，以及在何时、何地和何种情况 下应当系紧安全带。该简介应当包括如下申明：中国民用航空规章要求旅客遵守点亮的 旅客信息灯给出的指令，并听从机组成员关于使用安全带的相关指令； (3) 在起飞和降落前调直椅背； (4) 乘客登机门和紧急出口的位置和打开方法； (5) 救生设备的位置； (6) 如果本次飞行涉及延伸跨水运行，所需漂浮装置的使用和迫降程序； (7) 如果该次飞行涉及平均海平面高度 3600 米(12000 英尺)以上的运行，氧气的正 常和应急使用方法； (8) 手提灭火器的位置和使用方法。 (b) 在每次起飞之前，机长应当确保每位在紧急情况下需要别人帮助才能迅速撤至 出口的人员和该人员的护理人员(如有)都得到了简介，被告知在发生紧急情况时撤离航 空器的程序。本款不适用于那些在该架航空器的上一航程飞行中已接受此简介的人员。 (c) 本条(a)款要求的口头简介应当由机长或者其他机组成员作出。 (d) 尽管有本条(c)款的规定，对于经审定可以载运不超过 19 名旅客的航空器，本 条(a)款要求的口头简介可以由机长、一名机组成员或者合格证持有人指定的合格人员 作出。 (e) 合格证持有人应当将本条(a)款要求的口头简介的内容印制在卡片上，卡片上 的文字说明应当至少包括中文。这些卡片应当放置在航空器上每位乘客便于取用阅读的 地方。卡片上不得印有任何广告，卡片的制作应当满足下列要求： (1) 适用于使用该卡片的航空器； (2) 包括紧急出口的示意图和使用方法； (3) 包括使用机上应急设备所必需的其他指令。 (f) 本条(a)款要求的简介可以用经批准的录音播放装置播放，应当使每位旅客在 正常噪音水平环境下能清晰地听到。 第 135.117 条 禁止载运武器 在合格证持有人所运行的航空器上的任何人员不得以隐秘或者公开的方式在机上 放置或者随身携带武器。按照国家规定被批准携带武器的人员除外。
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第 135.119 条 禁止干扰机组成员 任何人员不得在按照本规则运行的航空器上攻击、胁迫、威胁或者干扰履行机组职 责的机组成员。 第 135.121 条 酒精饮料 (a) 除合格证持有人所供应的含酒精饮料外，任何人不得在航空器上饮用其他含酒 精饮料。 (b) 对于航空器上显示出醉酒状态的人员，合格证持有人不得再为其提供任何含酒 精饮料。 (c) 对于显示出醉酒状态的人员，合格证持有人不得允许其登机。 第 135.123 条 航空器在地面移动、起飞和着陆期间食品、饮料和旅客服务设施的存放 (a)当处于下列情形之一时，合格证持有人不得使航空器在地面移动、起飞或者着 陆： (1)当旅客座位上放有由合格证持有人提供的食品、饮料或者餐具时； (2)在每个旅客的食品与饮料盘和每个椅背餐桌均被固定在其收藏位置之前； (3)在每个旅客服务车被固定在其收藏位置之前。 (b)每个旅客应当遵守机组成员按照本条给出的指令。 第 135.125 条 紧急情况和应急撤离职责 (a) 对于每一型号的航空器，合格证持有人应当为每一机组必需成员指派其在紧急 情况下或者需要应急撤离的情况下应当履行的职责。合格证持有人应当保证完成这些任 务是现实可行的，并且考虑到了任何有理由预见到的紧急情况的处理，包括个别机组成 员可能丧失工作能力，或者在客货混装的航空器上，由于货物的移动机组成员不能到达 客舱这样的紧急情况。 (b) 合格证持有人应当将本条(a)款要求的每类机组必需成员的职责规定在本规则 第 135.41 条所要求的手册中。 第 135.127 条 航空器保安 按照本规则实施运行的合格证持有人应当符合相应中国民用航空保安要求。 第 135.129 条 旅客告示 (a) 航空器在地面作任何移动，以及每次起飞、着陆和机长认为必要的其他任何时 间，“系好安全带”信号应当接通。 (b) 当“系好安全带”信号亮时，每位旅客应当系好旅客座椅安全带并保持系好状 态。 (c) 航空器在禁止吸烟的飞行航段上运行时，应当使“禁止吸烟”的告示信号灯常 亮，或者在该飞行航段上出示一个或者几个“禁止吸烟”的标牌。若同时使用灯光信号 33
及标牌，则灯光信号在整个飞行航段上应当保持常亮。 (d) 乘坐航空器的旅客应当遵守下列规定： (1) 不得在“禁止吸烟”信号灯亮时或者“禁止吸烟”标牌出示时吸烟； (2) 不得在航空器厕所中吸烟； (3) 不得损害或者破坏航空器厕所中安装的烟雾探测器。 (e) 当航空器在地面作任何移动，在每次起飞、着陆和机长认为必要的其他任何时 间内，应当接通“禁止吸烟”信号。 (f) 每个旅客应当遵守机组成员为符合本条(c)款和(d)款第(1)、(2)项要求而发出 的指令。 第 135.131 条 安全带和儿童限制装置的使用 (a) 在航空器于地面移动、起飞和着陆期间，按照本规则运行的航空器上的每个乘 员均应当在经批准的座椅就座，并用单独的安全带适当系好。对于水上航空器和安装有 浮筒的旋翼机在地表移动期间，将水上航空器或者旋翼机推离码头或者将其系留在码头 的人员无需满足前述座位和安全带要求。对于儿童可以使用下列方法： (1) 2 周岁以下的儿童可以由占有经批准座椅的成年人抱着； (2) 儿童可以乘坐在航空器上安全使用的儿童限制装置内，该装置可以由合格证持 有人装备，也可以由该儿童的父母、监护人或者经该儿童父母、监护人指定在飞行中照 料其安全的护理人员携带。儿童限制装置应当带有表明其安全性的标签。 (b) 如果儿童的父母、监护人或者指定的护理人员请求让该儿童乘坐他们提供的儿 童限制装置，当该儿童持有经批准座位的机票，或者这种座位能够由合格证持有人提供 给该儿童使用，并且本条(a)款第(2)项中的要求能够满足，则该合格证持有人不得拒绝 该儿童乘坐航空器。本条并不阻止合格证持有人提供儿童限制装置，也不阻止合格证持 有人遵循安全操作常规，为儿童限制装置确定最适合的旅客座椅位置。 (c) 只有每一旅客座椅的椅背处于竖立位置，合格证持有人方可使航空器起飞或者 着陆。每个旅客应当遵守机组成员依照本款发出的指令。但下列两种情况除外： (1) 为使主通道至出口的通道不受座椅靠背的妨碍而让其处于非竖立位置的情况； (2) 根据合格证持有人的手册中规定的程序，在座位上载有货物或者坐有由于健康 方面的原因不能竖直就坐的人的座椅，但其椅背不得妨碍任何旅客走向通道或者任一应 急出口。 (d) 要求装备组合式安全带和肩带装置的座椅上的每个乘员，在起飞和着陆过程中 都应当用这种组合式安全带和肩带装置将乘员恰当扣紧，但在履行其正常职责需要时， 可以松开肩带。 (e) 在每个无人乘坐的座椅上，若装有安全带和肩带装置，则应当将其固定好，使 其不妨碍机组成员执行任务或者妨碍应急情况下人员的迅速撤离。 34
第 135.133 条 出口座位安排 (a) 适用性。本条适用于合格证持有人按照本规则实施的旅客座位数 10 座(含)以 上的航空器的定期载客运行和旅客座位数 20 座(含)以上的航空器的非定期载客运行。 (b) 合格证持有人应当根据坐在出口座位的旅客应当具备的能力，安排或者调整旅 客座位并履行下列职责： (1) 确定其机群中每一种旅客座位布局的出口座位； (2) 在其实施旅客运营的机场旅客登机处或者确定旅客座位处，将所制定的有关出 口座位旅客安排的规定提供给公众，供公众监督检查； (3) 在滑行或者推航空器前，至少有一名机组必需成员已经核实没有不具备能力的 旅客坐在出口座位处； (4) 提示在出口座位就座的旅客阅读为其专备的出口座位旅客须知卡并进行自我对 照，该卡中应当包含就座于出口座位的旅客应当具备的能力、不宜在出口座位就座的情 况、可以要求调换座位的情况以及服从机组成员安排和调整座位的义务； (5) 在其运行手册中规定下列内容： (i) 在机上安排或者调整旅客座位的人员； (ii) 安排或者调整座位、核实出口座位就座情况的程序； (iii) 在机场向公众提供信息和在机上向出口座位旅客提供出口座位旅客须知卡的 内容。 (6) 本款第(5)项所述运行手册中规定的内容得到局方批准。 (c) 前款中的用语按照下列规定： (1) 出口座位是指旅客从该座位可以不绕过障碍物直接到达出口的座位和旅客从离 出口最近的过道到达出口必经的成排座位中的每个座位； (2) 在出口座位就座的旅客应当具备的能力是指完成下列职责的能力： (i) 确定应急出口的位置； (ii) 认出应急出口开启机构； (iii) 理解操作应急出口的指示； (iv) 操作应急出口； (v) 评估打开应急出口是否会增加由于暴露旅客而带来的伤害； (vi) 遵循机组成员给予的口头指示或者手势； (vii) 收藏或者固定应急出口门，以便不妨碍使用该出口； (viii) 评估滑梯的状况，操作滑梯，并在其展开后稳定住滑梯，协助他人从滑梯 离开； (ix) 迅速地经应急出口通过； (x) 评估、选择和沿着安全路线从应急出口离开。 35
(3) 不宜在出口座位就座的情况是指机组成员确认旅客可能由于下述原因不具备本 款第(2)项所列的应当具备的一项或者多项能力： (i) 该人的两臂、双手和双腿缺乏足够的运动功能、体力或者灵活性导致下列能力 缺陷： (A) 向上、向下和向两侧达不到应急出口位置和应急滑梯操纵机构； (B) 不能握住并推、拉、转动或者不能操作应急出口操纵机构； (C) 不能推、撞、拉应急出口舱门操纵机构或者不能打开应急出口； (D) 不能把与机翼上方出口窗门的尺寸和重量相似的东西提起、握住、放在旁边的 座椅上，或者把它越过椅背搬到下一排去； (E) 不能搬动在尺寸和重量上与机翼上方出口门相似的障碍物； (F) 不能迅速地到达应急出口； (G) 当移动障碍物时不能保持平衡； (H) 不能迅速走出出口； (I) 在滑梯展开后不能稳定该滑梯； (J) 不能帮助他人用滑梯离开。 (ii)该人不足 15 岁，或者如没有陪伴的成年人、父母、或者其他亲属的协助，缺 乏履行本款第(2)项所列出的一项或者多项能力； (iii)该人缺乏阅读和理解本条要求的、由合格证持有人用文字或者图表形式提供 的有关应急撤离指示的能力，或者缺乏理解机组口头命令的能力； (iv)该人在没有隐形眼镜或者普通眼镜以外的视觉器材帮助时，缺乏足够的视觉能 力导致缺乏本款第(2)项列出的一项和多项能力； (v)该人在没有助听器以外的帮助时，缺乏足够的听觉能力听取和理解客舱乘务员 的大声指示； (vi)该人缺乏足够的能力将信息口头传达给其他旅客； (vii)该人具有可能妨碍其履行本款第(2)项所列的一项或者多项适用功能的情况 或者职责，例如要照料幼小的孩子，或者履行前述功能可能会使其本人受到伤害。 (4) 可以要求调换座位的情况是指在出口座位就座的旅客，按照出口座位旅客须知 卡或者按照机组成员向旅客进行的简介进行自我对照，有下列情形之一时可以向机组成 员提出调换座位的情况： (i) 属于不宜在出口座位就座的情况的； (ii) 不能确定自己是否具备应当具备的能力的； (iii) 为了履行出口座位处的功能有可能伤害其身体的； (iv) 不能履行出口座位处可能要求其履行的职责的； (v) 由于语言、理解等原因，不能理解出口座位旅客须知卡内容和机组成员讲解内 容的。 36
(d)依据本条，如果确定被安排在出口座位上的旅客很可能没有能力履行本条(b)款 第(2)项所列的功能，或者旅客自己要求不坐在出口座位，合格证持有人应当立即将该 旅客重新安排在非出口座位位置。在非出口座位已满员的情况下，如果需要将一位旅客 从出口座位调出，合格证持有人应当将一位愿意并能够完成应急撤离功能的旅客，调到 出口座位上。在出口座位就座的旅客要求更换座位时，机组成员不得要求其讲出理由。 (e) 合格证持有人可以按照本条规定，仅凭下列原因而拒绝运送该旅客： (1) 该旅客拒绝遵守合格证持有人机组成员或者经授权的其他雇员发出的、执行按 照本条制定的出口座位限制的指示； (2) 由于身体残疾，适合于该人残障的唯一座位是出口座位。 (f) 每位旅客应当遵守合格证持有人的机组成员或者经授权的其他雇员所给予的执 行按照本条制定的出口座位限制的指示。 第 135.135 条 旋翼机水上平台运行 按照本规则进行水上平台飞行运行的旋翼机运营人和驾驶员应当遵守本规则附件 E 旋翼机水上平台运行要求中的规定。
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C 章 航空器与设备 第 135.141 条 适用范围 本章规定了按照本规则运行的航空器和设备的要求。本章的要求是 CCAR-91 部的航 空器和设备要求的补充要求，但是，本规则不要求重复安装所要求的任何设备。 第 135.143 条 一般要求 (a) 按照本规则运行的航空器及其设备应当满足中国民用航空规章的适用要求。 (b) 除本规则第 135.187 条规定的情况外，要求在航空器上安装的仪表和设备应当 经过批准并且处于可工作状态，否则不得按照本规则运行该航空器。 (c) 按照 CCAR-91 部第 91.413 条规定需安装的空中交通管制应答机设备，应当满 足 CTSO-74C（C 模式）或者 CTSO-C112（S 模式）相应技术标准规定的性能和环境要求。 第 135.145 条 便携式电子设备 (a) 从航空器为开始飞行而滑行起，直到航空器着陆后安全脱离跑道时为止，任何 机上乘员不得开启和使用，合格证持有人或者机长也不得允许其开启和使用任何具有主 动发射无线电信号功能的便携式电子设备，这些电子设备包括： (1) 移动电话； (2) 对讲机； (3) 遥控玩具和其他带遥控装置的电子设备； (4) 合格证持有人确定会干扰航空器安全运行的其它便携式电子设备。 (b) 除(a)款规定的外，合格证持有人确定在机上使用不会影响航空器通讯和导航 系统正常工作的便携式电子设备，可以在巡航飞行阶段使用，但是在航空器起飞、爬升、 下降、进近、着陆等飞行关键阶段不得使用。 (c) 在航空器运行期间，当机组成员发现机上乘员打开了或者正在使用可能干扰航 空器安全运行的便携式电子设备，或者飞行机组成员发现存在电子干扰并怀疑该干扰可 能来自机上乘员所携带的便携式电子设备时，机组成员应当要求携带人立即关闭这些便 携式电子设备的电源。 (d) 本条(a)款第(4)项和(b)款所述的便携式电子设备应当由合格证持有人确定。 第 135.146 条 应急定位发射机 按照本规则实施运行的航空器应当按照下述规定安装应急定位发射机： (a) 实施延伸跨水运行的飞机应当至少安装两个经批准的应急定位发射机，且其中 38
一个必须是自动触发工作的。 (b) 在无人地带或者搜索、救援比较困难的地区实施运行的飞机或者旋翼机应当至 少安装一个经批准的自动触发工作的应急定位发射机。 (c) 对于按照本规则实施跨水运行的旋翼机，在临界动力装置失效的情况下，如果 距岸边的距离超过旋翼机的规定性能，旋翼机无法实施安全着陆或者迫降，则其上应当 至少配备两个经批准的应急定位发射机，其中一个应急定位发射机必须是自动触发工作 的，另一个非自动触发工作的应急定位发射机必须安装在救生阀内。 (d) 上述(a)款中所要求的两个应急定位发射机中另一个非自动触发工作的应急定 位发射机可以是安装在救生阀或者其他设备内的。 第 135.147 条 航空器验证试飞 (a) 对于涡喷飞机或者按照型号合格审定程序要求在目视飞行规则（VFR）下配备 两名驾驶员的航空器，如果该航空器或者相同制造和类似设计的航空器先前未按照本规 则或者 CCAR-121 部实施运行，则除了该航空器的审定试飞外，合格证持有人还应当至 少实施局方可以接受的 25 小时验证试飞，包括： (1) 如果批准进行夜间飞行，至少 5 小时夜航时间； (2) 如果批准实施仪表飞行规则（IFR）飞行，在模拟或者实际的仪表天气条件下 至少 5 次仪表进近程序飞行； (3) 进入一定数量的局方确定的有代表性的航路和机场。 (b) 任何合格证持有人不得在验证试飞的航空器上载运旅客，但可以载运那些实施 试飞所必需的人员以及局方指定的观察试飞的人员。可以在验证试飞的同时实施驾驶员 训练飞行。 (c) 对于本条(a)款，如果经过下列改装，则不认为航空器具有类似设计： (1) 所安装的动力装置与航空器合格审定时所装的动力装置型号不具相似性； (2) 航空器或者其部件的重大改装影响了飞行特性。 (d) 如果局方认为存在特殊情况，无需完全符合本条的要求，局方可以批准合格证 持有人对本条的偏离。 第 135.149 条 要求双套操纵装置 对于在运行中要求两名驾驶员操作的航空器，应当装备可以使用的双套操纵装置。 但是，对于型号审定只要求一名驾驶员的航空器，可以使用转移驾驶盘替代两套驾驶盘。 第 135.151 条 设备的基本要求 按照本规则实施运行的航空器应当安装下列设备： (a) 一个可以调节气压基准的灵敏气压高度表。 (b) 对每一个汽化器的加温或者除冰设备，或者对于压力汽化器，一个备用气源。 39
(c) 对于涡喷飞机，除供在驾驶员位置使用的两套陀螺坡度－俯仰显示仪（人工地 平仪）外，还应当按照下列要求安装第三台指示器： (1)由独立于飞机正常发电系统的应急备用电源供电； (2)在正常发电系统全部失效之后至少能继续可靠地工作 30 分钟； (3)不依赖任何其他姿态指示系统而独立工作； (4)在正常发电系统全部失效之后无需选择就能工作； (5)位于仪表板局方认可的位置上，使得任一驾驶员在其工作位置上即能清楚地看 见并使用； (6)在使用的所有阶段均有适当照明。 (d) 对于涡轮发动机驱动的航空器，局方要求的任何其它设备。 第 135.153 条 旅客广播和机组内话系统 按照本规则实施运行的旅客座位数量（不包括任何驾驶员座位）超过 19 座的航空 器应当安装有满足下列要求的设备： (a) 满足下列要求的旅客广播系统： (1) 除手持式送受话器、头戴式送受话器、麦克风、选择器开关和信号装置外，能 够不依赖于本条(b)款所要求的机组内话系统而独立工作； (2) 按照 CCAR-21 部的相关规定获得批准； (3) 能从驾驶舱中机长、副驾驶位置处立即获取使用； (4) 对于每一个要求的、地板高度旅客应急出口，如果有临近的客舱乘务员座位， 则该处应当安装可以供在该处就坐的客舱乘务员易于取用的麦克风。当出口间的距离允 许就坐的客舱乘务员之间进行无障碍口头通讯，一个麦克风可以用于多个出口； (5) 客舱中可以使用该系统的每一位置上的客舱乘务员能在 10 秒之内使用该系统； (6) 广播语音应当使所有旅客座位、厕所和客舱乘务员座位和工作位置处的人员听 到； (7) 对于运输类飞机,应当满足 CCAR-25 部第 25.1423 条的要求。 (b) 机组内话系统，应当满足下列要求： (1) 除手持式送受话器、头戴式送受话器、麦克风、选择器开关和信号设备外，能 够不依赖于本条(a)款所要求的旅客广播系统而独立工作； (2) 按照 CCAR-21 部的相关规定获得批准； (3) 提供驾驶舱与下列各处的双向通讯： (i) 每一客舱； (ii) 除位于主客舱地板高度外的每一厨房。 (4) 能从驾驶舱中机长、副驾驶位置立即获取使用； (5) 每一客舱中至少能从一个正常客舱乘务员位置获取使用； 40
(6) 客舱中可以使用该系统的每一位置上的客舱乘务员能在 10 秒之内使用该系统； (7) 对于大型涡喷飞机： (i) 能从足够多的客舱乘务员位置上获取使用，使得从一个或者多个这些位置上能 观察到每一客舱所有地板高度的应急出口（或者出口位于厨房内的情况下到这些出口的 通道）； (ii) 具有一个带音频或者视觉信号的、供飞行机组成员提醒客舱乘务员和客舱乘 务员提醒飞行机组成员使用的提示装置；该装置具有使呼叫接受者能识别是正常呼叫还 是紧急呼叫的功能。 (8) 当飞机在地面时，提供地面人员和驾驶舱飞行机组成员之间的双向通讯。供地 面人员使用的机内通话系统位置应当使得从飞机内看不到使用该系统的人员。 第 135.155 条 飞行数据记录器 (a) 按照本规则运行的航空器应当按照 CCAR-91 部第 91.509 条的要求装备经批准 的飞行数据记录器，并且该记录器从使用检查单开始（为飞行而起动发动机之前），到 飞行结束完成最后检查单止始终连续工作。 (b) 合格证持有人应当为其按照本规则运行的航空器分别安装一台独立的飞行数据 记录器和一台独立的驾驶舱舱音记录器，或者选择装备两台组合式记录器(包括飞行数 据记录器和驾驶舱舱音记录器)。 (c) 合格证持有人应当按照 CCAR-91 部第 91.509 条的要求使用、检查或者评估上 述要求的飞行数据记录器和驾驶舱舱音记录器，遵守规定的运行限制，并按照规定保存 飞行记录器和驾驶舱舱音记录器的原始信息。 第 135.157 条 驾驶舱话音记录器 按照本规则实施运行的飞机和旋翼机，应当安装满足下述有关话音记录器的要求： (a) 按照本规则实施运行的飞机应当按照 CCAR-91 部第 91.509 条的要求安装飞行 记录器。 (b) 除本条(a)款的规定外， 1987 年 1 月 1 日前，所有首次颁发适航证的最大审定 起飞重量超过 7000 千克的旋翼机应当安装经批准的驾驶舱话音记录器，以记录飞行中 驾驶舱内的声音环境。 (c) 按照本规则实施运行的乘客座位数超过 6 人并且型号审定规定或者运行规定要 求两名驾驶员的涡轮发动机为动力飞机或者旋翼机，还应当根据适用情况配备符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1457 条、CCAR-25 部第 25.1457 条、CCAR-27 部第 27.1457 条或者 CCAR-29 部第 29.1457 条要求的话音记录器。 (d)在外壳上或者靠近外壳处有经批准的水下定位装置，该装置的固定方式应当保 证在发生坠毁撞击时不易分离，除非该驾驶舱话音记录器和 CCAR-121 部第 121.343 条 要求的飞行数据记录器相互靠近安装，在发生坠毁撞击时它们不易分离。 41
(e)为遵守本条要求，可以使用具有抹音特性的经批准的驾驶舱话音记录器，这样， 在录音工作过程中，可以随时抹掉或者用其它方法消除所记录内容，但应当满足 CCAR-91 部第 91.509 条(a)款第(2)项第(iii)和(iv)目的记录要求。 第 135.159 条 近地警告系统 (a) 按照本规则实施运行的最大审定起飞重量超过 5700 千克或者批准旅客座位数 （不含任何驾驶员座位）为 10 座（含）以上的涡轮发动机飞机应当装备有经批准的近 地警告系统。 (b) 对于本条所要求的系统，飞机飞行手册应当： (1) 包含下列适当的程序： (i) 设备的使用； (ii) 飞行机组人员对该设备所发警告的恰当反应； (iii) 计划的非正常和应急情况下使设备停止工作。 (2) 列出应当工作的所有输入源。 (c) 除飞机飞行手册中的程序规定的外，任何人不得使本条所要求的系统停止工作。 (d) 凡使本条所要求的系统停止工作时，应当在飞机飞行记录本中记录停止系统工 作的日期和时间。 (e) 按照本规则第 135.161 条安装了地形提示和警告系统（TAWS）的飞机，无需再 安装本条要求的近地警告系统。 第 135.161 条 地形提示和警告系统（TAWS） (a)除经局方批准外，按照本规则实施运行的飞机应当按照下列要求安装经批准的 地形提示和警告系统(TAWS)： (1)2004 年 1 月 1 日后首次在中国注册的最大审定起飞重量超过 5700 千克或者批准 旅客座位数超过 9 座的涡轮发动机飞机，应当安装经批准的 A 类 TAWS 系统； (2)所有最大审定起飞重量超过 15,000 千克的涡轮发动机飞机，应当安装经批准的 A 类 TAWS 系统； (3)从 2007 年 1 月 1 日起，所有最大审定起飞重量超过 5,700 公斤或者批准旅客座 位数超过 9 座的涡轮发动机飞机，应当安装经批准的 A 类 TAWS 系统。 (b)飞机的 TAWS 系统及其安装应满足相关的适航要求。 (c)飞机的飞行手册中应当包含下述程序： (1) 地形提示和警告系统（TAWS）的操作与使用； (2) 对于地形提示和警告系统（TAWS）的音频和视频警告，飞行机组的正确应对措 施。
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第 135.163 条 载客航空器的灭火瓶要求 按照本规则实施载客运行的航空器，应当按照下列要求装备经批准型号的手提灭火 瓶供在驾驶舱和客舱中使用： (a) 灭火剂的型号和数量应当适合于可能发生的火情种类。 (b) 在驾驶舱中合适之处至少配备一个手提灭火瓶供飞行机组使用。 (c) 旅客座位数量（不含任何驾驶员座位）超过 9 座以上的每一航空器的客舱中方 便之处至少配备一个手提灭火瓶。 第 135.165 条 氧气设备要求 (a) 按照本规则运行的非增压航空器，应当配备充足的氧气分配器和氧气，在下述 不同高度飞行时按照本规则第 135.89 条(a)款的规定为驾驶员配备氧气，并按照下列要 求为机上乘员配备氧气： (1) 在 3000 米（10000 英尺）到 4600 米（15000 英尺）平均海平面高度飞行超过 30 分钟以后的那部分飞行时间内，向航空器上除驾驶员以外至少 10％的其他乘员提供 氧气； (2) 在 4600 米（15000 英尺）平均海平面高度以上飞行时，向航空器上除驾驶员以 外的其他所有乘员提供氧气。 (b) 按照本规则运行的增压航空器，应当满足下列要求： (1) 在 7600 米（25000 英尺）平均海平面高度以上飞行，向航空器上除驾驶员以外 的其他所有乘员提供 10 分钟补充用氧，以供客舱失压需要下降时使用； (2) 航空器应当配备有充足的氧气分配器和氧气，使得在客舱压力高度超过 3000 米（10000 英尺）平均海平面高度时能符合本条(a)款的规定，以及当客舱增压失效时， 能为每位驾驶员提供本规则第 135.89 条(a)款规定的氧气或者为每位驾驶员供氧 2 小时 （取两者中较大值），并且在下述飞行时为机上其他乘员提供氧气： (i) 在 3000 米（10000 英尺）到 4600 米（15000 英尺）平均海平面高度飞行超过 30 分钟以后的那部分飞行时间内，向航空器上除驾驶员以外至少 10％的其他乘员提供 氧气； (ii) 在 4600 米（15000 英尺）平均海平面高度以上飞行时，向航空器上除驾驶员 以外的其他所有乘员供氧 1 小时。但是，如果在该高度以上的任何飞行时刻，该航空器 能在 4 分钟内安全下降到 4600 米（15000 英尺）平均海平面高度，则仅需供氧 30 分钟。 (c) 本条所要求的设备应当具有下列功能： (1) 使驾驶员在飞行中易于确定每个供氧源的可用氧气量以及氧气是否输送到分配 组件；或者在采用个人分配装置的情况下，使每个使用者能自己决定氧气的供应和输送； (2) 允许驾驶员在 7600 米（25000 英尺）平均海平面高度以上自己决定使用纯氧。
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第 135.167 条 按照目视飞行规则（VFR）夜间或者云上载客运行的设备要求 按照本规则在目视飞行规则下实施夜间或者云上载客运行的航空器应当至少装有 下述设备： (a) 一个陀螺转弯速率指示器，但下述情况除外： (1) 如果飞机按照下列要求安装了在俯仰和横滚 360°的所有飞行姿态中都可以使用 的第三套姿态指示仪表系统： (i)由独立于飞机正常发电系统的应急备用电源供电； (ii)在正常发电系统全部失效之后至少能继续可靠地工作 30 分钟； (iii)不依赖任何其他姿态指示系统而独立工作； (iv)在正常发电系统全部失效之后无需选择就能工作； (v)位于仪表板局方认可的位置上，使得任一驾驶员在其工作位置上即能清楚地看 见并使用； (vi)在使用的所有阶段均有适当照明。 (2) 如果旋翼机按照 CCAR－29 部第 29.1303 条（g）款的规定安装了第三套姿态指 示仪表系统，并且该系统在俯仰±80°和横滚±120°的所有飞行姿态中都是可以用的； (3) 如果旋翼机的最大审定起飞重量为 2730 千克（6000 磅）（含）以下。 (b) 一个侧滑指示器。 (c) 一个陀螺横滚和俯仰姿态指示器。 (d) 一个陀螺航向指示器。 (e) 一台或者数台发电机，能按照飞行中持续电负载的各种可能组合向所需设备供 电以及向电瓶充电。 (f) 对于夜间飞行： (1) 一套防撞灯系统； (2) 仪表照明灯，使所有仪表、开关和量表易于判读，灯的直射光线应当予以遮挡， 避免直接射到驾驶员的眼睛； (3) 一个至少带两节 1 号电池的手电筒或者等效品。 (g) 对于本条(e)款，飞行中持续电负载包括在飞行中持续耗电的设备，如无线电 设备、电动仪表和灯等，但不包括偶尔的间歇性负载。 第 135.169 条 按照目视飞行规则（VFR）夜间或者云上载客运行的无线电和导航设备要 求 (a) 按照本规则在目视飞行规则下实施夜间或者云上载客运行的航空器应当装有双 向无线电通讯设备，至少能在飞行中向 40 公里（25 英里）外的地面台站发送或者接收 信号。 (b) 按照本规则在目视飞行规则下实施云上或者夜间载客运行的航空器应当装有无 44
线电导航设备，能从所用的地面台站接收无线电导航信号。 第 135.171 条 按照仪表飞行规则（IFR）载客运行的航空器设备要求 按照本规则在仪表飞行规则下实施载客运行的航空器应当至少装有下述设备： (a) 一个垂直速度指示器。 (b) 一个大气温度指示器。 (c) 每一空速指示器带有一个加温空速管。 (d) 一个动力源故障警告装置或者真空指示器，用于显示每一动力源对陀螺仪表提 供动力的情况。 (e) 用于高度、空速和垂直速度指示器的一套备用静压源。 (f)单发航空器应当满足下列条件之一： (1) 两套独立的发电系统，其中每一套均能向飞行中所需仪表和设备持续电负载的 各种可能组合供电； (2) 除主发电系统外，还有一备用电瓶或者备用电源，能够提供航空器安全应急运 行所必需的所有仪表和设备电负荷的 150%的电能至少 1 小时。 (g) 对于多发航空器，至少两台发电机分别安装在不同的发动机上，占总数一半的 发电机的任何组合都应当具有足够的额定功率，能向航空器安全应急运行所必需的所有 仪表和设备供电，但是对于多发旋翼机，所要求的两台发电机可以安装在主旋翼传动机 构上； (h) 具有可以选择其中任一套的功能的两套独立动力源，其中至少一套是发动机驱 动泵或者发电机，每套都能驱动所有的由该套动力源驱动或者将由其驱动的陀螺仪表， 并且在一台仪表或者一套动力源故障时不会妨碍向其余仪表提供动力源或者干扰其他 动力源。但是，实施全载货运行的单发航空器只要求转弯速率指示器的动力源与侧滑、 俯仰和方位指示器的动力源分开。在本款中，对于多发航空器，每一发动机驱动的动力 源应当位于不同的发动机上。 (i) 对于本条(f)款，飞行中持续电负载包括在飞行中持续耗电的设备，如无线电 设备、电动仪表和灯等，但不包括偶尔的间歇性负载。 第 135.173 条 仪表飞行规则（IFR）或者延伸跨水运行的无线电和导航设备要求 (a) 按照本规则实施仪表飞行规则运行或者作延伸跨水运行的旅客座位数（不包括 任何驾驶员座位）超过 9 座的涡喷飞机或者实施定期载客运行的多发飞机应当至少装有 与所用台站相适应的下列无线电通讯与导航设备，能够在所飞航路上任何一点向至少一 个地面台站发送和接收信号： (1) 两台无线电发射机； (2) 两个麦克风； (3) 两副耳机或者一副耳机和一个扬声器； 45
(4) 一个信标台接收机； (5) 两台独立的导航接收机； (6) 两台独立的通信接收机。 (b) 除本条(a)款规定的航空器外，按照仪表飞行规则运行或者作延伸跨水运行的 航空器应当至少装有与所用台站相适应的下列无线电通信与导航设备，能够在所飞航路 上任何一点向至少一个地面台站发送和接收信号： (1) 一台无线电发射机； (2) 两个麦克风； (3) 两副耳机或者一副耳机和一个扬声器； (4) 一个信标台接收机； (5) 两台独立的导航接收机； (6) 两台独立的通信接收机； (7) 对于延伸跨水运行，还需要安装另一台无线电发射机。 (c) 在本条(a)款第（5）、（6）项和(b)款第（5）、（6）项中，如果接收机任一部分 的功能不依赖于另一台接收机任一部分的功能，则该接收机是独立的。但是，可以使用 既能接收通信又能接收导航信号的一台接收机来替代一台独立的通信接收机和一台独 立的导航信号接收机。 (d) 尽管本条(a)款和（b）款中有要求，但局方可以在合格证持有人的运行规范中 批准安装并使用单一的远程导航系统和单一的远程通信系统用于延伸跨水运行。局方在 批准时需要考虑下列运行因素： (1) 飞行机组具备将飞机可靠地定位在空中交通管制要求的导航精度内的能力； (2) 所飞航路长度； (3) 甚高频通信的间隙时间。 第 135.175 条 延伸跨水运行的应急设备要求 (a) 按照本规则实施延伸跨水运行的航空器应当携带下列设备，这些设备应当安装 在有醒目标记的地方且在发生水上迫降时机上乘员易于取用： (1) 供航空器上每一乘员使用的、经批准的救生衣，其上配有一个经批准的救生衣 定位灯。救生衣的存放应当易于为每位就坐的乘员取用； (2) 经批准的、具有额定浮力和容量能运载航空器上所有乘员的救生筏。 (b) 本条(a)款所要求的救生筏应当至少配备或者包含有下列设备： (1) 一个经批准的救生筏定位灯； (2) 一个经批准的烟火信号装置； (3) 一套依据所飞航路适当配备的救生装具，或者下列物品： (i) 一个篷盖（用作帆、遮阳或者收集雨水）； 46
(ii) 一个雷达反射器； (iii) 一个救生筏修理包； (iv) 一个舀水桶； (v) 一面信号镜； (vi) 一支警哨； (vii) 一把救生筏刀； (viii) 一个用于应急充气的二氧化碳（CO2）气瓶； (ix) 一台充气泵； (x) 两把桨； (xi) 一根 23 米（75 英尺）长的系留绳； (xii) 一个磁罗盘； (xiii) 一包染色剂； (xiv) 一个至少带有两节 1 号电池的手电筒或者等效品； (xv) 两天的应急食品供应，按照每人每天至少供应 1000 卡路里； (xvi) 按照救生筏额定载员，每两人 1 升（2 品脱）淡水或者一个海水淡化包； (xvii) 一套钓鱼工具； (xviii) 一本适用于航空器飞行区域的生存指南。 (c) 实施延伸跨水运行的航空器按照本条(a)款规定配备的救生筏应当装有一个经 批准的救生型应急定位发射机。当发射机的累计使用时间超过 1 小时或者当已达到经批 准的发射机生产厂家确定的使用寿命的 50%（或者，对于充电电池，达到电池充电使用 寿命的 50%）时，应当更换发射机中的电池（或者如果是充电电池，重新充电）。更换的 新电池或者充好电的电池的新有效期应当清楚地标注在发射机外表面。本款中的电池的 使用寿命（或者充电使用寿命）要求不适用于在可能的储存期内基本上不受影响的电池 （如水激活电池）。 第 135.177 条 飞行机组成员工作位肩带的要求 (a) 按照本规则运行的涡喷航空器或者旅客座位数超过 9 座（不包含驾驶员座位） 的航空器应当在每个飞行机组成员工作位置配备有经批准的肩带。 (b) 在配备有肩带的工作位置上的每个飞行机组成员在起飞和着陆时应当系紧肩 带，但机组成员在履行职责需要时可以松开肩带。 第 135.179 条 机载雷暴探测设备的要求 (a) 除昼间目视飞行规则条件下运行的旋翼机外，按照本规则实施载客运行的旅客 座位数（不包括驾驶员座位）为超过 9 座的航空器，应当配备有经批准的机载雷暴探测 设备或者机载气象雷达设备。 (b) 当现行有效的气象报告表明沿所飞航路预期会有机载雷暴探测设备能探测到的 47
雷暴或者其它潜在的危险气象条件时，按照本规则在夜间目视飞行规则下实施载客运行 的旅客座位数量（不包括驾驶员座位）超过 9 座的旋翼机应当配备有经批准的机载雷暴 探测设备或者机载气象雷达设备。 (c) 当现行有效的气象报告表明沿所飞航路预期会有本条(a)或者(b)款要求的机载 雷暴探测设备能探测到的雷暴或者其它潜在的危险气象条件时，航空器的机载雷暴探测 设备应当处于完好的工作状态，方可以开始在仪表飞行规则或者夜间目视飞行规则条件 下运行。 (d) 如果机载雷暴探测设备在航路上失效，则应当按照本规则第 135.41 条要求的 手册中针对这种情况规定的程序和指令操作航空器。 (e) 本条规定不适用于训练、试飞或者调机飞行。 (f) 本条要求的机载雷暴探测设备无需配有备用电源。 第 135.181 条 机载气象雷达设备的要求 (a) 按照本规则实施载客运行的运输类航空器应当安装有经批准的机载气象雷达设 备。 (b) 当现行有效的气象报告表明沿所飞航路预期会有机载气象雷达设备能探测到的 雷暴或者其它潜在的危险气象条件时，本条(a)款要求的机载气象雷达设备应当处于完 好的工作状态，方可以开始在仪表飞行规则或者夜间目视飞行规则条件下运行。 (c) 如果机载气象雷达设备在航路上失效，则应当按照本规则第 135.41 条要求的 手册中针对这种情况规定的程序和指令操作航空器。 (d) 本条不适用于任何训练、试飞或者调机飞行。 (e) 本条要求的机载气象雷达设备无需配备备用电源。 第 135.183 条 旅客座位数超过 19 座的航空器的应急设备要求 (a) 按照本规则实施运行的旅客座位数（不包括驾驶员座位）超过 19 座的航空器 应当装备有下列应急设备： (1) 一个经批准的急救箱，用于处置飞行中或者轻微事故中可能发生的伤害，该急 救箱应当符合下列要求： (i) 恰当固定，放在防尘、防潮和温度适宜的地方； (ii) 易于客舱乘务员取用； (iii) 至少装有下列种类和数量的有效可以用物品： 品名
数量
粘性绷带，1 英寸
16
消毒药签
20
阿摩尼亚吸入剂
10 48
绷带压迫器，4 英寸
8
三角绷带压迫器，40 英寸
5
手臂夹板，非膨胀的
1
腿部夹板，非膨胀的
1
绷带卷，4 英寸
4
胶黏绷带，1 英寸标准卷
2
绷带剪刀
1
防护橡胶手套或者等效非渗透手套
1双
(2) 一把应急斧，放置在机组易于取用但在正常运行中旅客难以接近的地方； (3) 所有乘员都可以看到的“禁止吸烟”和“系好安全带”信号装置。该信号装置 应当在航空器地面移动、每次起飞或者着陆以及机长认为有必要的其它任何时候可以接 通，“禁止吸烟”的信号装置应当按照本规则第 135.129 条的要求接通。 (b)各项设备应当按照运行规范中确定的检查周期进行定期检查，确保其处于持续 可用状态并随时可以用于完成其预定的应急功能。 第 135.185 条 附加应急设备的要求 按照本规则实施运行的旅客座位数超过 19 座的飞机，应当按照本条(a)款至(l)款 的规定安装下列附加应急设备： (a) 应急撤离装置。起落架放下时其应急出口（翼上出口除外）高于地面 1.83 米 （6 英尺）以上的载客陆上飞机，应当安装有经批准的能协助机上乘员撤离到地面的装 置。地板高度应急出口的辅助撤离装置应当满足 CCAR-25 部第 25.809 条的要求。自动 展开的辅助撤离装置在滑行、起飞和着陆中应当预位；但是，如果由于出口的设计达不 到上述预位要求，并且辅助撤离装置在展开时能自动竖立，同时针对这些出口，按照 CCAR-121 部第 121.161 条(a)款的要求完成了相应的应急撤离演示，局方可以批准对自 动展开要求的偏离。 (b) 内部应急出口标志。每一载客飞机应当符合下列要求： (1) 每一旅客应急出口的位置，其接近以及打开方式应当有明显标志。每一旅客应 急出口的标志和位置指示标志应当在客舱宽度的距离内可以识别。每一旅客应急出口的 标志应当让通过客舱通道任何位置的乘员可以看到。下列各处应当有位置指示标志： (i) 每一翼上旅客应急出口附近的通道上方或者如果因客舱内部高度低而放置在更 切合实际的客舱天花板上的其他地方； (ii) 每一地板高度旅客应急出口附近均应当安装紧急出口位置指示标志，如果一 个位置指示标志可以清楚标明两个应急出口的位置，则一个位置指示标志可以用于两个 应急出口； 49
(iii) 在阻挡客舱前后视线的每一隔框或者分隔物处应当有应急出口位置指示标 志，以指示出在其后面或者被遮挡的应急出口。但是，如果上述位置难以安装应急出口 位置指示标志，可以将该位置指示标志安装在另一合适位置。 (2) 每一旅客应急出口标志和每一位置指示标志应当满足该飞机型号合格审定规章 对内部应急出口标志的要求。在这些飞机上，如果位置指示标志的发光（亮度）下降到 250 微朗伯以下，则不能继续使用。 (c) 内部应急出口标志灯光。每一载客飞机应当装有一个独立于主灯光系统的应急 灯光系统；但是，如果应急灯光系统的电源独立于主灯光系统的电源，客舱照明灯可以 为应急灯光系统和主灯光系统所共用。应急灯光系统应当满足下列要求： (1) 照亮每一旅客出口标志和位置指示标志； (2) 为客舱提供足够的照明，使得在座椅扶手高度、沿客舱主通道中心线每 1 米(40 英寸)间隔测量出的平均照明度至少为 0.538 勒克斯（0.05 英尺烛光）； (3) 应当具有满足 CCAR-25 部第 25.812 条要求的靠近地板的应急撤离路线标志。 (d) 应急灯的操作：除符合 CCAR-25 部第 25.812 条规定（如本条(h)款所规定的）、 仅用于辅助撤离装置的应急灯光子系统的照明灯（独立于飞机主应急灯光系统，在辅助 撤离装置展开时能自动工作）外，本条(c)和(h)款中要求的各应急灯应当满足下列要求： (1) 可以从飞行机组位置以及客舱乘务员座位易于接近处进行人工操纵； (2) 具有防止人工控制装置意外操纵的措施； (3) 当从任何位置将其预位或者接通时，保持点亮或者在飞机正常电源中断时点亮； (4) 在滑行、起飞和着陆时预位或者接通； (5) 在紧急着陆后危急环境条件下提供所要求的照明度至少 10 分钟； (6) 具有一个驾驶舱控制设备，其上有“开”、“关”和“预位”位。 (e) 应急出口操纵手柄。对于每一旅客应急出口操纵手柄的位置以及出口打开的说 明应当按照飞机型号审定的要求予以标明。在这些飞机上，如果任何操纵手柄或者操纵 手柄盖的照明亮度下降到 100 微朗伯以下，则不得继续使用。 (f) 应急出口通道。每一载客飞机应当按照下述要求提供应急出口通道： (1) 不同旅客区域之间或者通向 I 型或者 II 型应急出口的每一通道应当畅通无阻 且至少有 50 厘米（20 英寸）的宽度； (2) I 型或者 II 型应急出口附近应当有充足的空间，允许机组协助旅客撤离而不会 将通道的无障碍宽度减少到本条(f)款第(1)项要求的宽度以下；但是，如果局方发现存 在的特殊情况可以提供同等的安全水平，则可以批准偏离本要求； (3) 从主过道到每一 III 型和 IV 型出口之间应当有通道。从过道到这些出口的通 道不得因座椅、铺位或者其它伸出物阻挡而降低出口的有效性。此外，对于运输类飞机， 应当按照 CCAR－25 部第 25.813 条(c)款第(3)项的规定为每一个 III 型出口安装标牌； (4) 如果从客舱的任何座位到达任一要求的应急出口需要穿过一客舱间的通道，则 50
该通道应当是畅通无阻的。但是，如果帘布不阻碍通道的自由出入，则可以使用帘布； (5) 客舱之间的任何分隔处不得安装门； (6) 如果从任何旅客座位到达任一要求的应急出口需要穿过客舱与其它区域的分隔 门道，则该门应当具有锁定在打开位的功能，并且在每次起飞和着陆中该门应当锁定在 打开位。锁定机构应当能够经得住 CCAR-25 部第 25.561 条(b)款中所列的门及其周围结 构在承受最大惯性力时所附加的载荷。 (g) 外部出口标志。每一旅客应急出口以及从外部打开该出口的方式应当标明在飞 机的外侧。机身一侧的每一旅客应急出口应当用 5 厘米（2 英寸）的彩色带描画其轮廓。 每一外侧标志（包括彩色带）应当以明显的色彩反差将其与其四周的机身区域区分开来。 该标志应当符合下列要求： (1) 如果深色的标志反射率为 15％或者更低，则浅色标志的反射率至少应当为 45 ％； (2) 如果深色标志的反射率大于 15％，则应当确保浅色标志的反射率与深色的反射 率之间至少相差 30％； (3) 不位于机身两侧的紧急出口应当能够从外部打开，并以红色明显标明适用的指 导说明，如果红色与背景色的反差不明显，以鲜铬黄色标明，当该出口只能从机身的一 侧打开时，应当在机身的另一侧明显标明这种情况。 (h) 外部应急灯光和撤离路线。 (1) 每一载客飞机应当装有满足该飞机型号合格审定要求的外部灯光； (2) 每一载客飞机应当装有满足该飞机型号合格审定要求的防滑撤离路线。 (i) 地板高度出口。机身一侧大于 111 厘米（44 英寸）（含）高、50 厘米（20 英寸） （含）宽（但不超过 117 厘米（46 英寸）宽）的每一地板高度门或者出口（不包括那些 通向货舱或者行李舱而从客舱无法接近的出口）、机身腹部每一旅客出口以及尾部每一 出口应当满足本条有关地板高度出口的要求。但是，如果局方发现存在特殊情况，无法 满足本款要求但能达到可以接受的安全水平，则可以批准对本款规定的偏离。 (j) 附加的应急出口。客舱中经批准的、规定的最小应急出口数量以外的应急出口 应当满足本条(f)款第(1)、(2)项和(3)项以外的所有适用要求，且应当是易于接近的。 (k) 在每架大型载客的涡轮喷气飞机上，每一个机腹出口和尾部出口应当满足下列 要求： (1) 设计和建造成在飞行期间无法打开； (2) 安装在该出口打开装置附近的显著位置，并在距离 76 厘米（30 英寸）处可以 读的标牌进行标识，同时说明该出口被设计和建造成在飞行期间无法打开。 (l) 便携式应急照明灯。按照本规则实施载客运行的飞机应当装有从每一客舱乘务 员座位处可以取用的应急手电筒。 51
第 135.187 条 不工作的仪表和设备 (a)在航空器所装的仪表或者设备失效时，只有符合下列条件，方可起飞： (1)该航空器具有经批准的最低设备清单； (2)局方颁发给该合格证持有人的运行规范批准其按照最低设备清单运行，飞行机 组应当能在飞行之前直接查阅经批准的最低设备清单上的所有信息。查阅方法可以是阅 读印刷资料或者其他方式，但这些方式应当经局方批准并规定在合格证持有人的运行规 范中。经批准的最低设备清单，在运行规范中得到局方授权的，构成经批准的对型号设 计的修改，而不需要重新进行型号合格审定； (3)经批准的最低设备清单应当符合以下规定： (i)根据本条(b)款规定的限制编写； (ii)在某些仪表和设备处于不工作状态时对该航空器的运行作出规定。 (4)应当向驾驶员提供注明不工作仪表与设备的记录和本款第(3)项第(ii)目要求 的信息； (5)该航空器按照最低设备清单和运行规范中规定的所有适用条件与限制实施运 行。 (b)下列仪表和设备不得包含在最低设备清单中： (1)该航空器型号合格审定所依据的适航规章中明确规定或者所要求的，并且在所 有运行条件下对安全运行都是必需的仪表和设备； (2)适航指令要求应当处于工作状态的那些仪表和设备，但适航指令提供了其他方 法的除外； (3)本规则要求该种运行应当具有的仪表和设备。 (c)尽管有本条(b)款第(1)、(3)项的规定，但是航空器上某些仪表或者设备不工作 时，仍可以依据局方颁发的特殊飞行许可运行。 第 135.189 条 机载防撞系统（ACAS II） (a）按照本规则实施运行的所有最大审定起飞全重超过 5700 千克或者批准旅客座 位数超过 19 座的涡轮发动机飞机，应当安装经批准的机载防撞系统(ACAS II)。 (b) 本规则第 135.41 要求的相应手册中应当包含下述有关机载防撞系统（ACAS II） 的信息： (1) 设备的操作使用程序及飞行机组的正确处置程序； (2)列出所有与机载防撞系统（ACAS II）正常工作相关的输入源。 (c)飞机的机载防撞系统(ACAS II)及其安装应当满足相应的适航要求。 (d)本条中规定的机载防撞系统（ACAS II）等同于 TCAS II 7.0 版本。 第 135.191 条 航空器云上或者仪表飞行规则条件下运行的性能要求 (a) 除本条(b)、(c)款的规定外，任何人不得： 52
(1) 实施单发航空器的云上载客运行； (2) 在云上或者仪表飞行规则条件下实施多发航空器的载客运行，除非航空器在拟 飞航路的最低航路高度（MEA）或者 1520 米（5000 英尺）平均海平面高度（取两者的较 大值）飞行时，其重量允许航空器在临界发动机不工作的情况下以至少 15 米/分钟（50 英尺/分钟）的速率爬升。 (b) 尽管有本条(a)(2)的限制，如果多发旋翼机在拟飞航路的最低航路高度（MEA） 或者 450 米（1500 英尺）平均海平面高度（取两者的较大值）飞行时，其重量允许该旋 翼机在临界发动机不工作的情况下以至少 15 米/分钟（50 英尺/分钟）的速率爬升，则 多发旋翼机可以在云上或者仪表飞行规则条件下实施近海载客运行。 (c) 按照本规则运行的航空器实施下列飞行时，不受本条（a）款的限制： (1) 如果最新天气报告、预报或者两者的组合表明，沿计划航路（包括起飞和着陆） 的天气允许云下（如果存在云底）按照目视飞行规则飞行，并且预报的天气状况将持续 保持到预计到达目的地时刻后至少 1 小时，则可以实施航空器的云上运行； (2) 如果最新天气报告、预报或者两者的组合表明，航空器从起飞机场以正常巡航 速度飞行不超过 15 分钟的距离起，沿计划航路的天气允许云下（如果存在云底）按照 目视飞行规则飞行，则可以： (i) 按照仪表飞行规则，从出发机场起飞按照正常巡航速度飞行到距出发机场不超 过 15 分钟飞行时间的位置处； (ii) 如果在计划按照目视飞行规则飞行的航路上遭遇到非预报的天气状况时，按 照仪表飞行规则实施航空器的运行； (iii) 如果在该机场遭遇到非预报的天气状况，无法按照目视飞行规则实施进近时， 在目的地机场实施仪表进近。 (d) 按照本规则运行的航空器如果符合下列条件，可以实施航空器的云上运行而不 受本条（a）款的限制： (1) 对于多发航空器，当其临界发动机失效时，航空器可以按照目视飞行规则下降 或者继续飞行； (2) 对于单发航空器，当其发动机失效时，航空器可以按照目视飞行规则下降。 第 135.193 条 陆上航空器跨水运行的性能要求 在下列情况下，陆上航空器可以实施跨水载客运行： (a) 当发动机失效时，航空器能从运行的高度到达陆上。 (b) 在起飞或者着陆过程中不可避免飞越水面。 (c) 对于多发航空器，其运行重量允许该航空器在临界发动机不工作的情况下，能 在离地（水面）高度 300 米（1000 英尺）上以至少 0.25 米/秒（50 英尺/分钟）的速率 爬升。 53
(d) 对于旋翼机，装有浮筒装置。 第 135.195 条 空重和重心数据的更新要求 (a) 任何人不得运行多发航空器，除非该航空器的空重与重心是在最近 36 个日历 月内实际称重确定的数据计算得出的。 (b) 本条(a)款不适用下列情况： (1)自颁发初始适航证之日起不满 36 个日历月的航空器； (2) 航空器的运行符合合格证持有人运行规范中批准的载重和平衡系统的要求。 第 135.197 条 航空器标记和标牌的文字要求 (a) 航空器上所有对旅客进行的提示、警告和通知的文字标记和标牌应当至少有中 文表述。 (b) 机上所有向旅客或者机外营救人员指示应急出口和门的位置以及开启方法的文 字标记和标牌应当至少有中文表述。 (c)旅客可能使用的所有应急设备的操作、使用说明应当至少有中文表述。 第 135.199 条 空速管加温指示系统 按照本规则实施运行的、配备有飞行仪表空速管加温系统的运输类飞机应当安装工 作正常的、满足 CCAR-25 部第 25.1326 条规定的空速管加温指示系统。 第 135.203 条
机舱材料要求
按照本规则运行的飞机的货舱或者行李舱应当符合下列要求： (a) 凡型号审定为运输类的飞机上容积大于 5.66 立方米（200 立方英尺）、且按照 CCAR-25 部第 25.857 条定义为 C 或者 D 级的每个舱，其顶板和侧壁板衬垫应当由下列材 料之一构成： (1) 玻璃纤维加强树脂； (2) 满足 CCAR-25 部附录 F 第 III 部分试验要求的材料； (3) 铝制材料（仅限于 1989 年 3 月 20 日前获得安装批准的衬垫）。 (b) 在本款中的“衬垫”包括影响衬垫安全包容火的能力的任何设计结构（如接头 或者紧固件）。
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D章 第 135.211 条
目视/仪表飞行规则的运行限制和天气要求
适用性
本章规定了按照本规则实施目视飞行规则（VFR）和仪表飞行规则（IFR）飞行时需 满足的运行限制和天气条件要求。 第 135.213 条
目视飞行规则飞行的最低高度要求
除航空器起飞和着陆外，按照目视飞行规则（VFR）运行的航空器应当满足下列最 低高度要求： (a) 飞机： (1) 昼间飞行时，离地面、水面的高度不得低于 150 米（500 英尺），并且离障碍物 的水平距离不得小于 150 米（500 英尺）； (2) 夜间飞行时，飞行高度应当高于离预定飞行航路水平距离 8 公里（5 英里）范 围内的最高障碍物至少 300 米（1000 英尺）。在山区，飞行高度应当高于离预定飞行航 路水平距离 8 公里（5 英里）范围内的最高障碍物至少 600 米（2000 英尺）。 (b) 旋翼机在飞越人口稠密区上空时，离地高度不得低于 90 米（300 英尺）。 第 135.215 条
目视飞行规则飞行的能见度要求
(a) 在运输机场空域以外的空域按照目视飞行规则运行飞机时，如果云底高小于 300 米(1000 英尺)，则飞行能见度不得小于 3200 米（2 英里）。 (b) 在修正海平面气压高度 900 米(3000 英尺)以下或者离地高度 300 米（1000 英 尺）以下（以高者为准）按照目视飞行规则运行旋翼机时，飞行能见度在昼间不得小于 800 米（1/2 英里），在夜间不得小于 1600 米（1 英里）。 第 135.217 条
旋翼机目视飞行规则飞行中的目视参考要求
按照目视飞行规则运行旋翼机时，驾驶员应当建立足够的目视地面参考，或者在夜 间飞行时建立足够的目视地面灯光参考，能够保证其安全操作旋翼机。 第 135.219 条
目视飞行规则飞行的燃油供应要求
(a) 按照目视飞行规则运行飞机时，应当在考虑风和预报的天气条件后，有足够的 燃油飞至第一个预计着陆点，并且以正常巡航燃油消耗率完成下列飞行： (1) 在昼间，至少再飞行 30 分钟； (2) 在夜间，至少再飞行 45 分钟。 (b) 按照目视飞行规则运行旋翼机时，应当在考虑风和预报的天气条件后，有足够 的燃油飞至第一个预计着陆点，并且以正常巡航燃油消耗率再飞行 20 分钟。 55
第 135.221 条
目视飞行规则云上载客飞行的运行限制
除满足本规则第 135.191 条的要求外，航空器按照目视飞行规则进行云上载客飞行 时，还应当满足下列条件： (a)天气报告、预报或者两者的组合表明，在预计的航空器云上飞行结束时刻，天 气条件满足下列要求之一： (1) 允许航空器按照目视飞行规则下降到云层之下，并且天气预报表明，该天气条 件能够一直保持到预计的云上飞行结束时刻之后至少 1 小时； (2) 允许在无云条件下飞行至规定的最终进近设施上方的起始进近高度，然后再按 照仪表飞行规则进近和着陆，但按照 CCAR-91 部第 91.175 条的规定使用雷达引导的情 况除外。 (b) 具备按照目视飞行规则完成下列飞行的条件： (1) 对于多发航空器，如果其临界发动机失效，能够按照目视飞行规则下降或者继 续飞行； (2) 对于单发航空器，在发动机失效后能够按照目视飞行规则下降。 第 135.223 条
天气报告和预报
(a) 按照本规则运行航空器的人员，应当使用经局方批准的气象服务系统提供的天 气报告或者预报。但是，对于按照目视飞行规则实施的运行，当不能得到这些报告时， 机长可以使用基于自己的观察，或者基于其他有相应能力的人员所作的观察而得到的气 象信息。 (b) 在本条(a)款中，在某机场进行仪表飞行规则运行时，提供给驾驶员使用的天 气观察应当在实施该次仪表飞行规则运行的机场完成。但是，如果局方认为对于合格证 持有人的某些特定运行，使用该机场以外地点完成的观察亦能达到同等安全水平，则局 方可以允许其偏离本条要求，在运行规范中批准其在该次仪表飞行规则运行所在机场以 外的地点完成观察。 第 135.225 条
仪表飞行规则运行的限制
(a) 除本条(b)、(c)款规定的情况外，任何人不得在国家公布的航路之外的空域， 以及没有经批准的标准仪表进近程序的机场按照仪表飞行规则（IFR）运行航空器。 (b) 当满足下列条件时，局方可以颁发运行规范，允许合格证持有人在国家公布的 航路之外的航路上按照仪表飞行规则实施运行： (1) 合格证持有人向局方证明，飞行机组成员有能力在没有建立地面目视参考的情 况下沿预订航迹飞行，并且不会偏离预计航迹 5 度或者 8 公里（5 英里）(取两者中较小 者)； (2) 局方认定所申请的运行能够安全实施。 (c) 当局方确认合格证持有人需要按照仪表飞行规则从某一没有经批准的标准进近 56
程序的机场离场，并且合格证持有人所申请的运行能够安全实施时，可以允许其从该机 场离场。在该机场运行的批准不包括对仪表飞行规则进近的批准。 第 135.227 条
仪表飞行规则起飞限制
当天气条件不低于起飞最低标准，但低于经批准的仪表飞行规则着陆最低标准时， 任何人不得按照仪表飞行规则起飞航空器，除非在距起飞机场 1 小时飞行时间(在静止 空气中以正常巡航速度飞行)的距离内有一备降机场。 第 135.229 条
仪表飞行规则目的地机场最低天气标准
任何人不得按照仪表飞行规则起飞航空器或者进入仪表飞行规则飞行或者云上运 行，除非最新的天气报告、预报或者两者的组合表明，在航空器到达预定着陆机场的预 计时刻，天气条件达到或者高于经批准的仪表飞行规则着陆最低标准。 第 135.231 条
仪表飞行规则备降机场最低天气标准
(a) 对于仪表飞行规则飞行中所用的备降机场，应当有相应的天气实况报告、预报 或者两者的组合表明，当航空器到达该机场时，该机场的天气条件等于或者高于备降机 场最低天气标准。 (b) 对于按本规则运行的飞机，合格证持有人应当在经批准的机场最低运行标准上 增加至少下列数值，作为该机场用作备降机场时的最低天气标准： (1) 对于只有一套进近设施与程序的机场，最低下降高度或者决断高度增加 120 米 (400 英尺)，能见度增加 1600 米(1 英里)； (2) 对于具有两套（含）以上非精密进近设施与程序并且能提供不同跑道进近的机 场，最低下降高度增加 60 米(200 英尺)，能见度增加 800 米(1/2 英里)，在两条较低标 准的跑道中取较高值； (3) 对于具有两套（含）以上精密进近设施与程序并且能提供不同跑道进近的机场， 决断高度增加 60 米(200 英尺)，能见度增加 800 米(1/2 英里)，在两条较低标准的跑道 中取较高值。 第 135.233 条
仪表飞行规则燃油及备降机场要求
(a) 除本条(b)款规定的情况外，任何人不得在仪表飞行规则条件下运行航空器， 除非在考虑到天气报告、预报或者两者的组合后，航空器上携带了能完成下列飞行的燃 油： (1) 完成到达第一个预定着陆机场的飞行； (2) 从该机场飞至备降机场； (3) 此后以正常巡航速度飞行 45 分钟。对于旋翼机，以正常巡航速度飞行 30 分钟。 (b) 如果第一个预定着陆机场具有经批准的标准仪表进近程序，并且相应的天气报 告、预报或者两者的组合表明，在预计到达时刻前后至少 1 小时的时间段内达到下列天 57
气条件，则可以不选择备降机场，本条(a)款第(2)项不适用： (1) 云高在盘旋进近的最低下降高度（MDA）之上至少增加 450 米（1500 英尺）；或 者，如果该机场没有经批准的仪表盘旋进近程序，云高为公布的最低标准之上至少 450 米（1500 英尺）或者机场标高之上至少 600 米（2000 英尺）(取两者中较高者)； (2) 在目的地机场实施仪表进近程序时，该机场预报的能见度至少为 4.8 公里（3 英里），或者至少比最低的适用能见度最低标准大 3.2 公里（2 英里）(取两者中较大者)； (3) 对于旋翼机，云高高于机场标高 300 米或高于适用的进近最低标准之上 120 米 （以高者为准），能见度 3000 米。 第 135.235 条
仪表飞行规则起飞、进近和着陆最低标准
(a) 航空器在某一机场实施仪表进近程序前，应当满足下列条件： (1) 该机场具有经局方批准的气象报告机构； (2) 该气象报告机构发布的最新气象报告表明，天气条件达到或者高于该机场经批 准的仪表飞行规则（IFR）着陆最低标准。 (b) 当本条(a)款第(1)项所述的机构发布的最新天气报告表明天气条件达到或者高 于经批准的仪表着陆最低标准时，航空器驾驶员方可以进入仪表进近程序中的最后进近 阶段继续实施进近。 (c) 当驾驶员已经按照本条(b)款规定开始了仪表进近程序中的最后进近阶段，并 在此后收到后续的气象报告表明天气条件低于着陆最低标准，驾驶员仍可以操作航空器 继续进近。当航空器进近至经批准的决断高度或者最低下降高度时，如果驾驶员断定实 际的天气条件不低于该机场的最低着陆天气标准，则可以继续进近并完成着陆。本款所 述的最后进近阶段是指下列情况之一： (1) 航空器实施仪表着陆系统(ILS)进近时，已经通过最后进近定位点； (2) 航空器实施机场监视雷达(ASR)或者精密进近雷达(PAR)进近时，已经移交至最 后进近管制员； (3) 航空器使用甚高频全向信标台（VOR)、无方向性导航台（NDB）实施进近或者 实施其他类似方法的进近时，该航空器已经通过相应的设施或者最后进近定位点，或者 在没有规定最后进近定位点时，已经完成了程序转弯并且位于程序规定的距离内，按照 最后进近航道向机场归航。 (d) 对于在该型别飞机上担任机长时间未达到 100 小时的涡轮发动机飞机机长，应 当在局方公布的机场运行最低标准或者运营人的运行规范中规定的决断高度或者最低 下降高度之上增加 30 米（100 英尺）,能见度在着陆最低标准上增加 800 米（1/2 英里）， 但不超过合格证持有人将该机场作为备降机场时使用的着陆最低标准。 (e) 驾驶员在军方或者国外机场实施仪表飞行规则起飞、进近和着陆时，应当遵守 该机场规定的仪表进近程序和适用的最低天气标准。如果该机场没有规定最低天气标 58
准，应当遵守下列标准： (1) 按照仪表飞行规则起飞时，能见度不得低于 1600 米(1 英里)； (2) 进行仪表进近时，能见度不得低于 800 米（1/2 英里）。 (f) 当本条(a)款(1)项规定的气象报告机构所报告的天气条件低于局方公布的机场 运行最低标准或者合格证持有人运行规范中规定的起飞最低标准时，航空器驾驶员不得 按照仪表飞行规则起飞航空器。 (g) 除本条(h)款规定的情况外，当局方没有为该起飞机场规定起飞最低标准，本 条(a)款第(1)项规定的气象报告机构所报告的天气条件低于 CCAR-91 部或者合格证持有 人运行规范中规定的起飞最低标准时，航空器驾驶员不得按照仪表飞行规则起飞航空 器。 (h) 除另有限制的机场外，在具有经批准的直接仪表进近程序的机场，当本条(a) 款第(1)项规定的气象报告机构所报告的天气条件不低于直接进近着陆最低标准时，如 果满足下列条件，航空器驾驶员可以按照仪表飞行规则起飞航空器： (1) 起飞时刻所用跑道的风向和风速可以允许在该跑道上实施直接仪表进近； (2) 有关的地面设施和机载设备工作正常； (3) 合格证持有人已经被批准实施此种运行。 第 135.237 条
结冰条件下的运行限制
(a) 当有霜、冰或者雪附着在航空器的旋翼叶片、螺旋桨、风挡、机翼、安定面或 者操纵面、动力装置上或者附着在空速、高度、爬升率或者飞行姿态仪表系统上时，驾 驶员不得使航空器起飞，但是： (1) 当有霜附着在机翼、安定面或者操纵面上，已经确定霜被除掉，使表面光滑后 可以起飞； (2) 经局方批准，当有霜附着在机翼下部油箱区域时，可以起飞。 (b) 在任何时间，当有理由认为霜、冰或者雪会附着在飞机上时，合格证持有人不 得批准飞机起飞，驾驶员也不得使其起飞，除非驾驶员已经完成了本规则第 135.347 条 要求的所有适用训练，并且符合下列条件之一： (1) 在开始起飞前 5 分钟之内完成了一次起飞前污染物检查，该检查针对特定飞机 型号，由合格证持有人建立并得到局方批准。起飞前污染物检查是用于确认机翼和操纵 表面没有霜、冰或者雪的检查； (2) 合格证持有人具有经批准的备用程序，并使用该程序确定没有霜、冰或者雪； (3) 合格证持有人具有满足 CCAR-121 部第 121.649 条要求的经批准的除冰/防冰大 纲，该次起飞遵守了该大纲的要求。 (c) 除配备有满足运输类飞机型号合格审定要求的防冰装置的飞机外，驾驶员应当 遵守下列规定： 59
(1) 不得按照仪表飞行规则飞入已知的或者预报的轻度或者中度结冰区； (2) 不得按照目视飞行规则飞入已知的轻度或者中度结冰区，除非航空器具有起作 用的除冰或者防冰设备，可以保护每个旋翼叶片、螺旋桨、风挡、机翼、安定面或者操 纵面，以及每个空速、高度、爬升率或者飞行姿态仪表系统。 (d) 任何人不得驾驶旋翼机按照仪表飞行规则飞入已知的或者预报的结冰区，或者 按照目视飞行规则进入已知的结冰区，除非该旋翼机经型号合格审定，装备了适合结冰 条件中运行的设备。 (e) 除配备有满足运输类飞机型号合格审定要求的防冰装置的飞机外，任何驾驶员 不得将航空器飞入已知的或者预报的严重结冰区。 (f) 如果机长依据当前的天气报告和通报信息发现，上次预报之后的天气条件发生 了变化，原来预报的将阻止该次飞行的结冰条件将不会在飞行中遇到，则本条(c)、(d) 和(e)款基于预报条件的限制不再适用。 第 135.239 条
机场要求
(a) 合格证持有人使用的任何机场，应当考虑到机场的规模、道面、障碍物和灯光 等因素认定该机场足以供运行使用。 (b) 在夜间载运旅客的航空器驾驶员不得在机场起飞和着陆，除非满足下列条件： (1) 驾驶员已经通过带照明的风向指示器或者与当地的通信联络中确定了风向，或 者在起飞前通过驾驶员的个人观察确定了风向； (2) 用于起飞或者着陆的区域界线已用下列设施清晰标出： (i) 对于飞机，使用边界标志灯或者跑道标志灯； (ii) 对于旋翼机，使用边界标志灯或者跑道标志灯，或者反光材料。 (c) 对于本条(b)款，如果起飞或者着陆区域使用马灯等其他发光装置标记，应当 得到局方的批准。
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E章 第 135.241 条
飞行机组成员合格要求
适用范围
按照本规则参加运行的飞行机组成员应当满足本章规定的合格要求。 第 135.243 条
机长的资格要求
(a) 使用型号合格审定为两名驾驶员的航空器按照本规则实施运行时，担任航空器 机长的驾驶员应当持有带合适类别和级别等级的航线运输驾驶员执照，以及在需要时， 持有适合于该航空器的型别等级。 (b) 除本条(a)款规定的情况外，在按照目视飞行规则实施的运行中担任航空器机 长的驾驶员应当满足下列要求： (1) 至少持有带合适类别等级和级别等级的商用驾驶员执照，以及在需要时，带有 适合于该航空器的型别等级； (2) 至少具有 500 小时驾驶员飞行经历时间，包括至少 100 小时的转场飞行时间， 其中至少 25 小时在夜间完成； (3) 当运行飞机时，持有飞机仪表等级或者航线运输驾驶员执照；对于按照目视飞 行规则实施云上飞行的旋翼机，持有旋翼机仪表等级。 (c) 除本条(a)款规定的情况外，按照仪表飞行规则（IFR）实施的运行中担任航空 器机长的驾驶员应当满足下列要求： (1) 至少持有带合适类别等级和级别等级的商用驾驶员执照，以及在需要时，带有 适合于该航空器的型别等级； (2) 至少具有 1200 小时驾驶员飞行经历时间，包括 500 小时的转场飞行时间、100 小时的夜间飞行时间以及 75 小时的实际或者模拟仪表时间(其中至少 50 小时为实际飞 行)； (3) 当运行飞机时，持有飞机仪表等级；当运行旋翼机时，持有旋翼机仪表等级。 (d) 满足下列所有条件时，担任飞机机长的驾驶员可以偏离本条(b)款第(3)项要求， 无需持有仪表等级： (1) 航空器为活塞式发动机驱动的单发飞机； (2) 经局方批准，在因为无线电导航不可靠而主要使用地标导航的区域内飞行； (3) 每次飞行按照昼间目视飞行规则（VFR）实施，符合 CCAR-91 部第 91.155 条的 基本目视飞行规则最低天气标准，在飞行中能持续保持地面目视参考，且能见度不小于 5 公里； (4)每次飞行距合格证持有人飞行基地距离不超过 400 公里； 61
(5)飞行区域在合格证持有人的运行规范中得到批准。 第 135.245 条
运行经历
(a) 合格证持有人不得使用任何人员在按照本规则运行的载客航空器上担任机长， 任何人员也不得接受合格证持有人的安排担任机长，除非该人员在指派为机长前已经在 该型号的航空器上和该机组成员职位上取得了下列运行经历： (1) 单发航空器为 10 小时； (2) 活塞式发动机驱动的多发航空器为 15 小时； (3) 涡轮发动机驱动的多发航空器(除涡喷飞机外)为 20 小时； (4) 涡喷发动机驱动的飞机为 25 小时。 (b) 在获取运行经历时应当符合下列要求： (1) 运行经历应当在圆满完成针对该航空器和机组职位的相应地面和飞行训练后获 取。在合格证持有人的训练大纲中应当包括关于获取运行经历的经批准的规定； (2) 该经历应当在按照本规则实施的载客运行的飞行中获得。但是，如果该航空器 先前没有在合格证持有人按照本规则实施的运行中使用过，可以使用在参加验证飞行或 者调机飞行的航空器上获取的运行经历来满足这一要求； (3) 驾驶员在获取运行经历时，应当在有资格的飞行教员或者飞行检查员的监视下 履行机长职责； (4) 在非载客运行中完成的一次起飞和着陆，或者载客运行中飞行时间不足 1 小时 的飞行中完成的一次起飞和着陆，可以算作一个飞行小时数，用于满足本条(a)款要求 的运行经历小时数，但以该种方法计算的飞行小时数不得超过本条(a)款要求的小时数 的 50%。 第 135.247 条
副驾驶资格要求
(a) 除本条(b)款规定的情况外，在型号合格审定为两名驾驶员的运行中或者按照 本规则第 135.103 条要求配备副驾驶的运行中，担任副驾驶的驾驶员应当至少持有带合 适类别和级别等级的商用驾驶员执照和仪表等级，并满足 CCAR-61 部中的近期仪表经历 要求。 (b) 按照目视飞行规则(除云上飞行外)运行型号合格审定为两名驾驶员的旋翼机 时，副驾驶应当持有带合适的航空器类别和级别等级的商用驾驶员执照，无需持有仪表 等级。 (c) 对于本规则未作要求而合格证持有人出于自身运行需要配备的副驾驶，应当至 少持有带合适类别和级别等级的商用驾驶员执照，并且在本规则要求机长持有仪表等级 时，该驾驶员也应当持有仪表等级并满足 CCAR-61 部中的近期仪表经历要求。
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第 135.249 条
近期经历
在按照本规则实施的载客运行中担任机长的驾驶员，应当在参加每次运行前 90 天 内满足下列近期经历要求： (a) 在所服务的同类别、同级别，以及适用时的同型别的航空器上作为飞行控制装 置的唯一操纵者完成 3 次起飞和 3 次着陆。 (b) 对于夜间运行，本条(a)款所要求的 3 次起飞和 3 次着陆应当在夜间完成；满 足本款要求的驾驶员即认为其满足昼间运行的近期经历要求。 (c) 对于后三点飞机的运行，本条(a)款所要求的 3 次起飞和 3 次着陆应当在后三 点飞机上完成，并且每次着陆均为全停着陆。满足该款要求的驾驶员即认为其满足对同 类别、同级别且不需要型别等级的其他飞机的近期经历要求。 第 135.251 条 违禁药物、酒精的使用和测试 (a) 处于下列身体状况的人员不得担任按照本规则运行航空器的机组成员： (1) 饮用含酒精饮料之后 8 小时以内； (2) 处于酒精作用之下； (3) 其血液中酒精含量，以重量为计量单位，达到或者超过 0.04%； (4) 使用了大麻、可卡因、鸦片、天使粉或者安非他明等禁用药物或者影响人体官 能的药品。 (b) 除紧急情况外，航空器的驾驶员不得允许在航空器上载运呈现醉态或者由其举 止或者身体状态可以判明处于药物控制之下的人员(受到看护的病人除外)。 (c) 航空器机组成员应当在局方要求时，接受局方人员或者局方委托的人员检查其 血液中酒精含量百分比的测试。当局方认为某人有可能违反本条(a)款第(1)项或者第(3) 项的规定时，此人应当根据局方的要求，将其担任或者试图担任机组成员之后 4 小时内 所做的血液酒精含量百分比测试结果提供给局方。 (d) 如果局方认为某人有可能违反本条(a)款第(4)项的规定，此人应当根据局方的 要求，将其担任或者试图担任机组成员之后 4 小时内所做的每次体内药物测试的结果提 供给局方。 (e) 局方根据本条(c)或者(d)款所取得的测试结果可以用来判定该人员是否具备担 任机组成员执行该次飞行任务的资格，或者是否有违反中国民用航空法规的行为，并且 可以在相应的法律程序中作为证据。
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F章 第 135.261 条
机组成员飞行时间和值勤时间限制及休息要求
概则
(a)任何合格证持有人在实施本规则运行中不得指派机组成员超出本章规定的机组 成员适用的值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和不符合休息要求的情况下执行飞行任务，任何 机组成员也不得接受超出这些限制和要求的飞行任务指派。 (b)本章中的用语定义如下： (1)经批准的睡眠区，是指经局方批准，为使机组成员获得良好睡眠而指定的场所； (2)日历日，是指按照世界协调时或者当地时间划分的一个时间段，从当日零点到 次日零点之间的 24 小时； (3)值勤期，是指机组成员在接受合格证持有人安排的飞行任务后，从为了完成该 次任务而到指定地点报到时刻开始（不包括从居住地或者驻地到报到地点所用的地面时 间），到解除任务时刻为止的连续时间段。在一个值勤期内，当发生运行延误时，如机 组成员能在有睡眠条件的场所得到休息，则该休息时间可以不计入该值勤期的值勤时间 内； (4)休息期，是指从机组成员到达休息地点起，到为执行下一次任务离开休息地点 为止的连续时间段，在该段时间内，合格证持有人不得为该员安排任何工作和给予任何 干扰。为了完成指派的飞行任务往来于休息地点和值勤地点的时间不得计入休息期； (5)运行延误，是指由于出现恶劣的气象条件、航空器设备故障、空中交通管制不 畅等客观情况而导致的延误。 (c)在本章中，机组成员的飞行时间是指机组成员在航空器飞行期间的值勤时间， 包括在座飞行时间(飞行经历时间)和不在座飞行时间。 第 135.263 条
驾驶员值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和休息要求
(a) 当飞行机组配备 1 名驾驶员时，驾驶员的值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和休息要 求应当符合以下规定： (1) 值勤期最多 14 小时，该值勤期内的飞行时间不得超过 8 小时，值勤期后应当 安排至少 10 个连续小时的休息期，这个休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值 勤期开始时刻之间； (2) 发生运行延误时，如驾驶员的实际值勤时间未超过 14 小时的限制，则该值勤 期后的休息期可以缩短至 9 小时； (3) 发生运行延误时，值勤期最多可以延长至 16 小时，但该值勤期后 10 小时的休 息期不得缩短。 64
(b) 当飞行机组配备 2 名驾驶员时，驾驶员的值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和休息要 求应当符合以下规定： (1) 值勤期最多 14 小时，该值勤期内的飞行时间不得超过 10 小时，值勤期后应当 安排至少 10 个连续小时的休息期，这个休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值 勤期开始时刻之间； (2) 发生运行延误时，如驾驶员的实际值勤时间未超过 14 小时的限制，则该值勤 期后的休息期可以缩短至 9 小时； (3) 发生运行延误时，值勤期最多可以延长至 16 小时，但该值勤期后 10 小时的休 息期不得缩短。 (c) 当飞行机组配备 3 名驾驶员，其中包含 2 名具有机长资格的驾驶员时，驾驶员 的值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和休息要求应当符合以下规定： (1) 值勤期最多 16 小时，该值勤期内的飞行时间不得超过 12 小时，值勤期后应当 安排至少 14 个连续小时的休息期，这个休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值 勤期开始时刻之间； (2) 发生运行延误时，如驾驶员的实际值勤时间未超过 16 小时的限制，则该值勤 期后的休息期可以缩短至 12 小时； (3) 发生运行延误时，值勤期最多可以延长至 18 小时，但该值勤期后 14 小时的休 息期不得缩短。 (d) 当飞行机组配备 3 名驾驶员，其中包含 2 名具有机长资格的驾驶员并且为飞行 机组提供睡眠区时，驾驶员的值勤期限制、飞行时间限制和休息要求应当符合以下规定： (1) 值勤期最多 18 小时，该值勤期内的飞行时间不得超过 16 小时，但每个驾驶员 在飞行中应当有机会在经批准的睡眠区得到休息，值勤期后应当安排至少 18 个连续小 时的休息期，这个休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值勤期开始时刻之间； (2) 发生运行延误时，如驾驶员的实际值勤时间未超过 18 小时的限制，则该值勤 期后的休息期可以缩短至 16 小时； (3) 发生运行延误时，值勤期最多可以延长至 20 小时，但该值勤期后 18 小时的休 息期不得缩短。 (e) 在包含一个境外着陆地点的运行中，当飞行机组配备 4 名驾驶员，其中包含 2 名具有机长资格的驾驶员并且为飞行机组提供经批准的睡眠区时，驾驶员的值勤期限 制、飞行时间限制和休息要求应当符合以下规定： (1) 值勤期最多 22 小时，该值勤期内的飞行时间不得超过 18 小时，但每个驾驶员 在飞行中应当有机会在批准的睡眠区得到休息，值勤期后应当安排至少 22 个连续小时 的休息期，这个休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值勤期开始时刻之间； (2) 发生运行延误时，如驾驶员的实际值勤时间未超过 22 小时的限制，则该值勤 期后的休息期可以缩短至 20 小时； 65
(3) 发生运行延误时，值勤期最多可以延长至 24 小时，但该值勤期后 22 小时的休 息期不得缩短。 第 135.265 条
客舱乘务员值勤期限制和休息要求
当按照本规则第 135.105 条配备客舱乘务员或者在 19 座以下航空器配备客舱乘务 员并担负应急撤离职责时，其值勤期限制和休息要求应当符合以下规定： (a)当配备一名客舱乘务员时，其值勤期不得超过 14 小时，值勤期后应当安排至少 9 个连续小时的休息期，这一休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值勤期开始时 刻之间。 (b)在最低配置基础上增加 1 名客舱乘务员时，其值勤期不得超过 22 小时。若值勤 期超过 14 小时但不超过 18 小时，值勤期后应当安排至少 16 个连续小时的休息期；若 值勤期超过 18 小时但不超过 22 小时，值勤期后应当安排至少 20 个连续小时的休息期； 上述休息期应当安排在该值勤期结束时刻与下一值勤期开始时刻之间。 (c)合格证持有人按规定安排客舱乘务员值勤期时，如果运行延误，所安排的飞行 没有按照预计时间到达目的地，超出值勤期限制时间，则不认为该客舱乘务员超出了值 勤期限制。 第 135.267 条
机组成员的周、月、年飞行时间限制
(a) 合格证持有人在为飞行机组成员安排飞行时，应当保证飞行机组成员的总飞行 时间遵守以下规定，总飞行时间包括按照本规则实施运行的飞行时间和训练、调机飞行 等的其他飞行时间： (1) 任何 7 个连续日历日内不得超过 40 小时； (2)任一日历月内不得超过 100 小时，且在任何连续三个日历月内的总飞行时间不 得超过 270 小时； (3) 任一日历年内不得超过 1000 小时。 (b) 合格证持有人在为客舱乘务员安排飞行时，应当保证客舱乘务员的总飞行时间 遵守以下规定： (1) 任何 7 个连续日历日内不得超过 40 小时； (2) 任一日历月内不得超过 120 小时； (3) 任一日历年内不得超过 1300 小时。 第 135.269 条
机组成员值勤期和飞行时间安排的附加限制
(a) 合格证持有人安排机组成员的值勤期时，如果按照正常情况能够在限制时间内 终止值勤期，但由于运行延误，所安排的飞行没有按照预计时间到达目的地，超出了值 勤期的限制时间，则不认为该机组成员在排班时超出了值勤期限制。但是，应当遵守本 规则第 135.263 条和第 135.265 条的规定，值勤期的延长最多不超过 2 个小时。 66
(b) 合格证持有人安排机组成员的飞行时间时，如果正常情况下能够在限制飞行时 间内结束飞行，但由于运行延误，所安排的飞行没有按照预计时间到达目的地，超出了 飞行时间限制，则不认为该机组成员在排班时超出了飞行时间限制。 (c) 如果机组成员以取酬为目的参加其他运行，则在参加本规则运行时，值勤时间、 飞行时间的总和应当满足本规则规定的值勤期和飞行时间限制。 (d) 机组成员在起飞前由于延误造成的待命时间，计入值勤期时间之内。 第 135.271 条
机组成员休息时间的附加要求
(a) 合格证持有人不得在机组成员规定的休息期内为其安排任何工作，该机组成员 也不得接受合格证持有人的任何工作。 (b) 本章要求的休息期可以包含在其他休息期之内。 (c) 只有在发生运行延误时，才允许按照本规则第 135.263 条和第 135.265 条中的 规定缩短休息期，不允许作事先安排。 (d) 当合格证持有人为机组成员安排了其他工作任务时，该任务时间可以计入、也 可以不计入值勤期。当不计入值勤期时，在值勤期开始前应当为其安排至少 8 个小时的 休息期。 (e) 如果飞行的终止地点所在时区与机组成员的基地所在时区之间有 6 个或者 6 个 小时以上的时差，则当机组成员回到基地以后，合格证持有人应当为其安排一个至少 48 个连续小时的休息期。这一休息期应当在机组成员进入下一值勤期之前安排。本款所述 基地是指合格证持有人确定的机组成员驻地并接受排班的地方。 (f) 合格证持有人将机组成员运送到执行飞行任务的机场，或者将其从解除任务的 机场运送回驻地，这些路途上所耗费的时间不应当被认为是休息期的组成部分。
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G章 第 135.291 条
机组成员考试要求
适用性
(a)合格证持有人及其在本规则运行中使用的机组成员应当满足本章规定的检查要 求。 (b) 按照 CCAR-142 部批准的训练中心的人员，在满足本规则第 135.339 条和第 135.343 条要求的条件下，可以按照合同或者其他协议为参加本规则运行的机组成员提 供训练、检查。 第 135.293 条
初始训练和复训中的驾驶员考试要求
(a) 合格证持有人不得使用任何驾驶员、任何人员也不得为其担任驾驶员，除非在 参加该次服务之前 12 个日历月内，该驾驶员通过了由局方人员或者经批准的飞行检查 员实施的对下列知识的笔试或者口试的考试： (1) CCAR-61 部、CCAR-91 部和本规则的相应条款内容，以及合格证持有人的运行 规范和手册； (2) 针对该驾驶员所飞的每一型号航空器的动力装置、主要部件和系统、主要设备、 性能和使用限制、标准和应急操作程序以及按照适用情况经批准的航空器飞行手册或者 等效资料中的内容； (3) 针对该驾驶员所飞的每一型号航空器，确定其符合起飞、着陆和航路运行的重 量和平衡限制的方法； (4) 导航和适用的导航设备的使用，包括适用的仪表进近设施和程序； (5) 空中交通管制程序，包括适用的仪表飞行规则程序； (6) 一般气象学知识，包括锋面系统、结冰、雾、雷暴和风切变的原理，以及当适 用于合格证持有人的运行的高空天气； (7) 下列程序： (i) 识别和避让恶劣天气条件； (ii) 在遭遇不利天气情况，包括低空风切变时从恶劣天气条件中脱离；对于旋翼 机驾驶员，不要求作脱离低空风切变的考试； (iii) 进入或者靠近雷暴(包括最佳穿越高度)，颠簸(包括晴空颠簸)，结冰，冰雹 和其他危险天气环境； (8) 按照适用情况，新的设备、程序和技术。 (b)合格证持有人不得在任何航空器上使用驾驶员，任何人也不得担任任何航空器 的驾驶员，除非在该次服务之前的 12 个日历月之内，该驾驶员已经在该级别 (如为涡 68
喷飞机之外的单发飞机) 或者型别(如为旋翼机、多发飞机或者涡喷飞机)的航空器通过 了由局方或者经批准的飞行检查员作出的旨在确定该驾驶员在该级别或者型别航空器 上的实际技术能力的一次检查。技术能力检查的范围由实施检查的局方人员和经批准的 飞行检查员确定。能力检查可以包括在初始颁发批准的运行所要求的并且和所使用的航 空器的类别、级别和型别相适应的特定驾驶员执照时所需完成的动作和程序。 (c)本规则第 135.297 条要求的仪表熟练检查可用按照本条要求在相同型别航空器 上进行的能力检查来代替。 (d)就本条而言，某人作为驾驶员实施一项程序或者动作的合格表现，是该驾驶员 能圆满地、不受怀疑地完成动作，显现出对航空器充分地的驾驭能力。 (e)对于通过知识或者飞行检查的每个驾驶员，局方人员或者经批准的飞行检查员 在合格证持有人的驾驶员记录中为其作出能力证明。 (f)经局方批准，要求的技术能力检查中的某些部分可以在航空器模拟机或其他相 应的训练设备上完成。 第 135.295 条
客舱乘务员初始训练和复训中的考试要求
合格证持有人不得使用任何客舱乘务员，任何人也不得担任客舱乘务员，除非在该 次服务之前 12 个日历月之内，合格证持有人已经通过相应的初始训练或者定期复训的 考试，确定该人员已具备与其指派的职责相适应的下列知识和胜任能力： (a) 机长的权力和机组成员的职责。 (b) 处理旅客事务，包括处理神经错乱的或者其行为可能危及安全的乘客时需遵守 的程序。 (c)在航空器迫降（包括水上迫降）和紧急撤离时，机组成员的分工、职能和责任， 包括帮助需要他人协助的人员快速撤至出口。 (d) 对乘客所作的安全讲解； (e) 便携式灭火器与其它紧急设备的位置和使用方法。 (f) 客舱中的设备和控制开关的正确使用方法。 (g) 乘客氧气装置的位置和使用方法。 (h) 所有正常和紧急出口的位置和使用方法，包括撤离滑梯和绳索的使用方法。 (i) 合格证持有人的运行手册中规定的，在紧急情况时需他人帮助方可以快速撤至 出口的人员的就座方法。 第 135.297 条
仪表熟练检查要求
(a) 在按照本规则实施的运行中担任机长和副驾驶的驾驶员，在每次参加按照本规 则实施的运行时，应当在前 6 个日历月内按照本条要求通过了由局方人员或者经批准的 飞行检查员实施的仪表熟练检查。但是，对于本规则不要求驾驶员持有仪表等级的目视 飞行规则运行，只需在前 12 个日历月内通过熟练检查。 69
(b) 对于在 CCAR-61 部要求驾驶员具有型别等级的航空器上服务的驾驶员，其仪表 熟练检查应当在所服务的该型别航空器上完成；对于不要求驾驶员具有型别等级的航空 器，仪表熟练检查应当在所服务的该级别航空器上完成，但是对于多发飞机，应当在所 服务的该厂家和型号的飞机上完成。 (c) 对于在几种级别或者型别的航空器上服务的驾驶员，本条(a)款要求的熟练检 查只需轮流在其中一种航空器上进行。但对于每种航空器，应当在按照本规则运行前 12 个日历月内，针对该航空器完成仪表熟练检查。 (d)仪表熟练检查要求的内容： (1)对于运行中要求航线运输驾驶员执照的，应当包括针对相应类别、级别及型别 等级（如适用）初始颁发航线运输驾驶员执照所规定的动作和程序； (2)对于运行中要求商用驾驶员执照的，应当包括针对相应类别、级别及型别等级 （如适用）初始颁发商用驾驶员执照所规定的动作和程序；对于运行中要求仪表等级的， 应当包括初始颁发仪表等级所规定的动作和程序。 (e)经局方批准，仪表熟练检查的全部或者部分动作和程序可以在飞行模拟机或者 训练器上完成。 (f)仪表熟练检查不得在按照本规则实施的运行中进行。 第 135.299 条
机长航路与机场资格的航线检查
(a) 合格证持有人不得使用任何驾驶员担任机长，任何驾驶员也不得担任这一职位， 除非在该次服务之前 12 个日历月内，该驾驶员在其所飞的一种型别航空器上通过了航 线检查，该检查应当： (1) 由局方人员或者经批准的飞行检查员进行； (2) 包括了至少一次一个航段的飞行；对于按照仪表飞行规则（IFR）运行的驾驶 员，该检查应当按照仪表飞行规则实施； (3) 包括在一个或者多个合格证持有人运行的机场进行的起飞和着陆。 (b) 实施该次检查的人员应当确定接受检查的驾驶员是否合格于在本规则运行中担 任机长，并且在该驾驶员的训练记录中予以确认。 (c) 合格证持有人应当在本规则第 135.41 条所要求的手册中建立一套程序，确保 在前 90 天之内未飞过某条航线或者某一机场的驾驶员，能够在开始该次飞行前熟悉该 次飞行安全运行所必需的所有可用资料。 第 135.301 条
考试和检查的附加规定
(a) 如果被要求按照本规则接受考试或者飞行检查的机组成员，在所要求的那个日 历月之前或者之后一个日历月完成考试或者飞行检查，则认为该机组成员是在所要求的 那个日历月内完成考试或者检查的。 (b) 如果被检查的驾驶员未能圆满完成规定的动作，实施检查的人员可以在实施检 70
查的飞行过程中对该驾驶员进行附加训练。除了需要重复先前未通过的动作外，检查人 员可以要求该驾驶员重复其它判断该驾驶员的熟练性所必需的动作。如果接受检查的驾 驶员不能向实施检查的人员演示令人满意的能力，则合格证持有人不得允许该驾驶员参 加运行，该驾驶员本人也不得作为飞行机组成员参加运行，直至其圆满完成该检查。
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H章 第 135.321 条
训练
适用范围
除本规则第 135.3 条的规定外，本章规定适用于下列： (a) 委托按照 CCAR-142 部审定合格的训练中心为其实施训练、考试和检查职能的 合格证持有人。 (b) 为每个雇佣或者使用的机组成员、飞行检查员和教员或者其他运行人员建立并 保持经批准的训练大纲的合格证持有人。 (c)为实施大纲而使用经批准的飞行模拟机和飞行训练器的合格证持有人。 第 135.323 条
训练的基本要求
(a) 按照本规则第 135.347 条被要求具备训练大纲的每位合格证持有人应当： (1) 制定训练大纲，获得相应的初始和最终批准，提供满足本章要求的训练，确保 每个机组成员、飞行教员、飞行检查员和经指派担负危险品载运和处理职责的每个人员 能得到充分的训练来履行他们被指派的职责； (2) 对本章所要求的训练，提供足够的地面和飞行训练设施； (3) 对于每一型别航空器或者该航空器型别范围内的特定改型，提供实施本规则要 求的训练和检查时所用的合适的训练资料、试题、表格、指南和程序，并使其保持现行 有效； (4) 提供足够的飞行教员、飞行检查员和模拟机教员和合格的地面教员，以实施本 章要求的飞行训练、飞行检查和模拟机训练课程。 (b) 对于按照本章要求进行定期复训的机组成员，在要求进行训练的那个日历月之 前或者之后一个日历月中完成训练的，被视为在所要求的那个日历月中完成了训练。 (c) 负责按照本规则实施的某一特定地面训练课目、飞行训练课程段、训练课程、 飞行检查或者资格检查的每个教员、主管人员或者飞行检查员，在完成这些训练或者检 查后，应当对被训练或者检查合格的机组成员、飞行教员或者飞行检查员的技术熟练程 度和知识水平作出合格证明。这种合格证明应当作为该人员个人记录的一部分。当本款 要求的合格证明被输入计算机记录保持系统时，作合格证明的教员、主管人员或者飞行 检查员应当确认这一输入。但是，作合格证明的教员、主管人员或者飞行检查员的签名 不要求使用计算机输入。 (d) 适用于一种以上航空器或者机组成员职位的训练科目，如果作为该合格证持有 人的雇员在先前的训练中已经在另一航空器或者另一机组成员职位上完成了该训练科 目，则这些科目在以后的训练中，除定期复训之外，不需要重复训练。 72
第 135.325 条
训练的附加要求
(a) 除合格证持有人自身外，只有其他按照本规则或者 CCAR-121 部审定合格的合 格证持有人或者按照 CCAR-142 部审定合格的训练中心，有资格按照合同或者其他协议 为按照本章要求接受训练的人员提供训练、考试和检查。 (b) 合格证持有人可以通过签订训练合同，或者用其他方式使用按照 CCAR-142 部 审定合格的训练中心为其提供本章所要求的训练、考试和检查，但该训练中心应当满足 下列要求： (1) 持有适用的按照 CCAR-142 部颁发的运行规范； (2) 具有符合 CCAR-142 部中适用要求的设施、训练设备和教材； (3) 具有适合于本章要求的训练中使用,并经批准的课程、课程段和课程段的组成 部分； (4) 具有足够的符合本规则第 135.339 条至第 135.345 条中适用要求并审定合格, 为按照本章要求接受训练的人员提供训练、考试和检查的教员和飞行检查员。 第 135.327 条
训练大纲制定、修订及批准
(a) 为了得到训练大纲以及一份经批准的训练大纲的修订项的初始批准和最终批 准，每个合格证持有人应当向局方提交： (1) 建议的或者修订后的课程的纲要和可以为建议的训练大纲或者修订项提供初步 评审的足够资料； (2) 附加的局方可能要求的相关资料。 (b) 对于符合本章要求的训练大纲或者其修订项，局方以书面形式发出初始批准， 合格证持有人即可以依照该大纲实施训练。局方在训练过程中对该训练大纲的训练效果 作出评估，并且在发现存在缺陷时，向合格证持有人指出应当予以纠正的缺陷。 (c) 如果局方确认合格证持有人按照本条(b)款得到初始批准后的大纲实施的训练 能保证每个受训人员获得充分的训练来履行其指派的职责，局方可以为其颁发该建议的 训练大纲或者其修订的最终批准。 (d) 当局方认为，为了使已经获得最终批准的训练大纲继续保持良好训练效果，应 当对其作某些修订时，则合格证持有人在接到局方的通知之后应当对大纲进行局方认为 应当进行的修改。合格证持有人在接到这种通知后 30 天之内，可以向局方提出重新考 虑的请求。在对重新考虑的请求未作出决定的期间，上述局方通知暂停生效。但是，如 果局方认为出于安全考虑应当使修订立即生效，局方可以在向合格证持有人说明原因 后，要求其立即对训练大纲作出修改。 第 135.329 条
训练大纲中的课程
(a) 合格证持有人应当针对每种型别航空器上每一必需机组成员制定书面的训练大 纲课程，并保持其最新有效。该课程应当包括本章要求的地面和飞行训练。 73
(b) 每个训练大纲课程中应当包括以下内容： (1) 所提供的主要地面训练科目的清单，包括应急训练科目； (2) 合格证持有人使用的所有训练设备、模拟设备、系统练习设备、程序练习设备 和其它训练辅助设备的清单； (3) 在飞行训练各阶段中或者飞行检查时将用到的正常、非正常和紧急操作动作、 程序以及用以表明在飞行训练和飞行检查的空中阶段要完成的动作、程序和职能功能的 详尽文字描述或者图解。 第 135.331 条
机组成员训练要求
(a) 合格证持有人应当根据机组成员的职位，在其训练大纲中包含下列初始和转机 型地面训练： (1) 对于新招聘的机组成员的基础教育地面训练，至少包括下列内容： (i) 机组成员的相应职责； (ii) 本章的相应规定； (iii) 合格证持有人的运行合格证和运行规范中的内容(对客舱乘务员不作要求)； (iv) 合格证持有人的运行手册中的相应部分。 (2) 按照适用情况，本规则第 135.351 条和第 135.355 条规定的初始和转机型地面 训练； (3) 本规则第 135.333 条规定的应急生存训练。 (b) 每一训练大纲中应当按照适用情况，提供本规则第 135.353 条规定的初始和转 机型飞行训练。 (c) 每一训练大纲中应当提供本规则第 135.357 条规定的定期复训地面和飞行训 练。 (d) 训练大纲中应当包括本规则第 135.351 条和第 135.353 条规定的，作为合格的 副驾驶在服务过的一特定型别航空器上转升机长的升级训练。 (e) 除初始、转机型、升级和定期复训训练外，合格证持有人还应当提供必要的地 面和飞行训练内容、教学和实践，以确保每一机组成员达到下列要求： (1) 对于所服务的每架航空器、机组成员工作位置及运行类型，持续保持充分的训 练和近期熟练水平； (2) 对新的设备、设施、程序和技术，包括对航空器的改装，具有合格水平； (3) 先前训练过并获得资格的机组成员，由于在要求的期限内没有满足下列要求而 失去资格后应当进行重新获得资格训练： (i) 本规则第 135.293 条的定期复训驾驶员考试要求； (ii) 本规则第 135.297 条的仪表熟练检查要求； (iii) 本规则第 135.299 条要求的航线检查。 74
(4) 在某一特定型别的航空器上审定合格并服务过的机组成员，在其到该航空器一 个特定改型的相同职位上服务之前，当局方认为需要进行差异训练时应当进行差异训 练。 第 135.333 条
机组成员应急生存训练
(a) 每一机组成员应当完成训练大纲规定的应急生存训练。该训练大纲应当针对每 一航空器型别、型号和布局，以及与每位机组成员和合格证持有人相适应的每种运行类 型制订。 (b) 应急生存训练应当包括下列内容： (1) 应急工作的任务分派和程序，包括机组成员之间的协调配合； (2) 下列应急设备的所在位置、功能和使用方法： (i) 用于水上迫降和撤离的设备； (ii) 急救设备及其正常使用； (iii) 手提灭火瓶，重点是适用不同类型失火的灭火瓶型号。 (3) 紧急情况的处理，包括下列内容： (i) 急剧释压； (ii) 空中或者地面的失火和烟雾控制程序，重点是找到客舱区域内的电气设备和 相关的跳开关； (iii) 水上迫降和撤离； (iv) 旅客或者机组成员生病、受伤等非正常情况的处置； (v) 劫机和其他偶然事件。 (4) 回顾和讨论该合格证持有人以前与实际紧急情况有关的飞行事故和事件。 (c) 除非对于下列特定的演练，局方通过机组成员的演示发现其能够得到足够的训 练，每一个机组成员应当使用适当的应急设备和程序进行演练： (1) 当适用时，水上迫降； (2) 应急撤离； (3) 灭火和烟雾控制； (4) 操作和使用紧急出口，包括在适用时，展开和使用撤离滑梯； (5) 机组和乘客氧气的使用方法； (6) 当适用时，从航空器上放下救生筏，充气，使用救生绳索，以及乘客和机组的 登筏； (7) 救生衣的穿戴和充气，以及在适用时，其它漂浮装置的使用。 (d) 在 25000 英尺以上高度飞行的机组成员，应当接受下列内容的培训： (1) 呼吸原理； (2) 缺氧； 75
(3) 高空不供氧情况下的有知觉持续时间； (4) 气体膨胀； (5) 气泡的形成； (6) 减压的物理现象和事件。 第 135.335 条
危险物品的处置和载运的训练要求
(a) 除本条(d)款规定的情况外，合格证持有人不得使用任何人员履行危险物品的 处置和载运的职能和责任，任何人也不得履行这些职责，除非在前 24 个日历月内，该 人员顺利完成了合格证持有人制定的相应训练大纲中的初始训练或者定期复训，这些训 练包括下列方面的内容： (1) 危险物品的正常的托运审验、包装、标记、标签和文件工作； (2) 危险物品的相容性、装运、储存及处理特性。 (b) 合格证持有人应当保存一份被指派履行危险物品处置、载运职能和责任的机组 成员和地面人员圆满完成初始训练或者定期复训的记录。 (c) 选择不受理危险物品的每个合格证持有人应当确保每位机组成员得到足够的识 别那些归类为危险物品的训练。 (d) 如果合格证持有人运行至或者离开那些不符合本条(a)和(b)款要求的雇员或者 合同人员的机场，只有在按照本条(a)和(b)款通过资格审定的机组成员的监督下，方可 以使用这些人员来装载、卸载或者用其他方法处理危险物品。 第 135.337 条
飞行模拟机和其他训练设备的批准
(a) 经局方批准后，合格证持有人的训练大纲中可以包括使用飞行模拟机和其他训 练设备的训练课程。 (b) 在本章要求的训练课程和检查中使用的每个级别飞行模拟机和其他训练设备应 当满足下列要求： (1) 应当针对该合格证持有人的该型别航空器和具体的动作、程序和相关的机组职 能得到批准； (2) 应当持续保持得到批准时所要求的性能、功能和其他品质； (3) 对于飞行模拟机还应当满足： (i) 被批准适用于实施训练或者检查所使用的航空器型别以及适用时该型别内的特 定改型； (ii) 在所模拟的航空器作了改装，使型号合格批准所要求的性能、功能或者其他 特性起到了改变时，对模拟机作相应的改装来保持符合性。 (c) 一台具体的飞行模拟机或者其他训练设备可以由一个以上的合格证持有人使 用。
76
第 135.339 条
飞行检查员的资格审定
(a) 在本条和本规则第 135.343 条中飞行检查员分为航空器飞行检查员和模拟机飞 行检查员： (1) 航空器飞行检查员是指有资格针对特定型别的航空器，在航空器、飞行模拟机 或者飞行训练器上实施飞行检查的人员； (2) 模拟机飞行检查员是指有资格针对特定型别的航空器，在飞行模拟机或者飞行 训练器上实施飞行检查的人员； (3) 航空器飞行检查员和模拟机飞行检查员履行本规则第 135.321 条(a)款和第 135.323 条(a)款第(4)项及(c)款所述职能。 (b) 合格证持有人不得使用任何人、任何人也不得在按照本章制定的训练大纲中担 任航空器飞行检查员，除非对于相应的航空器型别，该人员： (1) 持有在按照本规则实施的相应运行中担任机长所需的驾驶员人员执照和等级； (2) 圆满完成了在按照本规则运行中担任机长所需的在该航空器上的训练，包括定 期复训； (3) 圆满完成了在按照本规则运行中担任机长所需的熟练检查和资格检查； (4) 满足本规则第 135.343 条规定的适用的训练要求； (5) 持有 I 级体检合格证； (6) 满足本规则第 135.249 条中的近期经历要求； (7)具有合格证持有人批准的飞行检查职能。 (c) 合格证持有人不得使用任何人、任何人也不得在按照本章制定的训练大纲中担 任模拟机飞行检查员，除非对于相应的航空器型别，该人员符合本条(b)款的要求或者： (1) 持有在按照本规则实施的相应运行中担任机长所需的驾驶人员执照和等级(体 检合格证除外)； (2) 圆满完成了在本规则运行中担任机长所需的针对该航空器的训练； (3) 圆满完成了在本规则运行中担任机长所需的熟练检查和资格检查； (4) 满足本规则第 135.343 条规定的适用的训练要求； (5) 具有合格证持有人批准的模拟机飞行检查职能。 (d) 在合格证持有人建立的个人训练记录中，应当按照适用情况记入对飞行检查员 满足本条(b)款第(2)、(3)和(4)项或者(c)款第(2)、(3)和(4)项要求的记录。 (e) 未持有适当体检合格证的飞行检查员可以担任模拟机飞行检查员，但不得在本 规则运行中担任飞行机组成员。 (f) 飞行检查员(模拟机)应当完成： (1) 在飞行模拟机上履行飞行检查员职责前 12 个日历月内，作为该型别、级别或 者类别航空器的机组必需成员完成至少两个航段的飞行； 77
(2) 顺利完成了经批准的航线观察大纲，参加航线观察的期限在该大纲中规定并且 应当是在飞行模拟机上履行飞行检查员职责之前。 (g) 本条(f)款要求的飞行航段或者航线观察大纲，如果在应当完成的那个日历月 之前或者之后一个日历月内完成，则被认为是在所要求的那个日历月内完成。 第 135.341 条
航空器飞行教员和模拟机飞行教员的资格审定
(a) 在本条和本规则第 135.345 条中： (1) 飞行教员(航空器)是指有资格针对特定型别、级别或者类别的航空器，在航空 器、飞行模拟机或者飞行训练器上实施教学的人员； (2) 飞行教员(模拟机)是指有资格针对特定型别、级别或者类别的航空器，在飞行 模拟机、飞行训练器或者两者上实施教学的人员； (3) 飞行教员(航空器)和飞行教员(模拟机)是履行本规则第 135.321 条(a)款和本 规则第 135.323 条(a)款第(4)项及(c)款所述职能的教员。 (b) 合格证持有人不得使用任何人、任何人也不得在按照本章制定的训练大纲中担 任飞行教员(航空器)，除非该人员对于相应的航空器型别、级别或者类别： (1) 持有在按照本规则实施的相应运行中担任机长所需的航空人员执照和等级； (2) 圆满完成了在按照本规则运行中担任机长所需的在该航空器上的训练阶段，包 括定期复训； (3) 圆满完成了在按照本规则运行中担任机长所需的熟练检查和资格检查； (4) 满足本规则第 135.345 条规定的适用的训练要求； (5)持有 I 级体检合格证； (6) 满足本规则第 135.249 条中的近期经历要求。 (c) 合格证持有人不得使用任何人、任何人也不得在按照本章制定的训练大纲中担 任飞行教员(模拟机)，除非该人员对于相应的航空器型别、级别或者类别符合本条(b) 款的要求，或者： (1) 持有在按照本规则实施的相应运行中担任机长所需的航空人员执照和等级(体 检合格证除外)； (2) 圆满完成了在按照本规则运行中担任机长所需的在该航空器上的训练阶段，包 括定期复训； (3) 圆满完成了在按照本规则运行中担任机长所需的熟练检查和资格检查； (4) 满足本规则第 135.345 条规定的适用的训练要求。 (d) 在合格证持有人建立的个人训练记录中，应当按照适用情况记入对教员满足本 条(b)款第(2)、(3)和(4)项或者(c)款第(2)、(3)和(4)项要求的记录。 (e) 未持有适当体检合格证的飞行教员可以作为非机组应当成员在航空器上担任教 员，但不得在按照本规则运行中担任飞行机组成员。 78
(f) 飞行教员(模拟机)应当完成： (1) 在飞行模拟机上履行飞行教员职责前 12 个日历月内，作为该型别、级别或者 类别航空器的机组必需成员完成至少两个航段的飞行； (2) 顺利完成了经批准的航线观察大纲，参加航线观察的期限在该大纲中规定并且 应当是在飞行模拟机上履行飞行教员职责之前。 (g) 本条(f)款要求的飞行航段或者航线观察大纲，如果在应当完成的那个日历月 之前或者之后一个日历月内完成，则被认为是在所要求的那个日历月内完成。 第 135.343 条
航空器飞行检查员和模拟机飞行检查员的训练要求
飞行检查员应当按照下列要求完成训练： (a) 飞行检查员的初始地面训练应当包括： (1) 飞行检查员的职能、作用和责任； (2) 适用的民用航空法规以及合格证持有人的政策和程序； (3) 实施要求的检查的适用方法、程序和技术； (4) 对学生表现的正常评估，包括发现： (i) 不正常的和不充分的训练； (ii) 申请人可能对安全有不利影响的个性。 (5) 检查不满意时的纠正措施； (6) 经批准的在航空器上实施要求的正常、非正常和应急程序的方法、程序和限制。 (b) 在飞行检查员的地面训练中，应当包括实施适用于该飞行检查员的航空器的正 常、非正常和应急程序的经批准的方法、程序和限制。 (c) 飞行检查员(航空器)的飞行训练应当包括： (1) 在检查期间可能会遇到的紧急情况下的安全措施； (2) 在检查期间采取的安全措施不正常、不及时或者不执行安全措施会造成的潜在 结果； (3) 从左座和右座实施必需的正常、非正常和应急程序的飞行检查的训练和实践， 确保其实施本规则要求的驾驶员飞行检查的能力； (4) 在检查期间可能产生的紧急情况下，从任一驾驶员座位采取的安全措施。 (d) 对于本条(c)款的要求可以按照适用情况，全部和部分在飞行中、飞行模拟机 上和飞行训练器上完成。 (e) 飞行检查员(模拟机)的飞行训练应当包括： (1) 实施必需的正常、非正常和应急程序的飞行检查的训练和实践，确保其具备实 施本规则要求的驾驶员飞行检查的能力。这种训练和实践应当在飞行模拟机或者飞行训 练器上完成； (2) 操作飞行模拟机、飞行训练器或者两者的训练，确保其具备实施本规则要求的 79
飞行检查的能力。 第 135.345 条
飞行教员的训练要求
飞行教员应当按照下列要求完成训练： (a) 飞行教员的初始地面训练应当包括： (1) 飞行教员的职能、作用和责任； (2) 适用的民用航空法规以及合格证持有人的政策和程序； (3) 实施要求的检查的适用方法、程序和技术； (4) 对学员表现的正常评估，包括发现： (i) 不正常的和不充分的训练； (ii) 申请人可能对安全有不利影响的个性。 (5) 检查不满意时的纠正措施； (6) 经批准的在航空器上实施要求的正常、非正常和应急程序的方法、程序和限制； (7) 假如不是飞行教员执照的持有人，还需： (i) 教学过程的基本原理； (ii) 教授方法和程序； (iii) 教员和学员的关系。 (b) 在飞行教员的地面训练中，应当包括实施适用于该飞行教员型别、级别和类别 航空器的正常、非正常和应急程序的经批准的方法、程序和限制。 (c) 飞行教员(航空器)的飞行训练应当包括： (1) 在教学期间可能会遇到的紧急情况下的安全措施； (2) 在教学期间采取的安全措施不及时、不正确所带给安全飞行的潜在后果； (3) 从左座和右座实施必需的正常、非正常和应急机动飞行的训练和实践，确保其 具备实施本规则要求的飞行教学的能力； (4) 教学期间，在可能产生的紧急情况下，从任一驾驶员座位采取的安全措施。 (d) 对于本条(c)款的要求，可以按照适用情况全部和部分在飞行中、飞行模拟机 上和飞行训练器上完成。 (e) 飞行教员(模拟机)的飞行训练应当包括： (1) 实施必需的正常、非正常和应急程序的训练和实践，确保其实施本规则要求的 飞行教学的能力。这种飞行和程序应当全部和部分在飞行模拟机或者飞行训练器上完 成； (2) 操作飞行模拟机、飞行训练器或者两者的训练，确保其具备实施本规则要求的 飞行教学的能力。 第 135.347 条
驾驶员和客舱乘务员训练大纲
(a) 除了那些在其运行中仅使用一名驾驶员的合格证持有人外，每位合格证持有人 80
应当建立并保持一份经批准的驾驶员训练大纲，使用客舱乘务员的每位合格证持有人应 当建立并保持经批准的客舱乘务员训练大纲。大纲应当与每个驾驶员和客舱乘务员被指 派参加的运行相适应，并保证他们得到充分的训练来满足本规则第 135.293 条至本规则 第 135.301 条中适用的知识和实践考试要求。但是，如果局方认为由于运行的规模和范 围的限制，偏离这些要求可以保证安全，局方可以批准对本条要求的偏离。 (b) 每一按照本条(a)款要求具有训练大纲的合格证持有人，应当在其训练大纲中 包含关于下列训练的地面和飞行训练课程： (1) 初始训练； (2) 转机型训练； (3) 升级训练； (4) 差异训练； (5) 定期复训。 (c) 每一按照本条(a)款要求具有训练大纲的合格证持有人，应当提供每位必需驾 驶员和客舱乘务员使用的有效和适当的学习材料。 (d) 合格证持有人应当为局方提供机组成员训练大纲及其所有修订的副本。如果合 格证持有人使用他人的训练设施，还应当提供在这些训练设施上使用的训练大纲或者其 适当部分的副本。 第 135.349 条
机组成员初始训练和定期复训要求
合格证持有人不得在按照本规则运行中使用任何人员担任、任何人员也不得担任机 组成员，除非该人员在参加本次运行前 12 个日历月内，完成了与其所服务的运行类型 相适应的训练大纲中的初始训练或者定期复训课程。 第 135.351 条
驾驶员初始、转机型和升级地面训练
驾驶员的初始、转机型和升级地面训练中，应当包括适用其职责的至少下列方面的 教学： (a) 一般课目： (1) 合格证持有人的飞行定位程序； (2) 确定重量和平衡的原则和方法，以及对起飞和着陆的跑道限制； (3) 足够的气象学知识，以保证具有对天气现象的实践知识，包括锋面系统、结冰、 雾、雷暴、风切变以及适用时的高空天气条件的原理； (4) 空中交通管制系统、程序和术语； (5) 导航和导航设备的使用，包括仪表进近程序； (6) 正常和应急通信程序； (7) 下降到决断高（DH）或者最低下降高度（MDA）以下之前和下降到低于决断高 或者最低下降高度过程中的目视参考； 81
(8) 其他保证驾驶员能力所需的教学。 (b) 对于每一航空器型别： (1) 一般介绍； (2) 性能特征； (3) 发动机和螺旋桨； (4) 主要部件； (5) 主要的航空器系统(如飞行操纵、电气和液压系统)，其他系统(按照适用情况)， 正常、非正常和应急操作的原理，适用的程序和限制； (6) 下列方面的知识和程序： (i) 辨别和避绕恶劣天气条件； (ii) 在遭遇不利天气情况，包括低空风切变时从恶劣天气条件中脱离(对于旋翼机 驾驶员，不要求作脱离低空风切变的考试)； (iii) 进入或者靠近雷暴(包括最佳穿越高度)，颠簸(包括晴空颠簸)，结冰，冰雹 和其他危险天气环境； (iv) 如果合格证持有人期望在地面结冰条件下批准起飞，在地面结冰条件(如有理 由认为霜、冰或者雪会附着在航空器上的任何时间条件)下运行航空器，包括： (A) 使用除冰/防冰液时对保持时间的限制； (B) 航空器除冰/防冰程序，包括监察和检查程序及责任； (C) 通信； (D) 航空器表面污染物(如霜、冰或者雪的附着)和关键区域的辨别，以及污染物如 何对航空器性能和飞行特性带来不利影响的知识； (E) 合格证持有人使用的除冰/防冰液的类型和特性； (F) 寒冷天气下的飞行前检查程序； (G) 辨别航空器上污染物的方法。 (7) 使用限制； (8) 燃油消耗和巡航控制； (9) 飞行计划； (10) 每一正常和应急程序； (11) 经批准的航空器飞行手册和等效文件。 第 135.353 条
驾驶员初始、转机型、升级和差异飞行训练
(a) 驾驶员的初始、转机型、升级和差异训练中应当包括经批准的训练大纲课程中 每种动作和程序的飞行和练习。 (b) 本条(a)款要求的动作和程序应当在飞行中完成，除了本章允许外，某些特定 的动作和程序可以在飞行模拟机或者适当的飞行训练器上完成。 82
(c) 如果合格证持有人经批准的训练大纲中包括使用航空器模拟机或者其他训练器 的训练课程，每个驾驶员应当圆满完成： (1) 模拟机或者训练器上的训练和练习，应当是包含在那些可以在航空器模拟机和 训练器上实施的本章的动作和程序中； (2) 一次为检查机长或者副驾驶(按照适用情况)的熟练水平，在航空器上实施的飞 行检查，或者在模拟机或者训练器上的检查至少是包含在那些可以在航空器模拟机或者 训练设备上实施的动作和程序中。 第 135.355 条
客舱乘务员初始和转机型地面训练
客舱乘务员的初始和转机型地面训练应当至少包括下列方面的教学： (a) 一般课目： (1) 机长的权力； (2) 处理乘客事务，包括处理神经错乱的或者其行为可能危及安全的乘客时需遵守 的程序。 (b) 对于每种航空器型别： (1) 对航空器的概述，着重于对水上迫降、撤离、飞行中应急程序和其他相关职责 存在相互影响的物理特性； (2) 机上广播系统和与其他飞行机组成员之间通话设施的使用，包括在有人企图劫 机或者其他异常情况下的紧急措施； (3) 厨房电气设备以及客舱加温和通风控制器的正常使用。 第 135.357 条
定期复训
(a) 每个合格证持有人应当确保每位机组成员得到定期复训，并且对于相关的航空 器型别和机组成员位置得到充分训练和当前熟练性。 (b) 机组成员的定期复训地面训练应当至少包括下列各项： (1) 一次确定机组成员对于相关航空器和机组成员位置所具备的知识的问答或者其 他形式的复习； (2) 本章对初始地面训练规定的课目中所必需的教学，根据适用情况，包括本规则 第 135.347 条和第 135.351 条规定的低空风切变训练和在地面结冰条件下的操纵训练， 以及应急训练。 (c) 驾驶员的定期复训飞行训练应当至少包括本章规定的动作和程序的飞行训练。 但如果在前 12 个日历月内顺利通过了本规则第 135.293 条要求的技术能力检查，则该 检查可以代替定期复训飞行训练。
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I章 第 135.361 条
飞机性能使用限制
适用范围
(a) 本章规定了本规则第 135.363 条所列类别的飞机按照本规则实施运行时所遵守 的飞机性能使用限制。 (b) 在本章中的用语按照下述定义： (1) “跑道有效长度”是指飞机在着陆时跑道进近端的超障面与跑道中心线的交点 至跑道最远端的距离； (2) “超障面”是指与水平面成 1：20 的斜率从跑道向上倾斜，并与跑道周围规定 区域内的所有障碍物相切或者越过其上的平面。在平面图上看，该规定区域的中心线与 跑道的中心线相重合，以超障面与跑道中心线的交点为起点，延伸到距起点至少为 450 米（1500 英尺）的那一点处。此后，该中心线与该跑道的起飞轨迹（在起飞时）重合， 或者与仪表进近轨迹（在着陆时）重合，或者当这些轨迹中适用的一个未确定时，它沿 至少 1200 米（4000 英尺）半径的转弯延伸，直至某点，在此点外，超障面超越所有障 碍物。这一区域在超障面与跑道中心线交点处的中心线两侧横向扩展各 60 米（200 英 尺），并以此宽度延伸至跑道端点；然后，向中心线两侧均匀扩大，至距超障面与跑道 相交处 450 米（1500 英尺）那一点扩展至两侧各 150 米（500 英尺）；在此之后，保持 此宽度延伸。 第 135.363 条
总则
(a) 使用活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的合格证持有人应当遵守本规则第 135.365 条至第 135.377 条的要求。 (b) 使用涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的合格证持有人应当遵守本规则第 135.379 条至第 135.387 条的要求。 (c) 使用大型非运输类飞机的合格证持有人应当遵守本规则第 135.389 条至第 135.395 条的要求，并且对符合性的任何判定应当仅以经批准的性能数据为依据。 (d) 使用小型运输类飞机的合格证持有人应当遵守本规则第 135.397 条的要求。 (e) 使用小型非运输类飞机的合格证持有人应当遵守本规则第 135.401 条的要求。 (f) 在确定是否符合本规则第 135.365 至本规则第 135.387 条的要求时，使用飞机 飞行手册中的性能数据。当涉及的条件与这些性能数据所依据的条件不同时，如果内插 法或者计算法所得结果在实质上与直接试验的结果同样准确，则可以用内插法或者通过 计算具体变量变化的影响来确定是否符合规定。 84
(g) 如果特定的环境已经使得遵守某项限制对于安全没有必要，局方可以在运行规 范中批准偏离本章的要求。 (h) 在按照目视飞行规则飞行时，或者在导航设施对位于预定航迹每侧 10 公里以 外 25 公里以内的高地或者障碍物提供可靠和精确标识的地方，本规则第 135.369 条至 第 135.373 条规定的 25 公里宽度可以缩小至 10 公里，但纵向的距离不得超过 35 公里。 (i) 使用通勤类飞机的合格证持有人应当遵守本规则第 135.399 条的要求。 第 135.365 条
活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的重量限制
(a) 任何人不得从标高在确定飞机最大起飞重量所用的气压高度范围之外的机场起 飞活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机。 (b) 任何人不得起飞活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机，飞往某个预定的标高在 确定该飞机最大着陆重量所用的气压高度范围之外的机场。 (c) 任何人不得指定或者预先指定机场标高超出所用的活塞式发动机驱动的大型运 输类飞机确定最大着陆重量时所对应的高度范围的机场为备降机场。 (d) 任何人不得以超过按照机场标高所确定的最大批准起飞重量的重量起飞活塞式 发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机。 (e) 如果在考虑了航路上正常的燃油和滑油消耗后，飞机在到达目的地机场时的重 量超过按照该机场标高所确定的最大批准着陆重量，则任何人不得起飞活塞式发动机驱 动的大型运输类飞机。 第 135.367 条
活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的起飞限制
(a) 合格证持有人在使用活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机时，应当满足下列要 求： (1) 在起飞过程中达到临界发动机失效决断速度(V1)之前的任一时刻，按照加速停 止距离数据所示，能使该飞机安全停止在跑道或者停止道上； (2) 如果临界发动机在飞机达到V1速度之后的任一时刻失效后继续起飞，在通过可 用起飞距离末端上空之前，按照起飞轨迹数据所示，高度能达到 15.2 米（50 英尺）； (3) 在达到 15.2 米(50 英尺)的高度（按照起飞轨迹数据所示）之前不带坡度，在 此后坡度不超过 15 度的情况下，预定起飞飞行轨迹能以 15.2 米(50 英尺)的余度垂直超 越所有障碍物，或者在机场边界内能以 60 米(200 英尺)、在机场边界外能以 90 米(300 英尺)的水平距离避开障碍物。 (b) 在使用本条时，应当对所有跑道坡度进行修正。考虑到风的影响，对于以静止 大气为基础的起飞数据，可以按照不大于 50％的报告的逆风分量和不小于 150％的报告 的顺风分量进行修正。
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第 135.369 条
活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机所有发动机工作的航路限制
活塞式发动机驱动的飞机起飞前的重量，应当在考虑正常的燃油和滑油消耗后，能 使飞机在所有发动机工作的条件下，在预定航迹两侧各 25 公里以内最高地面或者障碍 物之上至少 300 米（1000 英尺）的高度上，上升率(以米/秒为单位)至少达到 0.0189 Vso 米/秒（Vso 的公里/小时数乘以 0.0189 得到的上升率每秒米数）或者 6.90 Vso 英尺/ 分（Vso 的海里／小时数乘以 6.90 得到的上升率每分钟英尺数）。 第 135.371 条
活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机一台发动机不工作时的航路限制
(a) 除本条(b)款规定外，活塞式发动机驱动的飞机起飞前的重量，应当在考虑正 常的燃油和滑油消耗后，能使飞机在一台发动机不工作的条件下，在预定航迹两侧各 25 公里以内最高地面或者障碍物之上至少 300 米（1000 英尺）的高度上，上升率至少达到 0.00148（0.079－0.106/N) Vso2米/秒（其中N为所装的发动机台数，Vso以公里／小时 2
表示）或者(0.079-0.106/N) Vso 英尺/分（其中N为所装的发动机台数，Vso以海里／小 时表示）。 (b) 为代替本条(a)款的要求，活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机可以按照经批 准的程序，在所有发动机工作的某个高度上运行，在该高度上，当一台发动机停车后， 考虑到正常的燃油和滑油消耗，飞机可以继续飞至符合本规则 135.377 规定能进行着陆 的备降机场。在假定的故障发生之后，飞行轨迹应当高于预定航迹两侧各 25 公里范围 内的地面和障碍物至少 600 米（2000 英尺）。 (c) 如果按照本条(b)款使用经批准的程序，合格证持有人应当遵守下列各项规定： (1) 对于按照 CCAR-25 部审定合格的飞机，计算飞机飞行轨迹时所用的上升率（按照飞 机飞行手册中对相应重量和高度所确定的数值）应当减去一个等于 0.00148(0.079 -0.106/N) Vso2 米/秒的量（其中N为所装的发动机台数，Vso以公里／小时表示），或者 减去一个等于(0.079-0.106/N) Vso2 英尺/分的量（其中N为所装的发动机台数，Vso以 海里／小时表示）； (2) 在航路上任何一点临界发动机停止工作时，通过使用经批准的程序，所有发动 机工作时的高度应当能够足以使飞机继续飞行到某一预定的备降机场。在确定起飞重量 时，假定飞机是在某点发动机停车后越过临界障碍物的，而且这一点距临界障碍物的距 离不小于距最近的经批准的无线电导航定位点的距离。但是，如果局方批准了依据不同 的原则制定的程序，且该程序有足够的运行安全保证，对该点可以不作要求； (3) 在该程序中，飞机飞至备降机场上空 300 米（1000 英尺）处时，其上升率应当 符合本条(a)款的规定； (4) 在该程序中，应当包括对飞行轨迹有不利影响的风和温度的经批准的计算方法； (5) 在使用这一程序时，允许应急放油。但合格证持有人应当有充足的训练大纲， 对飞行机组人员进行了合适的应急放油训练，并且为保证程序的安全性采取了其他安全 86
措施； (6) 合格证持有人和机长应当共同选择一个备降机场，有合适的天气报告、预报或 者两者的组合表明，在飞机预计到达该机场时刻，天气条件达到或者超过合格证持有人 的运行规范中规定的备降最低天气标准。 第 135.373 条 活塞式发动机驱动的 4 台或者 4 台以上发动机的 25 部运输类飞机两台 发动机不工作时的航路限制 (a) 合格证持有人运行按照 CCAR-25 部审定的具有 4 台或者 4 台以上发动机的飞机， 应当遵守下列规定之一： (1) 预定航道上任何一点到符合本规则第 135.377 条要求的机场的飞行时间不超过 所有发动机以巡航功率工作飞行 90 分钟； (2) 飞机在某一重量下运行，在此重量下，飞机在预定航迹两侧各 25 公里范围内 最高地面或者障碍物之上 300 米（1000 英尺）或者MSL高度 1500 米（5000 英尺）两者 中较高的高度上，在两台临界发动机不工作情况下，能以 0.000019 Vso2米/秒的上升率 （由Vso的公里/小时的平方乘以 0.000019 而得的上升率每秒米数）或者以 0.013 Vso2英 尺／分钟的上升率（由Vso的海里／小时数的平方乘以 0.013 而得到的上升率每分钟英 尺数）上升。 (b) 对于本条(a)款第(2)项，假定： (1) 这两台发动机在对于起飞重量最为临界的那一点上失效； (2) 对于燃油和滑油消耗，在两台发动机失效的那一点之前，以所有发动机工作时 的正常消耗计算，在那一点之后，以这两台发动机不工作时的正常消耗计算； (3) 假定发动机是在高于规定的最低高度上失效的，在由巡航高度下降到规定的最 低高度期间，无需证明是否符合在规定的最低高度上达到规定的上升率，但是在到达此 规定的最低高度时，应当能满足这些要求，并且假定飞机是沿着净飞行轨迹下降的，其 2
下降率应当比经批准的性能数据中规定的速率大 0.000019 Vso 米/秒（Vso单位为公里/ 小时）或者大 0.013 Vso2英尺/分钟（Vso单位为海里/小时）； (4) 如果有应急放油设备，则认为飞机在两台发动机失效那一点上的重量不小于包 括足够燃油的重量，这些燃油可以使飞机飞到符合本规则第 135.377 条要求的机场并到 达该机场正上空至少 300 米（1000 英尺）的高度。 第 135.375 条
活塞式发动机驱动大型运输类飞机目的地机场着陆限制
(a) 除本条(b)款规定外，活塞式发动机驱动的飞机在起飞前，应当在考虑到飞行 中正常的燃油和滑油消耗后，使该飞机在到达目的地机场时的重量允许其在预定目的地 的下述跑道上，自超障面与该跑道交点上方 15.2 米（50 英尺）处算起，在跑道有效长 度的 60％以内作全停着陆。为确定在目的地机场允许的着陆重量，假定： (1) 飞机是在最理想的跑道上在静止大气中以最理想的方向着陆； 87
(2) 考虑到可能的风速和风向（预期到达时间的预报风）、该型别飞机的地面操纵 特性以及诸如着陆助航设备和地形等其他条件，飞机在最适宜的跑道上着陆，允许考虑 不大于 50％逆风分量或者不小于 150％顺风分量对着陆轨迹和着陆滑跑的影响。 (b) 对于不能符合本条(a)款第(2)项的要求而被禁止起飞的飞机，如果指定了备降 机场，除允许该飞机在备降机场跑道有效长度 70％内完成全停着陆外，该备降机场符合 本条的所有其他要求，则可以允许该飞机起飞。 第 135.377 条
活塞式发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机备降机场的着陆限制
在飞行计划中所列的备降机场，应当能使飞机以到达该机场时预计的重量和按照本 规则第 135.375 条(a)款第(1)和第(2)项假定的条件在该跑道有效长度的 70％以内完成 全停着陆。 第 135.379 条
涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的起飞限制
(a) 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机不得以大于该飞机飞行手册中对应于该机场 气压高度和起飞时环境温度所确定的重量起飞。 (b) 涡轮发动机驱动大型运输类飞机，不得以大于该飞机飞行手册中对应最短起飞 所需距离而列出的重量起飞。该重量应当保证飞机符合下列各项要求： (1) CCAR-25 部第 25.109 条所定义的加速停止距离不得超过跑道长度加上任何停止 道的长度； (2) 起飞距离不得超过跑道长度加上净空道长度，但净空道长度不得大于跑道长度 的一半； (3) 起飞滑跑距离不得大于跑道长度。 (c) 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机不得以大于该飞机飞行手册中所确定的某个 重量起飞，在该重量下，预定净起飞飞行轨迹以 10.7 米（35 英尺）的余度超越所有障 碍物，或者在机场边界内能以 60 米(200 英尺)、在机场边界外能以 90 米(300 英尺)的 水平距离避开障碍物。 (d) 在按照本条(a)至(c)款确定最大重量、最小距离和飞行轨迹时，应当对拟用的 跑道、机场的标高、有效跑道坡度和起飞时的环境温度、风的分量进行修正。如果对于 从湿跑道起飞所要求的最小距离存在使用限制，还需修正跑道表面状态(干或者湿)。如 果在飞机飞行手册中有规定，可以使用与沟槽式或者多孔式摩擦跑道相关的湿跑道距 离，但仅可以用于具有上述表面特征的跑道，并且合格证持有人确认这些跑道是以局方 可以接受的方式设计、建造和维护的。 (e) 在本条中，按照飞机飞行手册中规定的起飞轨迹或者净起飞飞行轨迹数据中的 适用者，假定飞机在到达 15.2 米（50 英尺）高度之前无坡度，在此之后坡度不超过 15 度。 (f) 在本条中，“起飞距离”、“起飞滑跑”、“净起飞飞行轨迹”等术语，与对该飞 88
机进行型号合格审定的规章中所规定的术语具有相同的含义。 第 135.381 条
涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机一台发动机不工作时的航路限制
(a) 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机不得超过某一重量起飞，在该重量下，考虑 到正常的燃油、滑油消耗并根据航路上预计的环境温度，根据经批准的该飞机飞行手册 确定的一台发动机不工作时的航路净飞行轨迹数据，应当能够符合下列两项要求之一： (1) 在预定航迹两侧各 25 公里范围内的所有地形和障碍物上空至少 300 米（1000 英尺）的高度上有正梯度，并且，在发动机失效后飞机需着陆的机场上空 450 米（1500 英尺）的高度上有正梯度； (2) 净飞行轨迹允许飞机由巡航高度开始，继续飞到可以按照 135.387 要求进行着 陆的机场，能以至少 600 米（2000 英尺）的高度垂直超越预定航迹两侧各 25 公里范围 内所有地形和障碍物，并且，在发动机失效后飞机需着陆的机场上空 450 米（1500 英尺） 的高度上有正梯度。 (b) 就本条(a)款第(2)项而言，假定： (1) 发动机在航路上最临界的一点失效； (2) 飞机在发动机失效点之后飞越临界障碍物，该点距临界障碍物的距离不小于距 最近的经批准的无线电导航定位点的距离，除非局方为充分保障运行安全批准了一个不 同的程序； (3) 使用经批准的方法考虑了不利的风的影响； (4) 如果合格证持有人证明，机组人员进行了恰当的训练，并且采取了其他安全措 施，能保证程序的安全性，则允许应急放油； (5) 选择了备降机场，且该备降机场符合规定的最低气象条件； (6) 发动机失效后燃油和滑油的消耗与飞机飞行手册中经批准的净飞行轨迹数据所 给定的消耗相同。 第 135.383 条 的航路限制
三台或者三台以上涡轮发动机驱动大型运输类飞机二台发动机不工作时
涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机沿预定航路运行时，应当符合下列条件之一： (a) 在预定航迹上任何一点到符合本规则第 135.387 条要求的机场的飞行时间(所 有发动机以巡航功率工作)不超过 90 分钟。 (b) 根据飞机飞行手册中航路上两台发动机不工作时的净飞行轨迹数据，其重量允 许该飞机从假定两台发动机同时失效的地点，飞到符合本规则第 135.387 条要求的某一 机场。在这段飞行中，考虑到沿该航路的预计环境温度，其净飞行轨迹在垂直方向上至 少高出预定航迹两侧各 25 公里范围内所有地形和障碍物 600 米（2000 英尺）。就本款而 言，假定： (1) 两台发动机在航路上最临界的地点失效； 89
(2) 这些发动机失效后在预定着陆的机场正上空 450 米（1500 英尺）处，该净飞行 轨迹具有正梯度； (3) 如果合格证持有人证明，机组人员进行了恰当的训练，并且采取了其他预防措 施，能保证程序的安全性，则可以批准应急放油； (4) 在两台发动机失效的那一点，该飞机重量包含有足够的燃油，使其能继续飞到 该机场正上空至少 450 米（1500 英尺）的高度，此后还能以巡航功率或者推力飞行 15 分钟； (5) 发动机失效后，燃油和滑油的消耗与飞机飞行手册中净飞行轨迹数据所给定的 消耗相同。 第 135.385 条
涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的目的地机场着陆限制
(a) 涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机起飞前，应当在考虑到至目的地机场或者备 降机场飞行中正常的燃油和滑油消耗后，使飞机到达时的重量不得超过该飞机飞行手册 中以该目的地机场或者备降机场的气压高度以及着陆时预计的环境温度所确定的着陆 重量。 (b) 除本条(c)、(d)、(e)款规定外，涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机起飞前， 应当在考虑到飞行中正常的燃油和滑油消耗后，使该飞机到达目的地机场时的重量，根 据飞机飞行手册中对该目的地机场的气压高度和预计在着陆时当地风的情况所规定的 着陆距离，允许其在预定的目的地机场的下述跑道上，由超障面与该跑道交点上方 15.2 米（50 英尺）处算起，在跑道的有效长度 60％以内作全停着陆。为确定在目的地机场 的允许着陆重量，假定： (1) 飞机在最理想的跑道上在静止大气中以最理想的方向着陆； (2) 考虑到可能的风速、风向和该飞机的地面操纵特性，以及考虑到诸如着陆助航 设备和地形等其他条件，飞机在最适宜的跑道上着陆。 (c) 对于不能符合本条(b)款第(2)项的要求而被禁止起飞的涡轮螺旋桨驱动的飞 机，如果指定了备降机场，除允许飞机在跑道有效长度的 70％以内完成全停着陆外，该 备降机场符合本条所有其他要求，则可以允许该飞机起飞。 (d) 对于涡轮喷气飞机，在有关的气象报告、预报或者两者的任意组合表明目的地 机场跑道在预计着陆时刻可能是湿的或者滑的时，该目的地机场的有效跑道长度应当至 少为本条(b)款所要求的跑道长度的 115％，否则，该飞机不得起飞。如果在湿跑道上的 实际着陆技术证明，对特定型号的飞机，已经批准了某一较短但不小于本条(b)款要求 的着陆距离，并且已经载入飞机飞行手册，则可以按照手册的要求执行。 (e) 由于不能符合本条(b)款第(2)项而被禁止起飞的涡轮喷气飞机，如果为其指定 了符合本条(b)款所有要求的备降机场，则可以起飞。
90
第 135.387 条
涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机备降机场的着陆限制
在涡轮发动机驱动的大型运输类飞机的飞行计划中列为备降机场的机场，应当能使 该飞机在到达该备降机场时以根据本规则第 135.385 条(b)项规定的假定条件预计的重 量，由超障面与跑道交点上方 15.2 米（50 英尺）处算起，在跑道有效长度的 70％（涡 轮螺旋桨动力飞机）或者 60％（涡轮喷气动力飞机）以内完成全停着陆。 第 135.389 条
大型非运输类飞机的起飞限制
(a) 大型非运输类飞机不得以大于某一重量起飞，该重量允许飞机在达到最小操纵 速度(飞行中一台发动机停车后能安全操纵飞机的最小速度)的 105％或者起飞形态下无 动力失速速度的 115％(取两者中较大者)之前任何一点开始中断起飞，在跑道有效长度 内能够安全停住。 (b) 在本条中： (1) 可以假定在加速时所有发动机都使用起飞功率； (2) 可以考虑不大于 50％的报告逆风分量或者不小于 150％的报告顺风分量； (3) 如果平均跑道坡度(跑道两端的海拔高度差值除以跑道长度)大于 0.5％，则应 当考虑该坡度； (4) 假定飞机在标准大气条件下运行； (5) 对于起飞，“有效跑道长度”是从考虑起飞时所在的跑道一端开始至跑道另一 端相关的超障面与跑道中心线的交点为止的距离。 第 135.391 条
大型非运输类飞机一台发动机不工作时的航路限制
(a) 除本条(b)款规定外，大型非运输类飞机起飞前的重量，应当能使飞机在一台 临界发动机失效情况下，在预定航迹两侧各 25 公里以内最高障碍物之上至少 300 米 （1000 英尺）的高度或者 MSL 高度 1500 米（5000 英尺）两者中较高的高度上，具有至 少每分钟 15.2 米（50 英尺）的上升率。 (b) 尽管有本条(a)款的要求，如果局方认为不会降低安全运行水平，则可以允许 飞机在某个高度上运行，在该高度上，当一台发动机失效后，飞机可以超越预定航迹两 侧各 25 公里以内的最高障碍物 300 米（1000 英尺）。如果使用本程序，假定相应重量和 高度条件下的下降率比经批准中的下降率每分钟大 15.2 米（50 英尺）。在批准该程序前， 局方将对相关的航路、航段或者区域考虑下列因素： (1) 风和天气预报的可靠性； (2) 导航设备的位置和类型； (3) 盛行的天气情况，尤其是通常遇到的紊流的频率和强度； (4) 地形特征； (5) 空中交通问题； (6) 任何其他影响运行的运行因素。 91
(c) 对于本条作如下假定： (1) 临界发动机不工作； (2) 不工作发动机的螺旋桨处于最小阻力位置； (3) 襟翼和起落架处于最有利位置； (4) 工作的发动机以最大连续可用功率工作； (5) 飞机在标准大气中运行； (6) 飞机的重量随着预计的燃油和滑油消耗而逐渐减少。 第 135.393 条
大型非运输类飞机目的地机场的着陆限制
(a) 大型非运输类飞机不得以下列重量起飞： (1) 考虑到预计的燃油和滑油消耗后，飞机的重量大于允许飞机在目的地机场最适 宜的跑道的有效长度的 60％内完成全停着陆的重量； (2) 飞机重量大于允许在下列情况的跑道上着陆的重量： (i) 静风条件下的最大有效长度； (ii) 按照可能有风的要求，考虑不大于 50％的逆风分量或者不小于 150％的顺风 分量。 (b) 对于本条作以下假定： (1) 飞机以不小于着陆形态下的失速速度（Vso）的 1.3 倍的指示真空速作稳定下 滑进近时，以 15.2 米（50 英尺）的高度飞越超障面与跑道交点的正上方； (2) 着陆不需要特殊的驾驶技能； (3) 飞机在标准大气中运行。 第 135.395 条
大型非运输类飞机备降机场的着陆限制
当选择一个机场作为大型非运输类飞机的备降机场时，应当根据本规则第 135.393 条(b)款的假定条件，该飞机以到达时刻的预计重量能在跑道有效长度的 70％以内完成 全停着陆。 第 135.397 条
小型运输类飞机的性能使用限制
(a) 运行活塞发动机驱动的小型运输类飞机应当满足本规则第 135.365 条的重量限 制、本规则第 135.367 条(除(a)款第(3)项外)的起飞限制，以及本规则第 135.375 条和 本规则第 135.377 条的着陆限制。 (b) 运行涡轮发动机驱动的小型运输类飞机应当满足本规则第 135.379 条(除(d)和 (f)款外)的起飞限制，以及本规则第 135.385 条和第 135.387 条的着陆限制。 第 135.399 条
通勤类飞机的性能使用限制
(a) 运行通勤类飞机应当满足经批准的飞机飞行手册中的起飞重量限制。 (b) 按照通勤类进行型号合格审定的飞机不得以大于该飞机飞行手册中所确定的某 92
个重量起飞，在该重量下，能使其净起飞飞行轨迹以至少 10.7 米（35 英尺）的垂直间 隔超越所有障碍物，或者在机场边界内至少以 60 米（200 英尺）的水平距离、在机场边 界外至少以 90 米（300 英尺）的水平距离避让障碍物。 (c) 通勤类飞机应当满足本规则第 135.385 条和第 135.387 条规定的着陆限制，否 则不得起飞。 (d) 在按照本条(a)至(c)款确定最大重量、最小距离和飞行轨迹时，应当根据所使 用的跑道、机场的标高、有效的跑道坡度、环境温度以及起飞时刻风的分量对该重量进 行修正。 (e) 在本条中，假定飞机按照飞机飞行手册中的净起飞飞行轨迹飞行，飞机在到达 15.2 米（50 英尺）高度之前没有坡度，此后坡度不超过 15 度。 第 135.401 条
小型非运输类飞机的性能使用限制
(a) 小型非运输类飞机在按照本规则运行时，应当满足经批准的飞机飞行手册或者 等效文件中的起飞重量限制和着陆重量限制。 (b) 旅客座位数(不包括驾驶员座位)为 10 座(含)以上的正常类飞机，应当满足本 规则第 135.385 条和第 135.387 条规定的着陆限制。
93
J章
航空器维修
第 135.411 条 总则 本章在 CCAR-91 部要求的基础上增加了维修要求，按照本规则运行的合格证持有人 应当遵守： (a) 合格证持有人应当建立一个维修系统来保证其飞机持续符合型号设计要求及有 关中国民用航空规章中的维修要求。 (b)按照本规则运行的合格证持有人的航空器及其部件的维修工作应当满足下述要 求： (1) 对于型号合格审定为旅客座位数量(不包括机组座位)不超过 9 座的航空器应当 按照本规则第 135.423 条要求的航空器检查大纲实施或者安排实施航空器的维修工作； (2) 对于型号合格审定为旅客座位数量(不包括机组座位)超过 9 座的航空器应当由 按照 CCAR-145 部批准的维修单位按照本规则第 135.425 条要求的维修方案进行维修工 作； (3) 对于单发实施载客仪表飞行规则(IFR)运行的航空器，还应当满足本规则第 135.427 条规定的附加维修要求； (4) 任何航空器都可以按照本条(b)款的要求进行航空器维修； (5) 对于任何航空器的机体翻修和航空器部件维修（不包括按照检查大纲和维修方 案进行的不离位检查）应当由按照 CCAR-145 部批准的维修单位进行。 (c)合格证持有人应当保证其航空器及其部件、维修系统接受局方为保证其对本章 规定的符合性而进行的检查和监督。 第 135.413 条
航空器的适航性责任
(a) 合格证持有人对其按照本规则运行的航空器，包括机体、发动机、螺旋桨、旋 翼、设备和部件，承担适航性责任，并使其航空器按照本规则的要求进行维修。 (b) 合格证持有人应当按照局方批准或者认可的程序完成下列工作，确保航空器的 适航性和运行设备、应急设备的可用性： (1) 每次飞行前按照本规则第 135.423 条要求的航空器检查大纲或者本规则第 135.425 条要求的航空器维修方案完成或者安排完成所有维修任务，并进行必要的检查 和放行； (2) 对于影响安全运行的有关缺陷和损伤进行排故并达到经批准的标准，如该型航 空器有局方批准的最低设备清单（MEL）和构型偏离清单(CDL)，应当符合这些清单规定 的要求； 94
(3) 完成运行指令、适航指令和局方要求强制执行的任何其他持续适航要求； (4) 依据批准的标准完成改装，对于非强制性改装，制定具体政策。 (c) 合格证持有人可以通过协议将上述（b）款中的全部或者部分工作进行委托， 但对其航空器负有同样的适航性责任。
第 135.415 条
合格证持有人的维修系统
(a) 合格证持有人应当建立一个由维修主管负责的，落实其维修责任和保证航空器 适航性的维修系统。维修系统应当具备必要的机构、设施、工具设备、器材、人员和工 作程序来实施或者安排实施维修（包括一般勤务）工作。 (b) 对于运行旅客座位数量(不包括机组座位)超过 9 座的航空器的合格证持有人， 维修系统应当包括一个至少获得 CCAR-145 部有关航空器航线维修批准的维修单位，这 个维修单位可以是自己建立的，也可以是通过协议委托的协议维修单位。
第 135.417 条
维修系统的要求
(a) 维修系统应当具有一个工程技术系统来负责制定本规则第 135.423 条要求的检 查大纲或者第 135.425 条要求的维修方案，并提出具体维修技术要求和改装方案。 (b) 维修系统应当具有一个维修计划系统来来根据本条(a)款所述工程技术系统制 定的检查大纲或者维修方案、维修技术要求和改装方案来选择和安排实施维修工作，保 证航空器运行和维修中必要的器材供应，并统计航空器及其部件的使用状况使其达到合 理使用。这个计划系统可以是自己建立的，也可以是通过协议委托的协议维修单位。 (c) 维修系统应当具有一个相对独立的质量部门来监督其维修系统人员责任和各项 工作程序的落实，并具有以下职能： (1) 对维修系统使用的各类人员和单位进行评估； (2) 对单机适航性状况进行监控； (3) 维修差错管理和质量调查。 (d) 合格证持有人的维修系统应当建立一个培训管理系统，来保证维修系统的人员、 协议维修单位中代表维修系统行使管理职责的人员和维修系统授权的维修放行人员经 过足够的培训，并能胜任所从事的工作和所承担的职责。 (e) 如使用按照 CCAR-145 部批准的维修单位进行航空器的维修工作，其维修人员 资格可以仅满足 CCAR-145 部的要求；如不使用 CCAR-145 部批准的维修单位进行航空器 的维修工作，则其实施航空器维修工作的人员应当具有 CCAR-66 部的《维修人员执照》， 并且其专业和机型类别应当与所从事的工作相适应，维修放行人员还应当经过质量部门 主管对其进行资格评估和书面授权。 (f) 对于在边远地区和地点运行的旋翼机，在没有其他合格人员时，如果满足下列 95
条件，局方可以批准由一名驾驶员实施必需的检查程序： (1) 该驾驶员由合格证持有人雇佣； (2) 能以让局方满意的程度表明，每个被批准实施必需检查的驾驶员得到了合适的 训练和资格审定； (3) 该必需的检查是机械原因所引起的，而不是合格证持有人的维修方案的组成部 分； (4) 每个项目在每次飞行之后应当得到由本条(e)款规定的合格单位或者人员进行 的检查； (5) 作为飞行操纵系统的组成部分的每个工作项目，应当在批准该航空器重新投入 运行前对其进行试飞检查。 (g) 对于规模较小的合格证持有人，经局方批准可以对本条(a)至(d)款要求的偏离。
第 135.419 条 培训大纲和人员技术档案 (a) 合格证持有人应当针对本规则第 135.417 条(d)款要求的培训制订培训大纲， 其中应当至少明确培训对象、培训目标、培训内容、学时要求、培训形式、考试制度及 培训机构、培训管理职责等内容。培训大纲及其任何修订应当经过局方的批准。 (b) 专业知识和专业技能的培训应当由局方批准或者认可的培训机构实施，但合格 证持有人的培训管理部门应当对其培训进行监督，并确保能满足合格证持有人的培训大 纲的要求。 (c) 维修系统应当建立并保存其所有人员的技术档案及培训记录，并保证现行有效。 人员技术档案至少应当包括如下内容： (1) 现任职务或者工作范围； (2) 按照年月填写的技术简历； (3) 参加过的培训课程、培训形式、培训学时及考试成绩(如适用)； (4) 学历证明及合格证件的复印件。 (d) 人员技术档案及培训记录应当妥善保存，防止非授权人员接近和修改。人员技 术档案应当在人员离开合格证持有人后至少保存 2 年。 第 135.421 条
合格证持有人的维修工程管理手册
(a) 合格证持有人的维修系统应当制定阐述如何符合本章要求及实施规范性管理 的维修工程管理手册，并在实际工作中执行。 (b) 维修工程管理手册应当载明合格证持有人落实其航空器适航性责任和符合本 章要求的总体叙述、具体工作程序和管理要求，并应当获得局方的批准或者认可。 (c) 维修工程管理手册应当至少包括以下内容： (1) 概述部分：其中至少包括维修系统的总体状况及政策、维修主管签署的符合性 96
声明、对本手册的符合性和有效性控制方法； (2) 维修系统的组织机构和设施：其中至少包括组织机构图及其必要说明、厂房设 施图及其必要的说明(包括基地以外的航线维修和一般勤务设施)； (3) 人员和职责说明：其中至少包括维修主管、本规则第 135.417 条(c)款要求的 质量部门主管的名单和技术经历；维修系统中各部门、人员及其包含的 CCAR-145 部批 准的维修单位或者协议维修单位的职责说明；维修放行人员清单及其授权的放行范围； (4) 工程技术管理：其中至少包括编制检查大纲或者维修方案、最低设备清单相 关部分、制定具体维修技术要求和改装方案的要求和程序说明； (5) 维修计划和控制：其中至少包括航空器使用和维修计划、选择和安排实施一 般勤务工作和维修工作、器材供应、统计和监控航空器及其部件的使用状况、航空器放 行的要求和程序说明； (6) 协议维修：其中至少包括协议维修单位说明、协议委托工作范围、协调方式和 对协议维修单位的监督管理的要求和程序； (7) 质量管理：其中至少包括监督维修系统人员责任和各项工作程序的落实的方 法和程序，维修系统使用各类人员和单位评估的方法和程序，单机适航性状况监控的 方法和程序、维修差错管理和质量调查的要求和程序； (8) 人员培训管理：其中应当至少包括培训要求、计划、实施、人员技术档案和培 训记录的管理要求和程序； (9) 有关附件：其中至少包括实际使用的表格标牌样件，工作程序清单及其它必要 的附件； (10) 符合性说明。 (d)维修工程管理手册中经局方批准部分的任何变化应当至少在计划的生效前的 30 天向局方申请批准，只有在获得局方的批准后维修工程管理手册才能变更。 第 135.423 条 航空器检查大纲 (a) 合格证持有人应当为其运营的超过一架的任何型号合格审定为旅客座位数量 (不包括机组座位)不超过 9 座的航空器编制航空器检查大纲，并获得局方的批准。 (b) 航空器检查大纲应当依据航空器制造厂家的持续适航文件编写，并列明适用该 大纲的航空器注册号。合格证持有人应当按照适用的航空器检查大纲维修每架航空器。 (c) 航空器检查大纲应当至少包括以下内容： (1) 实施航空器检查（包括必要的测试）的说明和标准，应当具体到机体、发动机、 螺旋桨、旋翼和设备（包括应急设备）应当检查的部件和区域； (2) 实施本条(c)款第(1)项所述航空器检查工作的计划，并应当以使用时间、日历 时间、使用循环或者其组合的方式表述； (3) 记录检查发现缺陷、改正缺陷或者保留缺陷的说明和程序，包括使用的表格和 97
记录存放。 (d) 合格证持有人应当持续分析和监督航空器检查大纲的有效性，并修订其存在的 缺陷，航空器检查大纲的任何修订应当获得局方的批准。当局方认为现行的航空器检查 大纲需要修改以保证航空器维修的充分性时，合格证持有人应当在接到局方的修改通知 后按照局方的要求修改。 第 135.425 条
航空器维修方案
(a) 合格证持有人应当为其所营运的旅客座位数量(不包括机组座位)超过 9 座的航 空器编制维修方案，并呈交给局方审查批准后按照方案准备和计划维修任务。 (b) 合格证持有人航空器的初始维修方案应当以局方批准或者认可的维修审查委员 会报告(MRBR) 以及型号合格证持有人的维修计划文件或者维修手册中制造商建议的维 修方案为基础。这些维修建议的结构和形式可以由合格证持有人重新调整，以更好地符 合合格证持有人特定维修方案的执行和控制。 (c) 对于没有局方批准或者认可的维修审查委员会报告(MRBR) 的航空器，合格证 持有人应当按照维修审查委员会报告(MRBR)的逻辑决断方法和过程制订初始维修方案。 (d) 合格证持有人应当对维修方案进行定期检查以确保其反映出航空器使用特点、 型号合格证持有人最新建议和维修审查委员会报告(MRBR)修订的评估、改装的状况以及 局方的强制性要求。维修方案的任何修订应当获得局方的批准。 (e) 维修方案应当至少包括下列基本信息： (1) 维修方案的使用说明和控制； (2) 载重平衡控制； (3) 航空器计划检查和维修工作； (4) 航空器非计划检查和维修工作； (5) 发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼、设备的修理或者翻修； (6) 结构检查或者机体翻修； (7) 必检项目； (8) 维修资料的使用。 (f) 当合格证持有人的航空器从一个已批准的维修方案转为另一个经批准的维修方 案时，应当对航空器利用率、使用环境、安装的设备和维修系统的经验进行评估，进行 必要的转换检查，并经局方批准后方可以转换。 (g) 当合格证持有人使用其他合格证持有人经批准的维修方案时，应当通过书面的 协议进行，并经局方批准后方可以使用。 (h) 在合理的不可以预见情况下导致无法按照计划实施维修方案规定的维修工作 时，其对维修方案的偏离应当在局方规定的范围内，并向局方报告。
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第 135.427 条
附加维修要求
(a) 对于按照仪表飞行规则(IFR)进行载客运行中使用的每架单台发动机航空器， 合格证持有人应当将下列项目之一纳入其航空器检查大纲或者维修方案： (1) 制造厂家建议的发动机趋势监控大纲，包括滑油分析(如适用)； (2) 经局方批准的发动机趋势监控大纲，包括以 100 小时间隔或者制造厂家建议的 间隔(取两者中较小者)进行的滑油油样分析。 (b) 对于按照仪表飞行规则(IFR)进行载客运行中使用的每架单台发动机航空器， 合格证持有人应当在其发动机维修记录中记录并保存本条(a)款要求监控的记录，包括 每次试验的结果、建议和相应的发动机趋势监控大纲要求的检查工作。 第 135.429 条
航空器的修理和改装
(a) 按照本规则运行的合格证持有人在对其航空器及其部件实施设计更改如果对航 空器的重量、平衡、结构强度、性能、动力装置工作、飞行特性有显著影响或者影响适 航性的其他特性，应当按照 CCAR-21 部第 21.28 条的规定申请更改型号合格证数据单或 者补充型号合格证。 (b) 任何合格证持有人在对其航空器及其部件实施超过持续适航文件规定的修理或 者实施对航空器的重量、平衡、结构强度、可靠性、使用特性及适航性没有显著影响的 改装时，应当向局方申请批准，并提交证明性和说明性资料。 第 135.431 条
维修记录
(a) 合格证持有人应当保存其所运营的航空器的下述记录： (1) 能表明每一本规则第 135.433 条要求的航空器放行满足其要求的所有详细维修 记录。 (2) 包含下述信息的记录内容： (i) 机体、发动机、螺旋桨和旋翼总使用时间； (ii) 每一机体、发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼和设备上的时寿件的现行状况； (iii) 装在航空器上的所有要求定期翻修项目自上次翻修后的使用时间； (vi) 航空器的目前维修状态，包括按照航空器检查大纲或者维修方案要求进行的 上次检查或者维修工作后的使用时间； (v) 目前适用的适航指令的符合状况，包括符合的方法和数据，如果适航指令涉及 连续的工作，应当列明下次工作的时间和日期； (vi) 目前对每一机体、发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼和设备进行的重要改装和重要修理 的情况。 (b) 合格证持有人应当按照下述期限要求保存本条要求的维修记录： (1) 除机体、发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼和设备的上一次翻修的记录外，本条(a)款第 (1)项要求的维修记录应当保存至该工作完成后至少二年； 99
(2) 机体、发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼和设备的上一次翻修记录应当保存至该工作被等 同范围和深度的工作所取代； (3) 本条(a)款第(2)项要求的维修记录应当保存至航空器出售或者永久性退役后一 年，航空器出售时维修记录应当随同航空器转移。 (c) 合格证持有人终止运行时，所有保存的维修记录应当转交给新的合格证持有人。 (d) 合格证持有人将航空器干租给另一合格证持有人超过 6 个月时，所有保存的维 修记录应当转交给新的合格证持有人；如果干租的租赁期小于 6 个月，所有本条(a)款 第(2)项要求的维修记录都应当转交给承租方或者承租方可以获取这些记录的副本。 (e) 合格证持有人应当保证所有的维修记录可以提供给局方或者国家授权的安全调 查机构的检查。 第 135.433 条
航空器飞行记录本
(a) 合格证持有人应当对于每一架航空器建立航空器飞行记录本，记录运行中发现 的缺陷和工作不正常情况及所进行的维修工作；另外，它还用于记录与飞行安全有关的 运行信息、飞行机组和维修人员需要了解的有关数据。 (b)航空器飞行记录本中应当包括航空器运行信息、影响航空器适航性和安全运行 的任何缺陷及保留状况、要求的维修项目、维修工作记录、航空器放行等内容。 (c) 航空器飞行记录本的格式应当为局方所接受，各项内容应当使用墨水或者不可 以更改的书写工具及时填写，并且有足够的复页以保证满足使用和保存要求。 (d) 除经局方批准外，合格证持有人应当在航空器上飞行机组成员易于取用的地方 放置一份航空器飞行记录本原件，其中至少记录包括每次飞行前三次飞行期间填写内容 的连续记录，并且每次起飞前在地面保存一份记录上一次飞行和本次飞行前填写内容的 航空器飞行记录本的复页。 (e) 合格证持有人应当在维修工程管理手册中规定航空器飞行记录本的格式及填 写、使用和保存要求。 第 135.435 条
航空器放行
(a) 合格证持有人在每次完成维修工作和对任何缺陷、故障进行处理后，在符合本 条(b)款的要求后由合格证持有人授权的维修放行人员在航空器飞行记录本上签署航空 器放行。 (b) 航空器放行的条件如下： (1) 维修工作是按照合格证持有人的要求进行的； (2) 由 CCAR-145 部批准维修单位完成的工作项目已按照 CCAR-145 部颁发了维修放 行证明； (3) 没有任何已知的航空器不适航状况； (4) 至目前所完成的维修工作为止，航空器处于安全运行的状态。 100
(c) 在规定的使用限制条件下，合格证持有人可以在符合局方批准的最低设备清单 和外形缺损清单时放行带有某些不工作的设备或者带有缺陷飞行。 (d) 对于航线维修、A 检或者相当级别（含）以下的航空器定期检修工作及结合其 完成的改装工作，如航空器放行结合 CCAR-145 部维修放行证明一同进行，则无需重复 签署。 (e) 合格证持有人没有将飞行前检查规定为航线维修要求的，机长应当按照本规则 第 135.71 条的规定完成要求的检查。 第 135.437 条
航空器的适航性检查
(a)合格证持有人的每架航空器在首次投入运行前应当通过局方的检查，符合本规 则的要求并获得适航证签署或者其他方式的签署后才能投入运行。 (b) 按照本规则运营的航空器应当接受局方进行的年度适航性检查，符合本规则的 要求并获得适航证签署或者其他方式的签署后才能继续投入运行。 (c) 合格证持有人应当接受局方在任何时间对其正在运营的航空器进行的适航性检 查，对检查中发现的任何存在缺陷的航空器，应当在其改正措施满足局方的要求后方可 以再投入运行。 (d) 对于航空器首次投入运行的检查和年度适航性检查，合格证持有人应当按照规 定支付检查费用。 第 135.439 条
使用困难报告(运行)
(a) 合格证持有人应当报告在某架航空器上出现或者发现的有关下述情况： (1) 飞行中的失火以及有关火警系统工作不正常； (2) 飞行中的假火警信号； (3) 在飞行中引起发动机、相邻结构、设备或者部件损坏的排气系统故障或者失效； (4) 飞行中引起烟、蒸汽、有毒或者有害烟雾在驾驶舱或者客舱积聚或者流通的航 空器部件的故障或者失效； (5) 飞行中或者地面发动机熄火或者停车； (6) 螺旋桨顺桨系统失效或者在飞行中该系统控制超速的能力不正常； (7) 飞行中燃油系统或者应急放油系统的故障或者渗漏； (8) 飞行中非正常的起落架收放或者起落架舱门的开启和关闭； (9) 导致航空器在地面运动中刹车力丧失的任何刹车系统部件的失效或者故障； (10) 航空器系统及其部件的故障或者失效导致中断起飞或者在飞行中采取紧急措 施的情况； (11) 在实际撤离、培训、测试、维修、演示或者无意使用时，任何应急撤离系统 或者其部件(包括应急出口、旅客应急撤离灯光系统、撤离设备)的缺陷或者不能完成预 定的功能； 101
(12) 自动油门、自动飞行或者飞行操纵系统或者其部件的缺陷或者不能完成预定 的功能； (13) 需要进行重要修理的航空器结构损伤； (14) 超出航空器制造厂家或者局方可以接受的结构裂纹、永久损伤或者腐蚀； (15) 其他已经危及或者可能危及航空器安全运行的故障或者缺陷。 (b) 合格证持有人应当在 24 小时之内向局方报告本条(a)款所要求报告的情况，并 至少保存报告 30 天，以备局方核查。 (c) 合格证持有人应当按照局方要求的方式和表格向局方报告本条(a)款所要求报 告的情况，报告中应当至少包括下述信息： (1) 航空器的制造厂家、型号、航空器、发动机、螺旋桨、旋翼的序号； (2) 航空器登记号； (3) 合格证持有人的名称； (4) 发生或者发现的日期和地点； (5) 失效、故障或者缺陷的发生阶段； (6) 失效、故障或者缺陷的性质； (7) 适用的 ATA 章节； (8) 航空器、发动机、螺旋桨或者部件的总使用时间或者循环； (9) 失效、故障或者存在缺陷的零部件的制造厂家、件号、名称、序号和部位； (10) 采取的预防或者紧急措施； (11) 为了更完整地分析失效、故障或者缺陷原因的其他信息，包括主要部件与型 号设计有关的可提供信息和自上次翻修、修理和检测后使用的时间。 (d) 即使上述要求的信息不能完全提供，合格证持有人也不能推迟可提供内容的报 告时间，并且应当尽快补充报告没有提供的信息。 第 135.441 条
使用困难报告(结构)
(a) 合格证持有人应当向局方报告下述有关的事件或者发现的失效现象： (1) 腐蚀、裂纹、或者开裂导致要求更换有关的零部件； (2) 腐蚀、裂纹、或者开裂因超出制造厂家规定的允许损伤的限度导致要求修理或 者打磨； (3) 在复合材料结构中，制造厂家指定作为主要结构或者关键结构件的腐蚀、裂纹、 或者开裂； (4) 根据制造厂家维修手册之外的经批准资料的修理情况； (5) 其他航空器结构中已经或者可能危及航空器安全运行的失效或者缺陷。 (b) 合格证持有人应当在 24 小时之内向局方报告本条(a)款所要求报告的情况，并 至少保存报告 30 天，以备局方核查。 102
(c) 合格证持有人应当按照局方要求的方式和表格向局方报告本条(a)款所要求报 告的情况，报告中应当至少包括下述信息： (1) 航空器制造厂家、型号、批号和登记号； (2) 合格证持有人名称； (3) 发现故障或者缺陷的时间； (4) 发现故障或者缺陷的地面运行阶段； (5) 故障或者缺陷件的名称、状况和位置； (6) 适用的 ATA 章节名称； (7) 航空器总使用循环(如适用)和总使用时间； (8) 其他对更完整地分析故障或者缺陷原因必要的信息，包括腐蚀等级、裂纹长度 及可以提供的与其主要部件设计有关的信息，自上一次翻修、修理或者检查后的使用时 间。 (d) 即使上述要求的信息不能完全提供，合格证持有人也不能推迟可以提供内容的 报告时间，并且应当尽快补充报告没有提供的信息。 第 135.443 条
机械原因中断使用汇总报告
(a) 合格证持有人应当在每月 10 日之前向局方报告前一个月出现的因机械原因导 致的下述情况的汇总报告： (1) 中断飞行； (2) 非计划更换航空器； (3) 延误、备降或者改航； (4) 因已知或者怀疑的机械原因引起的非计划换发； (5) 飞行中螺旋桨顺桨的次数，并列明螺旋桨和其所装的发动机、航空器型号（训 练、演示和飞行检查中的螺旋桨顺桨无需报告）。 (b) 合格证持有人应当按照局方规定的格式和方式提交本条所要求的报告。
103
K章 第 135.513 条
法律责任
小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格证的吊扣和吊销
(a)合格证持有人有下列行为之一并且情节严重的，局方可以依据国家法律或者行 政法规吊扣其运行合格证 1 至 6 个月或者吊销其运行合格证： (1)违反本规则第 135.7 条(g)款规定，未按照局方颁发的运行合格证和运行规范实 施运行，或者违反局方给其颁发的偏离许可和豁免许可的； (2)违反本规则第 135.49 条规定，未经批准运输危险品的； (3)未按照本规则 E、G 章的规定使用或者搭配航空人员的； (4)违反本规则 H 章规定，使用未经局方批准的训练大纲或者未按照经批准的训练 大纲进行规定的训练而实施运行的； (5)超过本规则 I 章规定的飞机性能使用限制实施运行的； (6)违反本规则 J 章规定，未落实其飞机适航性责任的； (7)其他严重影响运行安全或者已造成严重后果的行为。 (b)运行合格证被吊扣期间或者运行合格证被吊销后，运行合格证持有人应当将运 行合格证交还给相应的局方机构。 第 135.515 条
警告和罚款
(a)合格证持有人有下列行为之一的，局方可以责令其停止违法行为，并处以警告 或者 3 万元以下罚款： (1)本规则第 135.513 条(a)款中所规定的各种行为，情节较轻的； (2)违反本规则第 135.25 条规定不能提供规定文件的； (3)违反本规则第 135.41 条规定，其手册未按照本规则的要求进行有效管理，被局 方认定影响运行安全的； (4)违反本规则第 135.45 条(b)款规定，未按照要求运行航空器的； (5)违反本规则第 135.47 条规定，未按照规定在所运行的航空器上标示合格证持有 人名称的； (6)未按照本规则第 135.51 条规定向境外湿租航空器的； (7)违反本规则第 135.63 条、第 135.65 条规定，未按照规定进行记录或者未按规 定保存相关记录的； (8) 违反本规则 B 章规定，在实施运行的过程中未对航空器上的人员、货物和设备 进行有效管理，被局方认定影响运行安全的； 104
(9)未按照本规则 F 章规定安排航空人员的值勤期、飞行时间和休息时间的； (10)违反本规则 J 章规定，未按照规定设置维修系统或者未对飞机维修进行有效管 理，被局方认定影响运行安全的。 (b)合格证持有人违反本规则第 135.45 条(a)款规定，航空器不具备有效适航证或 者航空器不处于适航状态实施运行的，局方可以没收违法所得并处违法所得一倍以上五 倍以下的罚款；没有违法所得的，处以 10 万元以上 100 万元以下的罚款。 (c)飞行机组成员未按照本规则完成规定的训练并取得合适的执照即作为飞行机组 必需成员参加本规则运行的，局方可以按照《中华人民共和国民用航空法》第二百零五 条的规定对合格证持有人处以 20 万元以下罚款。 (d)直接参与运行的航空人员和其他个人，未按照合格证持有人的运行手册或者维 修工程管理手册实施运行，导致违反本规则规定，局方可以对其处以警告或者 1000 元 以下罚款。
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l章 第 135.613 条
附
则
施行和废止
(a)本规则自 2006 年 1 月 1 日起施行。 (b)在本规则施行之日前经民航总局批准运行的小型航空器商业运输运营人，应当 逐步按照本规则规范其运行，并应当自本规则施行之日起 1 年内通过运行合格审定，取 得运行合格证，否则不得继续实施本规则规定的运行。 (c)自本规则施行之日起， 1985 年 5 月 8 日民航总局发布的《中国民用航空直升机 近海飞行规则》和 1997 年 9 月 22 日民航总局令第 67 号发布的《民用直升机水上平台 运行规定》（CCAR－94FS－III）同时废止。
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附件 A
定义
定期载客运行：是指航空承运人或者航空运营人以取酬或者出租为目的，通过本人 或者其代理人以广告或者其他形式提前向公众公布的，包括起飞地点、起飞时间、到达 地点和到达时间在内的任何载客运行。 商业运输运营人：是指使用本规则第 135.3 条规定的民用航空器并从事本规则第 135.3 条规定的飞行和运行种类的航空运营人。 航空运营人：指在中华人民共和国登记的公共航空运输企业、通用航空企业和从事 民用航空飞行活动的其他单位。 偏离：对于规章中明确允许偏离的条款，合格证持有人在提出恰当理由和证明能够 达到同等安全水平的情况下，经局方批准，可以不遵守相应条款的规定或者遵守替代的 规定、条件或者限制。 豁免：对于规章中没有明确允许偏离的条款，合格证持有人在提出恰当的理由、相 应的安全措施并证明这些安全措施能保证同等安全水平的情况下，经民航总局批准，可 以不执行相应的规章条款，而执行民航总局在作出此项批准时所列的规定、条件或者限 制。豁免是遵守规章的一种替代做法，遵守所颁发的豁免及其条件和限制，就是遵守规 章。 运行控制：是指合格证持有人使用用于飞行动态控制的系统和程序，对某次飞行的 起始、持续和终止行使控制权的过程。 运营基地：设立在不同于合格证持有人主运营基地的地点，具有飞行运行或者适航 维修，或者两者兼有的运行资源和能力，且连续 6 个日历月内定期载客运行达到 10 班， 非定期或者全货机运行达到 15 班的基地。 湿租：是指按照租赁协议，承租人租赁航空器时携带出租人一名或者多名机组成员 的租赁。 飞行机组成员：指飞行期间在航空器驾驶舱内执行任务的驾驶员、领航员、飞行通 信员和飞行机械员。 机组成员：指飞行期间在航空器上执行任务的航空人员，包括飞行机组成员和客舱 乘务员。 机长：是指经合格证持有人指定，在飞行时间内为航空器的运行和安全负最终责任 的驾驶员。 新雇员训练：是指合格证持有人新雇佣的人员，或者已雇佣但没有在机组成员岗位 上工作过的人员，在进入机组成员岗位之前所需进行的训练。新雇员训练包括基础理论 教育和针对特定机型和岗位的训练。 初始训练：未曾在相同组类其他航空器的相同职务上经审定合格并服务过的机组成 107
员需要进行的改飞机型训练。 转机型训练：曾在相同组类不同型别航空器的相同职务上经审定合格并服务过的机 组成员需要进行的改飞机型训练。 升级训练：已在某一特定型别的航空器上经审定合格并担任副驾驶的机组成员，在 该型别航空器上担任机长之前需要进行的训练。 定期复训：是指已取得资格的机组成员，为了保持其资格和技术熟练水平，在规定 的期限内按照规定的内容所进行的训练。 重新获得资格训练：已在特定航空器型别和特定工作岗位上经审定合格，但因某种 原因失去资格的机组成员，为恢复这一资格所应当进行的训练。 差异训练：对于已在某一特定型别的航空器上经审定合格并服务过的机组成员，当 局方认为其使用的同型别航空器与原航空器在性能、设备或者操作程序等方面存在差 异，需要进行补充性训练时应当完成的训练。 日历月：是指按照世界协调时或者当地时间划分，从本月 1 日零点到下个月 1 日零 点之间的时间段。 飞行时间：指航空器为准备起飞而借自身动力开始移动时起，直到飞行结束停止移 动为止的时间。 飞行经历时间：指机组必需成员在其值勤岗位上执行任务的飞行时间，即在座飞行 时间。 延伸跨水运行：是指航空器距最近海岸线的水平距离超过 93 公里(50 海里)的跨水 运行。 最低油量：是指飞行过程中应当报告空中交通管制采取应急措施的一个特定燃油油 量最低值，该油量最多可以供航空器在飞抵着陆机场后，能以等待空速在高于机场标高 450 米(1500 英尺)的高度上飞行 30 分钟，其中应当考虑到规定的燃油油量指示系统误 差。 非精密仪表进近:使用全向信标（VOR） 、导航台（NDB）或者航向台（LLZ）（ILS 系 统下滑台不工作）等地面导航设施，只提供方位引导，不具备下滑引导的进近。 精密仪表进近:使用仪表着陆系统（ILS）或者精密仪表进近雷达（PAR）提供方位 和下滑引导的进近。 决断高度(DA)/决断高(DH)：精密进近中，如不能建立继续进近所必需的目视参考， 则应当开始复飞的特定高度或者高。 最低下降高度(MDA)/最低下降高(MDH)：在非精密进近或者盘旋进近中，如不能建 立必需的目视参考，则不能继续下降的特定高度或者高。 机场运行最低标准：指机场用于起飞和着陆时的条件限制。对于起飞，用能见度和 /或者跑道视程以及云高（需要时）来表示；对于精密进近和着陆运行中的着陆，用与 相应运行类型对应的能见度和/或者跑道视程，以及决断高度(DA)/决断高(DH)来表示； 108
对于非精密进近和着陆运行中的着陆，用能见度和/或者跑道视程、最低下降高度(MDA)/ 最低下降高(MDH)以及云高（需要时）来表示。 目视气象条件：用能见度、离云的距离和云高表示，等于或者高于规定最低标准的 气象条件。 仪表气象条件：用能见度、离云的距离和云高表示，低于为目视气象条件所规定的 最低标准的气象条件。 超障高度(OCA)/超障高(OCH)：为遵循适当的超障准则所确定的相关跑道入口标高 或者机场标高之上的特定高度或者高。 备降机场：当航空器不能或者不宜飞往预定着陆机场或者在该机场着陆时可以飞往 的另一个机场。备降机场包括起飞备降机场、航路备降机场和目的地备降机场。 起飞备降机场：当航空器在起飞后较短时间内需要着陆而又不能使用原起飞机场 时，用以进行着陆的备降机场。 航路备降机场：当航空器在航路中遇到不正常或者紧急情况后，用以进行着陆的备 降机场。 目的地备降机场：当航空器不能或者不宜在预定着陆机场着陆时可以飞往着陆的备 降机场。 主最低设备清单(MMEL)：局方确定在特定运行条件下可以不工作并且仍能保持可以 接受的安全水平的设备清单。主最低设备清单包含这些设备不工作时航空器运行的条 件、限制和程序，是运营人制定各自最低设备清单的依据。 最低设备清单(MEL)：运营人依据主最低设备清单并考虑到各航空器的构型、运行 程序和条件为其运行所编制的设备清单。最低设备清单经局方批准后，允许航空器在规 定条件下，所列设备不工作时继续运行。最低设备清单应当遵守相应航空器型号的主最 低设备清单，或者比其更为严格。 最大商载： (1) 对于在局方批准的技术文件中列出最大无燃油重量的航空器，用最大无燃油重 量减去空重、适用的航空器携带设备的重量和运行载重（包括最少机组、餐饮及与餐饮 有关的补给和设备，不包括可用燃油和滑油）； (2) 对于其他航空器，用审定的最大起飞重量减去空重、适用的航空器携带设备的 重量和运行载重（包括最少燃油、滑油和机组重量）。机组、滑油和燃油的重量计算如 下： (i) 机组－对于局方可以的每名机组成员（含随身携带行李）： (A) 男性飞行机组－82 公斤； (B) 女性飞行机组－64 公斤； (C) 男性客舱乘务员－82 公斤； (D) 女性客舱乘务员－59 公斤； 109
(E) 对于未指明性别的客舱乘务员－64 公斤。 (ii) 滑油－157 公斤或者根据航空器型别证书中列出的滑油容量计算出的数据； (iii) 燃油－按照中国民用航空规章要求实施飞行所需的最低燃油重量。
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附件 B
载客数超过 9 人飞机的附加适航要求
1．本附件规定了本规则第 135.45 条要求的附加适航要求。 2．除非特别说明，本附件引用的中国民用航空规章第 CCAR-23 部的条款为 1990 年 7 月 18 日第一次修订中的具体条款。 飞行要求 3． 按照本规则运行的飞机应当表明符合 CCAR-23 部 B 分部对通勤类飞机的适用要 求，并且飞机配平应当满足 2004 年 10 月 12 日 CCAR-23 部第三次修订中第 23.161 条对 通勤类飞机的要求。 操纵系统 4.电动配平调整片应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.677 条的要求。 仪表安装 5．仪表的布局和可以见度应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1321 条的要求。 6．空速指示系统应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1323 条中对通勤类飞机的要求。 7．静压通气系统应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1325 条中对通勤类飞机的要求。 使用限制和资料 8．最大使用限制速度应当根据 VMO/MMO 按照如下规定确定（而不是根据 VNE 和 VNO 来 确定使用限制）： （a）最大使用限制速度不超过设计巡航速度 VC，并且充分低于 VD/MD 或者 VDF/MDF， 以使得在飞行中因疏忽造成超过这两种速度的情况变得极不可能； （b）速度 VMO 不得超过 0.8 VD/MD 或者 0.8 VDF/MDF，除非局方规定的某些有关失去 操纵性(安定性)情况的飞行试验表明较低的速度余度不会造成速度超过 VD/MD 或者 VDF， 要考虑大气变化、水平阵风、系统和设备误差以及机体制造改型。 9. 飞行机组应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1523 条的规定。 10．空速指示器的刻度标志应当易于为驾驶员判读和理解。在空速指示器近旁安置 限制值说明牌是表明符合 CCAR-23.1545(c)的一种可接受的方法。 飞机飞行手册 11．航空器飞行手册应当按照 CCAR23 部第 23.1583 至第 23.1587 条中通勤类飞机 的规定编制，并且符合： （a）在运行中受飞行、结构、动力装置、功能或者设备特性限制的最大允许使用 高度应当在航空器飞行手册中加以规定； （b）航空器飞行手册应当存放在驾驶员易于取用的合适的固定容器内。 客舱和货舱的内部设施 12．货舱和行李舱的设计应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.787 条的要求。 111
13．舱门和出口应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.783、第 23.803 条、第 23.807 条、第 23.811 条、第 23.813 条、第 23.815 条中对通勤类飞机的规定。 持续适航文件 14．在交付航空器时应当使航空器拥有人获得符合 CCAR-23 部附录 G 要求的（包括 对通勤类飞机的要求）为正确维修航空器所必需的资料。 推进系统 15．对于以涡轮螺旋桨发动机为动力的航空器，发动机安装造成的发动机振动特性 不得超过发动机型号合格审定时确定的值，并且安装的发动机符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.903 条的要求（包括对通勤类飞机的要求）。 16．涡轮螺旋桨飞机的反推力系统应当符合 CCAR-23.933 条中对通勤类飞机的要求。 17．燃油流量应当符合下述要求： （a）对于以涡轮螺旋桨发动机为动力的航空器： （1）燃油系统应当连续向发动机供给正常工作所需燃油，不得因除主油箱外的任 一油箱燃油耗尽而中断； （2）涡轮螺旋桨发动机燃油系统的燃油流量不得低于标准海平面大气条件下产生 起飞功率所需燃油流量的 125％，该起飞功率被选定为使用限制并被列入航空器飞行手 册中。 （b）对于以活塞式发动机为动力的航空器，每一燃油泵系统(主供油和备用供油) 的燃油流量定为发动机起飞耗油量的 125％是可以接受的。 燃油系统部件 18．燃油过滤器和燃油滤应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.997 条中对于通勤类飞机的要 求。 动力装置点火系统和附件 19．发动机点火系统应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1165 条中对于通勤类飞机的要求。 20．动力装置附件应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1163 条的规定。 动力装置防火 21．整流罩和短舱蒙皮的防火应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1193 条中对于通勤类飞机 的要求。 22．如果发动机舱以外的区域内液体系统的泄漏能流出易燃液体或者逸出易燃蒸 汽，则应当具有以下措施之一： （a）防止任何其他设备点燃这种液体或者蒸汽； （b）控制由于上述液体或者蒸汽点燃而引起的火焰。 设备 23．动力装置仪表应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1305 条的要求。 系统和设备 112
24．系统和设备及其安装应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1309 条的要求。 电气系统和设备 25．电气系统和设备应当符合 CCAR-23 部第 23.1351 条的要求。
113
附件 C 飞机飞行数据记录器规范 IA 型飞行数据记录器 (1)满足 IA 型飞行数据记录器（FDR）要求的各项参数列于以下各段。不带星号（） 的参数是应当记录的强制性参数。此外，带星号（）的参数在固定翼飞机系统或者飞 行机组为操纵固定翼飞机而使用该参数的信息数据源时也应当记录。以下是确定飞行航 迹和速度所要求的各项参数： 1.压力海拔高度； 2.指示空速或者校正空速； 3.地—空状态和实际可行时每个起落架的空—地传感器； 4.总温或者外界气温； 5.航向（飞行机组基本参照）； 6.法向加速度； 7.横向加速度； 8.纵向加速度； 9.时间或者相对时间计算； 10.航行数据*：偏流角、风速、风向、纬度/经度； 11.地速*； 12.无线电海拔高度*。 (2)以下是确定姿态所要求的各项参数： 13.俯仰姿态； 14.滚转姿态； 15.偏转或者侧滑角*； 16.迎角*。 (3)以下是确定发动机功率所要求的各项参数： 17.发动机推力/功率：每台发动机的推力/功率、驾驶舱推力/推力杆位置； 18.反推状况*； 19.发动机推力指令*； 20.发动机推力目标*； 21.发动机放气活门位置*； 22.发动机其他参数*：发动机压力比（EPR）、N1、指示振动指示、N2、排气温度（EGT）、 油门杆角度（TLA）、燃油流量、燃油切断手柄的位置、N3。 (4)以下是确定构型所要求的各项参数： 23.俯仰配平面位置； 24.襟翼*：后缘襟翼位置、驾驶舱操纵手柄选择； 114
25.缝翼*：前缘襟翼（缝翼）位置、驾驶舱操纵手柄选择； 26.起落架*：起落架、起落架选择手柄位置； 27.偏转配平面位置*； 28.滚转配平面位置*； 29.驾驶舱配平控制输入位置俯仰*； 30.驾驶舱配平控制输入位置滚转*； 31.驾驶舱配平控制输入位置偏转*； 32.地面扰流板和减速板*：地面扰流板位置、地面扰流板选择、减速板位置、减速 板选择； 33.除冰和/或者防冰系统选择*； 34.液压（每个系统）； 35.燃油量； 36.交流电汇流条状态*； 37.直流电汇流条状态*； 38.辅助动力装置（APU）放气活门位置*； 39.计算出的重心*。 (5)以下是确定运行所要求的各项参数： 40.警告； 41.主要飞行操纵面和主要飞行操纵驾驶员输入俯仰轴、滚转轴、偏转轴； 42.指点信标通道； 43.每个导航接收器频率选择； 44.手工无线电发送键盘操作和驾驶舱话音记录器/飞行数据记录器同步参照； 45.自动驾驶/自动油门/自动飞行控制系统模式和衔接状态*； 46.选定的气压设置*：驾驶员、副驾驶员； 47.选定的海拔高度（可以供驾驶员选择的所有运行模式）； 48.选定的速度（可以供驾驶员选择的所有运行模式）； 49.选定的马赫数（可以供驾驶员选择的所有运行模式）； 50.选定的垂直速度（可以供驾驶员选择的所有运行模式）； 51.选定的航向（可以供驾驶员选择的所有运行模式）； 52.选定的飞行航迹（可以供驾驶员选择的所有运行模式）：航道/所需航迹、航 迹角； 53.选定的决断相对高度*； 54.电子飞行仪表系统（EFIS）显示格式*：驾驶员、副驾驶员； 55.多动能/发动机/告警显示格式*； 56.近地警告系统（GPWS）/地形意识和警告系统（TAWS）/防撞地系统（GCAS）状 115
态*：地形显示模式的选择（包括弹出显示状态、地形告警、小心和警告、及咨询）、开 /关钮位置； 57.低压警告*：液压、压缩气压； 58.计算机故障*； 59.客舱失压*； 60.交通告警和防撞系统（TCAS）/机载防撞系统（ACAS）； 61.结冰探测； 62.发动机振动警告*； 63.发动机超温警告*； 64.发动机低油压警告*； 65.发动机超速警告*； 66.风切变警告*； 67.运行失速保护、振杆器和推杆器启动*； 68.驾驶舱所有飞行操纵器的受力*：驾驶盘、驾驶杆、方向舵脚蹬的受力情况； 69.垂直偏转*：ILS 下滑道、MLS 标高、GNSS 进近航迹； 70.水平偏转*：ILS 航向信标台、MLS 方位、GNSS 进近航迹； 71.测距仪 1 和 2 距离*； 72.主导航系统参照*：全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）、惯性导航系统（INS）、甚高频 全向无线电指向标/测距仪（VOR/DME） 、微波着陆系统（MLS）、罗兰 C、仪表着陆系统（ILS）； 73.制动器*：左侧和右侧制动器压力、左侧和右侧制动器脚蹬位置； 74.日期*； 75.事件标志*； 76.头顶显示器的使用*； 77.侧面直观显示器开启*。
I 型和 II 型飞行数据记录器
116
序 号 1
参数 时间(能得到时用世界协调
记录
精度限制
间隔
(传感输入值与飞行数据
(秒)
记录器读出值之比)
24 小时
4
±0.125%/小时
-300 米(-1000 英
1
±30 米到±200 米(±100 英
测量范围
时，否则用经过的时间) 2
气压高度
尺)到航空器的最大
尺到±700 英尺)
审定高度+1500 米 (5000 英尺) 3
指示空速
95 公里/小时(50
1
±5%
节)到最大 Vs0(注 1)
±3%
Vs0 到 1.2VD(注 2) 4
航向
360°
1
±2°
5
垂直加速度
-3g 到+6g
0.125
最大测量范围的±1%不 包括原始数据误差±5%
6
俯仰姿态
±75°
1
±2°
7
横滚姿态
±180°
1
±2°
8
无线电发送键
通－断(一次不连续
1
的) 9
每台发动机功率(注 3)
全程
1(每
±2%
发) 10 11 12
后缘襟翼或者驾驶舱操纵
全程或者每个分立
手柄选择
位置
前缘襟翼或者驾驶舱操纵
全程或者每个分立
手柄选择
位置
反推装置位置
收起、过渡和反推
2
±5%或者按照驾驶员仪 表
2
±5%或者按照驾驶员仪 表
1(每 发)
13
地面扰流板/减速板选择
全程或者每个分立
1
位置
±2%，除非特别要求较高 精度
14
外界空气温度
传感器范围
2
15
自动驾驶/自动油门/自动
各分立信号的适当
1
飞行控制系统方式和衔接
组合
状态 117
±2℃
序 号
参数
测量范围
记录
精度限制
间隔
(传感输入值与飞行数据
(秒)
记录器读出值之比)
注：以上 15 个参数满足 II 型飞行数据记录器的要求 16
纵向加速度
0.25
±1g
最大范围的±1.5%不包 括原始数据误差±5%
17
横向加速度
0.25
±1g
最大范围的±1.5%不包 括原始数据误差±5%
18
驾驶员输入和/或者操纵面
全程
1
位置－主操纵(俯仰、横滚、
±2°，除非特别要求较高 精度
偏航) (注 4) 19
俯仰配平位置
全程
1
±3%，除非特别要求较高 精度
20
无线电高度
-6 米到 750 米(-20
1
英尺到 2500 英尺)
±0.6 米(±2 英尺)或者 ±3%，以较大者为准，在 150 米(500 英尺)以下； ±5％在 150 米(500 英尺) 以上
21
下滑道偏离
信号作用范围
1
±3%
22
航向信标偏离
信号作用范围
1
±3%
23
指点信标通道
分立信号
1
24
主警告
分立信号
1
25
导航 1 与 2 频率选择(注 5) 全程
4
按照安装情况
26
测距机 1 与 2 的距离(注 5
0－370 公里
4
按照安装情况
分立信号
1
和注 6) 27
起落架减震支柱安全电门 位置
28
近地警告系统
分立信号
1
29
迎角
全程
0.5
30
每个液力系统(低压)
分立信号
2
31
导航数据(经度、纬度、地
按照安装情况
1
按照安装情况
分立信号
4
按照安装情况
按照安装情况
速和偏流角)(注 7) 32
起落架或者起落架选择手
118
序 号
参数
测量范围
记录
精度限制
间隔
(传感输入值与飞行数据
(秒)
记录器读出值之比)
柄位置 注：以上 32 个参数满足 I 型飞行数据记录器的要求。 注 1-注 7 如下： 注 1. Vs0 失速速度或者着陆形态下的最小稳定飞行速度。 注 2. VD 设计俯冲速度。 注 3. 记录足够的输入信号以确定功率。 注 4. 对有常规操纵系统的固定翼飞机用“或者”。对非机械性操纵系统的固定翼飞 机用“和”。对具有操纵面开度不一致的固定翼飞机，用一种适当的输入组合代替分别 记录每个操纵面是可以接受的。 注 5. 如信号可以用数字形式得到。 注 6. 记录来自惯性导航系统或者其他导航系统所得的纬度和经度是一种优选的替 代办法。 注 7. 如信号可以很容易地得到。 如果有更大的记录容量，应当考虑记录下列附加的信息： (a) 来自电子显示系统的运行信息，诸如电子飞行仪表系统、航空器综合电子监控 器和发动机指示与机组警戒系统。采用下述优先顺序： (1) 由飞行机组选择的有关所需飞行航迹的参数，如大气压力的设定、选择的海拔 高度、选择的空速、决断高度以及自动飞行系统衔接与方式指示(如未从另一个来源记 录到)； (2) 显示系统选择/状态，如区域(SECTOR)、计划(PLAN)、360°罗盘(ROSE)、导航 (NAV)、气象(WXR)、合成(COMPOSITE)、拷贝(COPY)等； (3) 警告与警戒； (4) 应急程序和检查单显示页的特性。 (b) 在着陆冲出跑道和中断起飞等调查时使用的减速信息包括刹车使用情况。 (c) 附加的发动机参数：发动机压力比、高压涡轮转速(N2)、排气温度(EGT)、燃 油流量等。 (d)上述飞行数据记录器(FDR)应当能够记录上述规定的适用参数。然而，考虑到机 型和记录设备的特性，也可以用其他参数替换。 (e)IIA 型飞行数据记录器(FDR)除有 30 分钟记录时间长度之外，还应当保存前一次 起飞的足够信息以供校验之需。 119
(f)所安装设备的测量范围、记录间隔和所记录参数的精度应当满足局方相应适用 的适航要求，并得到局方的批准。
120
附件 D 旋翼机飞行数据记录器规范 IVA 型飞行数据记录器 满足 IVA 型飞行数据记录器（FDR）要求的各项参数列于以下各段。不带星号（） 的参数是应当记录的强制性参数。此外，带星号（）的参数在旋翼机系统或者飞行机 组为操纵旋翼机而使用该参数的信息数据源时也应当记录。 以下是确定飞行航迹和速度所要求的各项参数： 1.气压高度； 2.指示空速； 3.外界气温； 4.航向； 5.法向加速度； 6.横向加速度； 7.纵向加速度（机轴）； 8.时间或者相对时间计算； 9.航行数据*：偏流角、风速、风向、纬度/经度； 10.地速*； 11.无线电高度*。 以下是确定姿态所要求的各项参数： 12.俯仰姿态； 13.滚转姿态； 14.偏航率。 以下是确定发动机功率所要求的各项参数： 15.发动机功率：自由动力涡轮转速(Nf)、发动机扭距、发动机燃气发生器转速(Ng)、 驾驶舱功率控制位置； 16.旋翼：主旋翼转速、旋翼制动； 17.主齿轮箱滑油压力*； 18.齿轮箱滑油温度*：主齿轮箱滑油温度、传动齿轮箱滑油温度、尾桨齿轮箱滑油 温度； 19.发动机排气温度(T4)； 20.涡轮入口温度(TIT)。 以下是确定构型所要求的各项参数： 21.起落架或者起落架选择手柄位置*； 22.燃油量*； 121
- 结冰传感器含水量*。 以下是确定运行所要求的各项参数： 24.液压低压； 25.警告； 26.主要飞行控制－驾驶员的输入和/或者控制输出位置：总距、纵向周期变距、横 向周期变距、尾桨脚蹬、可控制安定面、液压选择； 27.指点信标通道； 28.每个导航接收器频率选择； 29.自动飞行控制系统模式和衔接状态*； 30.配平增稳系统的衔接*； 31.指示吊挂载荷力*； 32.垂直偏离*：仪表着陆系统下滑道、微波着陆系统的标高、全球导航卫星系统的 进近航迹； 33.水平偏离*：仪表着陆系统航向道、微波着陆系统的方位、全球导航卫星系统的 进近航迹； 34.测距仪 1 和 2 距离*； 35.高度变化率*； 36.结冰传感器含水量*； 37.旋翼机状况和使用监视系统(HUMS)*：发动机数据，金属屑探测器，桨叶同步， 离散的超限值、宽带平均发动机振动。
122
V 型和 IV 型飞行数据记录器 序 号 1
参数
精度限制
间隔
（传感输入值与飞行数
测量范围
记录
（秒） 据记录器读出值之比） 时间（有则用世界协调时， 24 小时
4
±0.125%/小时
1
±30 米到±200 米（±100
否则用经过的时间） 2
气压高度
-300 米（-1000 英 尺）到航空器的最大
英尺到±700 英尺）
审定高度+1500 米 （5000 英尺） 3
指示空速
同已安装的测量系
1
±3%
统 4
航向
360°
1
±2°
5
正常加速度
-3g 到+6g
0.125
±1%
6
俯仰姿态
±75°
0.5
±2°
7
横滚姿态
±180°
0.5
±2°
8
无线电发送键
通－断（一次不连续 1 的）
9
每台发动机功率（注 1）
全程
1（每
±2%
发） 10
主旋翼速度
50-130%
0.5
±2%
11
驾驶员输入和/或者操纵面
全程
1
±2°，除非特别要求较高
位置－主操纵（旋翼总距、
精度
纵向周期桨距、横向周期桨 距、尾桨脚蹬） （注 2） 12
每个液压系统（低压）
离散信号
2
13
外界空气温度
传感器范围
2
14
自动驾驶/自动油门/自动
各离散信号的适当
1
飞行控制系统方式和接通
组合
状态 15
增稳系统接通
离散信号
2
注：以上 15 个参数满足 V 型飞行数据记录器的要求 123
±2℃
序 号
参数
测量范围
记录
精度限制
间隔
（传感输入值与飞行数
（秒） 据记录器读出值之比）
16
主减速器滑油压力
按照安装情况
1
按照安装情况
17
主减速器滑油温度
按照安装情况
2
按照安装情况
18
偏航加速度（或者偏航速
±1g
0.25
最大范围的±1.5%不包
率）
括原始数据误差±5%
19
吊挂力
许可负载的 0-200%
0.5
最大范围的±3%
20
纵向加速度
±1g
0.25
最大范围的±1.5%不包 括原始数据误差±5%
21
横向加速度
0.25
±1g
最大范围的±1.5%不包 括原始数据误差±5%
22
无线电高度
-6 米到 750 米（-20 1
±0.6 米（±2 英尺）或者
英尺到 2500 英尺）
±3%，以较大者为准，在 150 米（500 英尺）以下； ±5％在 150 米（500 英尺） 以上
23
下滑道偏离
信号作用范围
1
±3%
24
航向信标偏离
信号作用范围
1
±3%
25
指点信标通道
离散信号
1
26
主警告
离散信号
1
27
导航 1 与 2 频率选择（注 3） 全程
4
按照安装情况
28
测距机 1 与 2 的距离（注 3 0－370 公里
4
按照安装情况
2
按照安装情况
4
按照安装情况
和注 4） 29
导航数据（经度、纬度、地 按照安装情况 速）（注 5）
30
起落架或者起落架选择手
离散信号
柄位置 注：以上 30 个参数满足 IV 型飞行数据记录器的要求。 注 1. 记录足够的输入信号以确定功率。 注 2. 对常规操纵系统的旋翼机用“或者”。对非机械性操纵系统的旋翼机用“和”。 注 3. 如果信号可以用数字形式获得。 注 4. 记录来自惯性导航系统或者其他导航系统所得的纬度和经度是一种可取的替 124
代办法。 注 5. 如果信号可以轻易获取。 如果有更大的记录容量，应当考虑记录下列附加的信息： (a） 来自电子显示系统的运行信息，诸如电子飞行仪表系统（EFIS）、飞机电子中 央监控器（ECAM）和发动机指示与机组警告系统（EICAS）。采用下述优先顺序： (1） 由飞行机组选择的与所需飞行航迹有关的参数，如大气压力的设定、选择的 高度、选择的空速、决断高度以及自动飞行系统接通与方式指示（如未从另一个来源记 录到）； (2） 显示系统选择/状态，如区域（SECTOR）、计划（PLAN）、全罗盘（ROSE）、导 航（NAV）、气象（WXR）、合成（COMPOSITE）、拷贝（COPY）等； (3） 警告与警戒数据； (4） 显示的应急程序和检查单页面的内容。 (b） 附加的发动机参数（发动机增压比（EPR）、高压轴转速（N1）、排气温度（EGT）、 燃油流量等）。 (c)上述飞行数据记录器(FDR)应当能够记录上述规定的适用参数。然而，考虑到机 型和记录设备的特性，也可以用其他参数替换。 (d)所安装设备的测量范围、记录间隔和所记录参数的精度应当满足局方相应适用 的适航要求，并得到局方的批准。
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附件 E 旋翼机水上平台运行要求 总则 (a)旋翼机水上平台，是指海上漂浮或者固定的建筑物上供旋翼机降落和起飞的场 地，包括水上移动平台、移动钻井平台、移动采油平台、自升式采油平台、柱稳式平台 （即半潜式平台和坐底式平台）、水面式平台（即船式平台和驳式平台）等，俗称旋翼 机甲板。 (b)旋翼机水上平台的规格、设施、标准和运行条件，应当经民航总局或者其授权 的机构审查批准，未经批准的旋翼机水上平台不得投入使用。 旋翼机水上平台及障碍物限制 (c)供旋翼机水上平台降落、起飞的旋翼机甲板及障碍物扇形区应当符合下列条件： (1)旋翼机甲板只能设在 210°抵／离扇区内（见图－1）； (2)旋翼机甲板 210°扇区的 180°范围内，甲板边缘至水面 5:1 的斜坡以外，不允 许有固定障碍物，如图－2 所示； (3)单旋翼和横列式双旋翼旋翼机甲板不得小于所用旋翼机旋翼转动时最大全长 （D）为直径的圆形区域；高于旋翼机甲板平面 0.25 米以上的设施，只能设在主起降方 面一侧以图－3 圆周Ａ点为圆心的 150°扇形区内，对其高度的限制如图－3 所示； (4)纵列式双旋翼旋翼机甲板不得小于所用旋翼机 0.9 D 为直径的圆形区域，150° 扇形区障碍物限制如图－4 所示； (5)纵列式双旋翼旋翼机，可以在矩形旋翼机甲板上平行于长边的方向进行双向降 落和起飞，但旋翼机甲板应当满足下列条件： i.长边不小于 0.9D； ii.短边不小于 0.75D； iii.150°扇形区在矩形旋翼机甲板长边的一侧。 旋翼机甲板及 150°扇形区障碍物限制如图－5 所示。 (6)如果旋翼机甲板严格限制在昼间使用，并在风速不大于所用旋翼机“飞行手册” 规定最大风速的 0.5 倍、气流平稳、云高 300 米以上、能见度大于 5 公里，则： i.单旋翼旋翼机可以在以所用旋翼机旋翼直径（RD）为直径的直升机甲板上降落和 起飞，对其 180°区域障碍物限制如图－6 所示； ii.纵列式双旋翼旋翼机可以在不小于所用旋翼机 0.75D 为直径的旋翼机甲板上降 落和起飞，对其 180°区域障碍物限制如图－6 所示。 (d)海上船舶旋翼机甲板的规格及障碍物限制，应当符合图－7 或者图－8 的所示条 件，方可以用于旋翼机的降落和起飞。 灯光及助航设备 126
(a)旋翼机水上平台在夜间使用时，降落区应当设有供旋翼机夜间降落和起飞的探 照灯，其安装位置及角度应当能保证灯光光束照射在降落环中心，并不得妨碍驾驶员的 视线和操作。 (b)旋翼机甲板周边应当装设波长为 570-590 纳米的黄色或者黄、蓝交替的边界灯， 灯的间隔不大于 3 米。在灯上装有必要的滤光器或者灯罩时，发光强度不应少于 15.2 坎德拉（cd）。灯的安装高度不得低于甲板平面，且不高于甲板平面 0.25 米。 (c)在 150°扇形区内，从 A 点到以降落环中心为圆心的 0.83D 范围内（见图－3）， 如有高于甲板平面 3 米-15 米高度的障碍物，应当在其适当位置装设发光强度不少于 10.2 坎德拉（cd）的全方向红灯，或者用泛光灯照射；在 150°扇形区内，从降落环中 心 0.83D 范围以外（见图－3），如障碍物或者障碍物群高出甲板平面 15 米以上，应当 在其障碍物或者障碍物群的最高点安装发光强度为 25.48-203.8 坎德拉（cd）的全方向 红灯；如障碍物高出甲板平面 45 米以上时，应当在其中间层加设障碍物灯，这些加设 的中间层障碍物灯应当在顶部灯与平台之间，以相等的间距设置，并且灯间距不得超过 45 米。 (d)在 150°扇形区内，从降落环中心到 1.5 倍所用旋翼机最大全长的范围内（见图 －3），如有高于 3 米以上的障碍物，应当用宽度为 0.5 米-0.6 米桔红、白色交替或者红、 白交替或者黑、白交替的条纹箍表示。 (e)旋翼机平台应当装设性能可以满足飞行任务需要的收发信机（HF 和 VHF） 、无方 向性无线电信标发射机（NDB）及气象保证设施（风标、计风仪、场压计、温度计等） 。 标识 旋翼机甲板上应当在规定位置（见图－1）用 1.2 米 x1.2 米的白色漆字标出水上平 台的识别标志；旋翼机甲板应当漆成深灰色或者深绿色，其周缘用 0.3 米-0.4 米宽度的 白色漆勾画；降落环应当设在旋翼机水上平台的中心位置，漆成宽度为 1 米，内径等于 所用最大旋翼机 0.5D 的黄色圆环；降落环中心应当漆有笔划宽度为 0.4 米，字的尺寸 为 4 米×2.4 米的白色“H”字样（见图－1）。 安全设施 (a)旋翼机甲板表面应当设有防滑网或者与防滑网等效的设施。甲板周边应当设有 宽度不小于 1.5 米的安全网，安全网的外缘不得高出该甲板边缘以上 0.15 米。 (b)旋翼机甲板应当设有埋头系留点，其数量、位置和强度应当能满足系牢停在平 台上的旋翼机的要求。 (c)在旋翼机平台附近易取的位置，应当设有标志明显的消防救护设施和应急用 品。 (d)执行水上平台飞行任务的旋翼机，应当装备永久性或者可以迅速展开的浮漂救 生设施（包括浮筒、救生衣、救生筏等）。 运行 127
(a)旋翼机起飞、降落时，除必要的值班人员外，任何人不得在旋翼机甲板上逗留。 旋翼机甲板上不允许有妨碍旋翼机降落和起飞的物体。乘客应当按照规定的路线上下旋 翼机。 (b)旋翼机在水上平台起飞、降落的风速限制，按照所使用旋翼机飞行手册的规定 执行。 (c)驾驶员在行进中的船舶旋翼机甲板上起飞、降落，应当经过严格训练，并在降 落前准确了解船的行进速度及滚动角度；驾驶员在船舶旋翼机甲板降落前，应当向值班 员询问纵向和横向的运动数据，超过该机型手册规定时不得降落。 (d)旋翼机驾驶员可以根据水上平台值班员通报的气象条件，参考风向标（袋）及 海浪建立起落航线，无把握时应当以不小于经济速度的速度，距障碍物 50 米以上的高 度通场观察。对以主平台为中心，半径 3 公里海域内的平台群，如果严格限制在昼间、 并云高 200 米以上、能见度大于 3 公里的条件下使用，可以由主平台值班员指挥旋翼机 降落和起飞。 (e)执行水上平台飞行任务的旋翼机驾驶员，应当认真计算起飞重量、严禁超员、 超载、超天气标准飞行。旋翼机增速前应当经过悬停检查，确信发动机工作正常，并具 备无地效起飞的剩余功率，方可以增速。 (f)执行水上平台飞行任务的旋翼机机长，应当具备下列条件： (1)经水上平台带飞，掌握了水上平台起飞、降落的飞行技术，有 100 小时以上的 海上飞行经历，熟悉海上飞行特点，飞行理论、技术考试合格，取得海上飞行正驾驶的 技术授权； (2)取得航线运输驾驶员执照； (3)海上昼间或者夜间间断飞行 90 天，应当经飞行检查合格后，方可以执行水上平 台飞行任务。 (g)外籍旋翼机驾驶员，应当在民航总局办理执照认可手续并经熟练带飞后，方可 以在中华人民共和国领海区域内执行水上平台飞行任务。 (h)旋翼机驾驶员目视水上平台起飞、降落的最低天气标准为： (1)昼间云高 200 米，能见度 3 公里； (2)夜间云高 300 米，能见度 5 公里。 (i)旋翼机驾驶员用平台导航台作仪表进近的最低天气标准为： (1)用气压高度表时，最低下降高度等于井架高度加上 80 米； (2)用无线电高度表时，最低下降高度等于井架高度加上 60 米； (3)最低云底高等于最低下降高度加上 10 米； (4)昼间能见度为 1 公里，夜间能见度为 1.5 公里。 (j)旋翼机驾驶员用机载雷达／导航台作仪表进近昼间的最低天气标准为： (1)用气压高度表时，最低下降高度等于 90 米，云高为 100 米，能见度为 1 公里； 128
(2)用无线电高度表时，最低下降高度等于 60 米，云高为 70 米，能见度为 1 公里。 (k)旋翼机驾驶员用机载雷达／导航台作仪表进近夜间的最低天气标准为： (1)用气压高度表时，最低下降高度等于 120 米，云高为 130 米，能见度为 1.5 公 里； (2)用无线电高度表时，最低下降高度等于 90 米，云高为 100 米，能见度为 1.5 公 里。 (l)旋翼机水上平台运营人应当根据本规则第 135.41 条规定在其运行手册中增加 水上平台的相关部分。
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关于《小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格审定规则》的说明 《小型航空器商业运输运营人运行合格审定规则》（以下简称本规则,CCAR-135 部） 是从 2001 年年初开始起草，经过反复研讨和修订后制定的，旨在规范使用起飞全重较 小或者载运能力较低的航空器进行商业运输的运营人的运行。现将有关问题说明如下： 一、制定规则的必要性 近些年来,我国的民用航空活动发展很快，但由于历史原因，我国民用航空运营人 的运行管理规章仍然不够完整和系统，在运行管理的严密性和运行标准上与国际民航组 织的要求仍存在较大差距。按照民航总局确定的制定民用航空器运行规章体系的规划， 航空器运行规章主要由《一般运行和飞行规则》(CCAR-91 部)、《小型航空器商业运输运 营人运行合格审定规则》(CCAR-135 部)和《大型飞机公共航空运输承运人运行合格审定 规则》(CCAR-121 部)组成。其中 CCAR-91 部是基础规章，适用于所有在我国空域内运行 的民用航空器，而 CCAR-121 部和 CCAR-135 部是在 CCAR-91 部的基础上，为大型飞机公 共航空运输承运人和小型航空器商业运输运营人提出更高的运行标准。其中 CCAR-135 部适用于旋翼机、单发航空器和起飞全重较小或者载运能力较低的多发航空器的运输飞 行，而 CCAR-121 部则适用于除此之外的起飞全重较大或者载运能力较强的多发飞机的 运输飞行。 在上述运行规章中，CCAR-121 部已于 1999 年公布施行，CCAR-91 部已于 2004 年 1 月 14 日正式公布，而本规则的制定，将最终使我国的民用航空器运行规章体系得到完 善，为我国迅速发展的相关航空器运输飞行提供有效的管理依据。 二、制定的依据和原则 本规则依据《中华人民共和国民用航空法》和《国务院对确需保留的行政许可项目设定 行政许可的决定》制定。在制定中参考了《国际民航公约》附件 6 和其他附件的相关标 准和建议措施、美国的联邦航空条例和欧洲的联合航空要求，同时结合我国多年的运行 经验和实际情况予以补充。在本规则的制定中考虑了以下原则： （一）先进性和可行性相结合 在先进性与可行性关系的处理上，优先考虑先进性原则，以促进运行安全水平的提 高，同时考虑到我国的实际情况，不提出过高标准。对于航空器和直升机的运输飞行， 国际民航组织在《国际民航公约》附件六的第一和第三部分中提出了相应的运行标准。 但由于附件六所管理的对象为从事“国际商业航空运输”的航空器，而且基本上没有针 对不同起飞重量的航空器提出不同标准，所以该附件的某些规定对于使用小型航空器实 施的以国内飞行为主的航空运输来说有些偏高。鉴此，我们参考了美国和欧洲的一些具 体标准和做法，在附件六的基础上适当调低了对此类运行的要求。这样做兼顾了飞行安 全和经济效益，保证我国的相关安全标准与发达国家基本一致，同时保证小型航空器商 130
业运输的顺利发展。 （二）与 CCAR-121 部和 CCAR-91 部相衔接 颁发运行合格证和运行规范的目的是提高各类航空运营人的安全运行水平。 CCAR-121 部和 CCAR-91 部分别规定了大型飞机公共航空运输承运人和商业非运输运营 人颁发运行合格证和运行规范的要求。本规则管理的对象是介于上述两类运营人之间的 运营人，即小型航空器商业运输运营人。这三部规章是按照不同航空运营人使用的民用 航空器类型和运行类别划分的，与持有的经营许可证的类别，即公共航空运输企业或者 通用航空企业经营许可证，没有对应关系。所以不存在用公共航空运输企业安全标准去 要求通用航空运行活动的问题。 （三）保持版本的国际通用性 为使本规则版本保持其国际通用性，便于以后修改和增补内容，本规则在编排格式 上采用国际通用格式并保留备用条款。 三、政策性问题的说明 （一）关于适用范围 本规则的适用范围规定为在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业运输运营人所实 施的下列公共航空运输飞行： 1、使用单发航空器、旋翼机或者最大起飞全重 5700 千克以下的多发航空器实施的 定期载客运输飞行； 2、使用单发航空器、旋翼机或者旅客座位数量(不包括机组座位)不超过 30 座并且 最大商载不超过 3400 千克的多发航空器实施的非定期载客运输飞行： 3、使用单发航空器、旋翼机或者最大商载不超过 3400 千克的多发飞机的全货机运 输飞行。 在上述 CCAR-135 部的适用对象中，使用起飞全重 5700 千克以上、旅客座位数 30 座以下且商载 3400 千克以下的多发航空器进行的非定期载客运输和全货运输，原来属 于 CCAR-121 部管辖的范围，由于在 CCAR-121 部的实际贯彻过程中发现对这些运行要求 过高，不利于小型航空公司和包机公司的发展，因此考虑借鉴 FAA 的做法，决定调整到 CCAR-135 部中管理。在修订 CCAR-121 部时需要对 CCAR-121 部的适用范围作相应修改。 （二）CCAR-135 部与 CCAR-121 部之间的异同 CCAR-135 部和 CCAR-121 部所管理的对象分别为商业运输运营人和公共航空运输承 运人。两部规章的管理程序基本相同。本规则公布后，局方将按照本规则对商业运输运 营人进行运行合格审定，包括对相关手册、大纲、资料、设备、人员进行审定，以及实 施运行的验证演示等，只有申请人证明确实达到本规则和其他有关规定的要求，能够安 全运行时，才能为其颁发运行合格证和运行规范，批准其实施运行。商业运输运营人获 得运行合格证开始运行之后，局方的飞行标准部门将对其实施持续监督，保证其运行始 终符合规章的要求。当商业运输运营人发生改变运行种类、引进新机型、改变航线等涉 131
及到修改其运行规范的情况时，应当提出申请并经飞行标准部门的人员按照程序进行相 应的补充审定；在承运人修改其运行手册、大纲时，应当经局方飞行标准部门批准。通 过这种审定和持续监督，保证承运人的运行建立在更加安全可靠的基础上。但是，由于 所使用的航空器的大小、载运能力不同，而且在实际运行中，按照 CCAR-121 部实施的 运行以定期航班运行为主，按照 CCAR-135 部实施的运行以非定期运行为主，所以从两 部规章所体现的具体运行安全标准上看，CCAR-121 部要高于 CCAR-135 部。如在运行控 制的要求上，CCAR-121 部要求承运人建立飞行签派系统，由飞行签派员和机长共同负责 航空器的签派放行，并且要求定期载客的航空器在飞行期间与签派室之间建立全程通 信；而 CCAR-135 部只要求承运人建立飞行定位系统，不要求设置飞行签派员，也不要 求建立全程通信。其他在机组成员的训练和资格要求、航空器设备、航空器性能、机组 值勤时间要求等各个方面，也存在 CCAR-135 部要求低于 CCAR-121 部要求的情况。 （三）对几个具体条款的说明 1、关于副驾驶的配备 本规则没有笼统要求所有航空器均配备副驾驶。对于什么样的航空器和什么样的运 行中应当配备副驾驶，在本规则中有几个条款涉及。按照本规则第 135.99 条的要求， 型号审定为两名驾驶员的航空器应当配备副驾驶；按照本规则第 135.101 条的要求，在 按照仪表飞行规则实施载客运行时应当配备副驾驶，但是如果运行规范中批准承运人使 用自动驾驶仪代替副驾驶，并且机长在本机型上担任机长的时间达到了 100 小时，则可 以不配备副驾驶；按照本规则第 135.111 条的要求，在 II 类运行中应当配备副驾驶； 按照本规则第 135.263 条的要求，在值勤时间和飞行时间较长时，也应当增加副驾驶。 所以在按照本规则运行时，判断是否需要配备副驾驶，需要根据这些要求进行综合考虑。 2、驾驶员的服务年限 近年来民用航空器驾驶员的短缺在很大程度上制约了航空运输发展速度，本规则在 权衡规章技术标准、欠发达地区航空运输的需求、驾驶员技术和身体现状和参照航空发 达国家的做法情况下，对于服务于 CCAR－135 部商业运输营运人的驾驶员服务年限不做 出硬性规定，旨在本规则公布施行之后，能够在保障飞行运行安全基础上，有效缓解和 推动我国小型航空器在航空运输方面的快速发展。 3、驾驶员定期复训和仪表熟练检查 本规则将驾驶员定期复训的间隔规定为每 12 个日历月进行一次，较 CCAR－121 部 驾驶员定期复训的时间间隔有所放宽，但相对于目视飞行规则而言，按仪表飞行规则运 行的驾驶员增加每 6 个日历月进行一次仪表熟练检查。做出这样区别规定的实际意义在 于，一方面给予按照目视飞行规则运行的商业运输营运人以驾驶员训练的自主权，另一 方面对于较复杂的仪表飞行规则的运行，确保驾驶员驾驶技能的熟练程度，弥补由于定 期复训间隔较长可能带来某些操作技术上的生疏，从整体上保证小型航空器驾驶员的技 术水平。 132
4、关于运行控制问题。 对于运行控制，本规则第 135.77 条中要求合格证持有人对运行控制负责。在 CCAR －121 部中也有相同的要求。但是在 CCAR-121 部中明确要求航空承运人建立签派系统， 并且详细规定了机长和飞行签派员在运行控制中所担负的责任。CCAR-135 部没有要求合 格证持有人配备飞行签派员，只是在本规则第 135.77 条中要求合格证持有人在其运行 控制程序中确定机长对航空器的放行所负有的责任，而没有明确机长的具体责任。所以 按照本规则实施运行的合格证持有人在运行控制系统的建立上具有很大的自由度，可以 根据其运行的复杂程度建立形式不同的系统。如对于小航空器的定期载客运行，可以参 照 CCAR-121 部的要求建立由飞行签派员和机长共同负责的系统；对于非定期的或者季 节性的游览飞行，可以建立由机长全面负责的简单的定位系统，但是合格证持有人应当 能向局方证明其对运行实施有效控制的能力。 5、关于机组成员的飞行、值勤和休息时间要求 在美国的联邦航空条例 FAR-135 部中，对机组成员的飞行、值勤时间要求控制较松， 远低于其 121 部的要求。我们考虑到小型航空器和旋翼机的飞行在飞行强度上并不亚于 大型航空器，决定采用与 CCAR-121 部基本类似的标准。对于飞行机组成员的每日飞行、 值勤时间要求，考虑到 CCAR-135 部所管理的飞行的灵活性要求，较 CCAR-121 部有所放 松；在飞行机组成员的周、月、年飞行时间要求上与 CCAR-121 部一致，分别为 40、100、 1000 小时。此外，对客舱乘务员也提出了每日飞行时间要求，以及连续 7 个日历日的飞 行时间为 40 小时、月飞行时间为 120 小时、年飞行时间为 1300 小时的要求。
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