Part 61 — CCAR-61 驾驶员合格审定

• FAR Part 61 原文
• CCAR-61 原文

FAR Part 61 原文

Part 61

Authority:

Source:

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§ 61.1

Applicability and definitions.

(a) Except as provided in part 107 of this chapter, this part prescribes:

(1) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor certificates and ratings; the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary; and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings.

(2) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor authorizations; the conditions under which those authorizations are necessary; and the privileges and limitations of those authorizations.

(3) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor certificates and ratings for persons who have taken courses approved by the Administrator under other parts of this chapter.

(b) For the purpose of this part:

Accredited has the same meaning as defined by the Department of Education in 34 CFR 600.2.

Aeronautical experience means pilot time obtained in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device for meeting the appropriate training and flight time requirements for an airman certificate, rating, flight review, or recency of flight experience requirements of this part.

Authorized instructor means—

(i) A person who holds a ground instructor certificate issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with § 61.217, when conducting ground training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her ground instructor certificate;

(ii) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with § 61.197, when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her flight instructor certificate; or

(iii) A person authorized by the Administrator to provide ground training or flight training under part 61, 121, 135, or 142 of this chapter when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with that authority.

Aviation training device means a training device, other than a full flight simulator or flight training device, that has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the Administrator.

Complex airplane means an airplane that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, including airplanes equipped with an engine control system consisting of a digital computer and associated accessories for controlling the engine and propeller, such as a full authority digital engine control; or, in the case of a seaplane, flaps and a controllable pitch propeller, including seaplanes equipped with an engine control system consisting of a digital computer and associated accessories for controlling the engine and propeller, such as a full authority digital engine control.

Cross-country time means—

(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (ii) through (vi) of this definition, time acquired during flight—

(A) Conducted by a person who holds a pilot certificate;

(B) Conducted in an aircraft;

(C) That includes a landing at a point other than the point of departure; and

(D) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(ii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements (except for a rotorcraft category rating), for a private pilot certificate (except for a powered parachute category rating), a commercial pilot certificate, or an instrument rating, or for the purpose of exercising recreational pilot privileges (except in a rotorcraft) under § 61.101 (c), time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(iii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements for a sport pilot certificate (except for powered parachute privileges), time acquired during a flight conducted in an appropriate aircraft that—

(A) Includes a point of landing at least a straight line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic navigation aids; radio aids; or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(iv) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements for a sport pilot certificate with powered parachute privileges or a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute category rating, time acquired during a flight conducted in an appropriate aircraft that—

(A) Includes a point of landing at least a straight line distance of more than 15 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic navigation aids; radio aids; or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(v) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements for any pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating or an instrument-helicopter rating, or for the purpose of exercising recreational pilot privileges, in a rotorcraft, under § 61.101(c), time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(vi) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements for an airline transport pilot certificate (except with a rotorcraft category rating), time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems.

(vii) For a military pilot who qualifies for a commercial pilot certificate (except with a rotorcraft category rating) under § 61.73 of this part, time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems.

Examiner means any person who is authorized by the Administrator to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a practical test for an airman certificate or rating issued under this part, or a person who is authorized to conduct a knowledge test under this part.

Flight training means that training, other than ground training, received from an authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft.

Ground training means that training, other than flight training, received from an authorized instructor.

Institution of higher education has the same meaning as defined by the Department of Education in 34 CFR 600.4.

Instrument approach means an approach procedure defined in part 97 of this chapter.

Instrument training means that time in which instrument training is received from an authorized instructor under actual or simulated instrument conditions.

Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas required for an airman certificate or rating that can be administered in written form or by a computer.

Nationally recognized accrediting agency has the same meaning as defined by the Department of Education in 34 CFR 600.2.

Night vision goggles means an appliance worn by a pilot that enhances the pilot's ability to maintain visual surface reference at night.

Night vision goggle operation means the portion of a flight that occurs during the time period from 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise where the pilot maintains visual surface reference using night vision goggles in an aircraft that is approved for such an operation.

Passenger means any person on board an aircraft other than a crewmember, FAA personnel, manufacturer personnel required for type certification, or a person receiving or providing flight training, checking, or testing as authorized by this part.

Pilot time means that time in which a person—

(i) Serves as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(ii) Receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device;

(iii) Gives training as an authorized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device; or

(iv) Serves as second in command in operations conducted in accordance with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a second pilot is not required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, provided the requirements in § 61.159(c) are satisfied.

Practical test means a test on the areas of operations for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization that is conducted by having the applicant respond to questions and demonstrate maneuvers in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.

Set of aircraft means aircraft that share similar performance characteristics, such as similar airspeed and altitude operating envelopes, similar handling characteristics, and the same number and type of propulsion systems.

Student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate means a person who has received an endorsement—

(i) To exercise student pilot privileges from a certificated flight instructor with a sport pilot rating; or

(ii) That includes a limitation for the operation of a light-sport aircraft specified in § 61.89(c) issued by a certificated flight instructor with other than a sport pilot rating.

Technically advanced airplane (TAA) means an airplane equipped with an electronically advanced avionics system.

Training time means training received—

(i) In flight from an authorized instructor;

(ii) On the ground from an authorized instructor; or

(iii) In a flight simulator or flight training device from an authorized instructor.

§ 61.2

Exercise of Privilege.

(a) Validity. No person may:

(1) Exercise privileges of a certificate, rating, endorsement, or authorization issued under this part if the certificate, rating or authorization is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(2) Exercise privileges of a flight instructor certificate if that flight instructor certificate is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(3) Exercise privileges of a foreign pilot certificate to operate an aircraft of foreign registry under § 61.3(b) if the certificate is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(4) Exercise privileges of a pilot certificate issued under § 61.75, or an authorization issued under § 61.77, if the foreign pilot certificate relied upon for the issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate or authorization is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(5) Exercise privileges of a medical certificate issued under part 67 to meet any requirements of part 61 if the medical certificate is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired according to the duration standards set forth in § 61.23(d).

(6) Use an official government issued driver's license to meet any requirements of part 61 related to holding that driver's license, if the driver's license is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(b) Currency. No person may:

(1) Exercise privileges of an airman certificate, rating, endorsement, or authorization issued under this part unless that person meets the appropriate airman recent experience and medical requirements of this part, specific to the operation or activity.

(2) Exercise privileges of a foreign pilot license within the United States to conduct an operation described in § 61.3(b), unless that person meets the appropriate airman recent experience and medical requirements of the country that issued the license, specific to the operation.

§ 61.3

Requirement for certificates, ratings, and authorizations.

(a) Required pilot certificate for operating a civil aircraft of the United States. No person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of the United States, unless that person:

(1) Has in the person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization—

(i) A pilot certificate issued under this part and in accordance with § 61.19;

(ii) A special purpose pilot authorization issued under § 61.77;

(iii) A temporary certificate issued under § 61.17;

(iv) A document conveying temporary authority to exercise certificate privileges issued by the Airmen Certification Branch under § 61.29(e);

(v) When engaged in a flight operation within the United States for a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 121 or 135 of this chapter, a temporary document provided by that certificate holder under an approved certificate verification plan;

(vi) When engaged in a flight operation within the United States for a fractional ownership program manager authorized to conduct operations under part 91, subpart K, of this chapter, a temporary document provided by that program manager under an approved certificate verification plan; or

(vii) When operating an aircraft within a foreign country, a pilot license issued by that country may be used.

(2) Has a photo identification that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization. The photo identification must be a:

(i) Driver's license issued by a State, the District of Columbia, or territory or possession of the United States;

(ii) Government identification card issued by the Federal government, a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States;

(iii) U.S. Armed Forces' identification card;

(iv) Official passport;

(v) Credential that authorizes unescorted access to a security identification display area at an airport regulated under 49 CFR part 1542; or

(vi) Other form of identification that the Administrator finds acceptable.

(b) Required pilot certificate for operating a foreign-registered aircraft within the United States. No person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of foreign registry within the United States, unless—

(1) That person's pilot certificate or document issued under § 61.29(e) is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate; and

(2) Has been issued in accordance with this part, or has been issued or validated by the country in which the aircraft is registered.

(c) Medical certificate. (1) A person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft only if that person holds the appropriate medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter, or other documentation acceptable to the FAA, that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft. Paragraph (c)(2) of this section provides certain exceptions to the requirement to hold a medical certificate.

(2) A person is not required to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section if that person—

(i) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a glider category rating, a balloon class rating, or glider or balloon privileges;

(ii) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate while seeking a sport pilot certificate with other than glider or balloon privileges and holds a U.S. driver's license;

(iii) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a weight-shift-control aircraft category rating or a powered parachute category rating and holds a U.S. driver's license;

(iv) Is exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate with glider or balloon privileges;

(v) Is exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate with other than glider or balloon privileges and holds a U.S. driver's license. A person who has applied for or held a medical certificate may exercise the privileges of a sport pilot certificate using a U.S. driver's license only if that person—

(A) Has been found eligible for the issuance of at least a third-class airman medical certificate at the time of his or her most recent application; and

(B) Has not had his or her most recently issued medical certificate suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn.

(vi) Is holding a pilot certificate with a balloon class rating and that person—

(A) Is exercising the privileges of a private pilot certificate in a balloon; or

(B) Is providing flight training in a balloon in accordance with § 61.133(a)(2)(ii);

(vii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a flight instructor certificate with a glider category rating, and is piloting or providing training in a glider, as appropriate;

(viii) Is exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate, provided the person is not acting as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(ix) Is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor certificate;

(x) Is operating an aircraft within a foreign country using a pilot license issued by that country and possesses evidence of current medical qualification for that license;

(xi) Is operating an aircraft with a U.S. pilot certificate, issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued under § 61.75, and holds a medical certificate issued by the foreign country that issued the foreign pilot license, which is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that airman certificate;

(xii) Is a pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces, has an up-to-date U.S. military medical examination, and holds military pilot flight status;

(xiii) Is exercising the privileges of a student, recreational or private pilot certificate for operations conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i) and holds a U.S. driver's license;

(xiv) Is exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate and acting as pilot in command or a required flightcrew member for operations conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i) and holds a U.S. driver's license; or

(xv) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate or higher while acting as pilot in command on a special medical flight test authorized under part 67 of this chapter.

(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate issued under this part must have that certificate, or other documentation acceptable to the Administrator, in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that flight instructor certificate.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, no person other than the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued under this part with the appropriate rating on that certificate may—

(i) Give training required to qualify a person for solo flight and solo cross-country flight;

(ii) Endorse an applicant for a—

(A) Pilot certificate or rating issued under this part;

(B) Flight instructor certificate or rating issued under this part; or

(C) Ground instructor certificate or rating issued under this part;

(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given; or

(iv) Endorse a logbook for solo operating privileges.

(3) A flight instructor certificate issued under this part is not necessary—

(i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air rating, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate in a lighter-than-air aircraft;

(ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is given, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate and conducted in accordance with an approved air carrier training program approved under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter;

(iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, provided the training is conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training program;

(iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of a ground instructor certificate in accordance with the privileges of the certificate; or

(v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is given by an authorized flight instructor under § 61.41 of this part.

(e) Instrument rating. No person may act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless that person holds:

(1) The appropriate aircraft category, class, type (if required), and instrument rating on that person's pilot certificate for any airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift being flown;

(2) An airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate aircraft category, class, and type rating (if required) for the aircraft being flown;

(3) For a glider, a pilot certificate with a glider category rating and an airplane instrument rating; or

(4) For an airship, a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating and airship class rating.

(f) Category II pilot authorization. Except for a pilot conducting Category II operations under part 121 or part 135, a person may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during Category II operations unless that person—

(i) Holds a Category II pilot authorization for that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable; or

(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category II operations.

(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during Category II operations unless that person—

(i) Holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings for that aircraft and an instrument rating for that category aircraft;

(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and class ratings for that aircraft; or

(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of that aircraft during Category II operations.

(g) Category III pilot authorization. Except for a pilot conducting Category III operations under part 121 or part 135, a person may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during Category III operations unless that person—

(i) Holds a Category III pilot authorization for that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable; or

(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category III operations.

(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during Category III operations unless that person—

(i) Holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings for that aircraft and an instrument rating for that category aircraft;

(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and class ratings for that aircraft; or

(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of that aircraft during Category III operations.

(h) Category A aircraft pilot authorization. The Administrator may issue a certificate of authorization for a Category II or Category III operation to the pilot of a small aircraft that is a Category A aircraft, as identified in § 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if:

(1) The Administrator determines that the Category II or Category III operation can be performed safely by that pilot under the terms of the certificate of authorization; and

(2) The Category II or Category III operation does not involve the carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire.

(i) Ground instructor certificate. (1) Each person who holds a ground instructor certificate issued under this part must have that certificate or a temporary document issued under § 61.29(e) in that person's physical possession or immediately accessible when exercising the privileges of that certificate.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(3) of this section, no person other than the holder of a ground instructor certificate, issued under this part or part 143, with the appropriate rating on that certificate may—

(i) Give ground training required to qualify a person for solo flight and solo cross-country flight;

(ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowledge test required for a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating issued under this part; or

(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show ground training given.

(3) A ground instructor certificate issued under this part is not necessary—

(i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued under this part in accordance with the privileges of that certificate;

(ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air rating, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate in a lighter-than-air aircraft;

(iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is given, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate and conducted in accordance with an approved air carrier training program approved under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter;

(iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, provided the training is conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training program; or

(v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is given by an authorized flight instructor under § 61.41 of this part.

(j) Age limitation for certain operations. (1) Age limitation. No person who holds a pilot certificate issued under this part may serve as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. registry in the following operations if the person has reached his or her 60th birthday or, in the case of operations with more than one pilot, his or her 65th birthday:

(i) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in turbojet-powered airplanes;

(ii) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than nine passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat;

(iii) Nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or hire in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than 30 passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat; or

(iv) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or hire, in airplanes having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

(2) Definitions. (i) “International air service,” as used in this paragraph (j), means scheduled air service performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.

(ii) “International air transportation,” as used in this paragraph (j), means air transportation performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.

(k) Special purpose pilot authorization. Any person that is required to hold a special purpose pilot authorization, issued in accordance with § 61.77 of this part, must have that authorization and the person's foreign pilot license in that person's physical possession or have it readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that authorization.

(l) Inspection of certificate. Each person who holds an airman certificate, temporary document in accordance with paragraph (a)(1)(v) or (vi) of this section, medical certificate, documents establishing alternative medical qualification under part 68 of this chapter, authorization, or license required by this part must present it and their photo identification as described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section for inspection upon a request from:

(1) The Administrator;

(2) An authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer; or

(4) An authorized representative of the Transportation Security Administration.

§ 61.4

Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight training devices.

(a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, each flight simulator and flight training device used for training, and for which an airman is to receive credit to satisfy any training, testing, or checking requirement under this chapter, must be qualified and approved by the Administrator for—

(1) The training, testing, and checking for which it is used;

(2) Each particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember function performed; and

(3) The representation of the specific category and class of aircraft, type of aircraft, particular variation within the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft for certain flight training devices.

(b) Any device used for flight training, testing, or checking that has been determined to be acceptable to or approved by the Administrator prior to August 1, 1996, which can be shown to function as originally designed, is considered to be a flight training device, provided it is used for the same purposes for which it was originally accepted or approved and only to the extent of such acceptance or approval.

(c) The Administrator may approve a device other than a flight simulator or flight training device for specific purposes.

§ 61.5

Certificates and ratings issued under this part.

(a) The following certificates are issued under this part to an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the certificate sought:

(1) Pilot certificates—

(i) Student pilot.

(ii) Sport pilot.

(iii) Recreational pilot.

(iv) Private pilot.

(v) Commercial pilot.

(vi) Airline transport pilot.

(2) Flight instructor certificates.

(3) Ground instructor certificates.

(b) The following ratings are placed on a pilot certificate (other than student pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Aircraft category ratings—

(i) Airplane.

(ii) Rotorcraft.

(iii) Glider.

(iv) Lighter-than-air.

(v) Powered-lift.

(vi) Powered parachute.

(vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft.

(2) Airplane class ratings—

(i) Single-engine land.

(ii) Multiengine land.

(iii) Single-engine sea.

(iv) Multiengine sea.

(3) Rotorcraft class ratings—

(i) Helicopter.

(ii) Gyroplane.

(4) Lighter-than-air class ratings—

(i) Airship.

(ii) Balloon.

(5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class ratings—

(i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land.

(ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea.

(6) Powered parachute class ratings—

(i) Powered parachute land.

(ii) Powered parachute sea.

(7) Aircraft type ratings—

(i) Large aircraft other than lighter-than-air.

(ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.

(iii) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator through the aircraft type certification procedures.

(iv) Second-in-command pilot type rating for aircraft that is certificated for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots.

(8) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot certificates only)—

(i) Instrument—Airplane.

(ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.

(c) The following ratings are placed on a flight instructor certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Aircraft category ratings—

(i) Airplane.

(ii) Rotorcraft.

(iii) Glider.

(iv) Powered-lift.

(2) Airplane class ratings—

(i) Single-engine.

(ii) Multiengine.

(3) Rotorcraft class ratings—

(i) Helicopter.

(ii) Gyroplane.

(4) Instrument ratings—

(i) Instrument—Airplane.

(ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.

(5) Sport pilot rating.

(d) The following ratings are placed on a ground instructor certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Basic.

(2) Advanced.

(3) Instrument.

§ 61.7

Obsolete certificates and ratings.

(a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot certificate issued before November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that certificate.

(b) The holder of a pilot certificate that bears any of the following category ratings without an associated class rating may not exercise the privileges of that category rating:

(1) Rotorcraft.

(2) Lighter-than-air.

(3) Helicopter.

(4) Autogyro.

§ 61.8

Inapplicability of unmanned aircraft operations.

Any action conducted pursuant to part 107 of this chapter cannot be used to meet the requirements of this part.

§ 61.9

§ 61.11

Expired pilot certificates and re-issuance.

(a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may act as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft of the same category or class that is listed on that expired pilot certificate or rating.

(b) The following pilot certificates and ratings have expired and will not be reissued:

(1) An airline transport pilot certificate issued before May 1, 1949, or an airline transport pilot certificate that contains a horsepower limitation.

(2) A private or commercial pilot certificate issued before July 1, 1945.

(3) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or free-balloon rating issued before July 1, 1945.

(c) An airline transport pilot certificate that was issued after April 30, 1949, and that bears an expiration date but does not contain a horsepower limitation, may have that airline transport pilot certificate re-issued without an expiration date.

(d) A private or commercial pilot certificate that was issued after June 30, 1945, and that bears an expiration date, may have that pilot certificate reissued without an expiration date.

(e) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or free-balloon rating that was issued after June 30, 1945, and that bears an expiration date, may have that pilot certificate reissued without an expiration date.

§ 61.13

Issuance of airman certificates, ratings, and authorizations.

(a) Application. (1) An applicant for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization under this part must make that application on a form and in a manner acceptable to the Administrator.

(2) An applicant must show evidence that the appropriate fee prescribed in appendix A to part 187 of this chapter has been paid when that person applies for airmen certification services administered outside the United States.

(3) An applicant who is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident alien of the United States may be refused issuance of any U.S. airman certificate, rating or authorization by the Administrator.

(4) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the certificate, rating, or authorization sought is entitled to receive that airman certificate, rating, or authorization.

(b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who cannot comply with certain areas of operation required on the practical test because of physical limitations may be issued an airman certificate, rating, or authorization with the appropriate limitation placed on the applicant's airman certificate provided the—

(i) Applicant is able to meet all other certification requirements for the airman certificate, rating, or authorization sought;

(ii) Physical limitation has been recorded with the FAA on the applicant's medical records; and

(iii) Administrator determines that the applicant's inability to perform the particular area of operation will not adversely affect safety.

(2) A limitation placed on a person's airman certificate may be removed, provided that person demonstrates for an examiner satisfactory proficiency in the area of operation appropriate to the airman certificate, rating, or authorization sought.

(c) Additional requirements for Category II and Category III pilot authorizations. (1) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization is issued by a letter of authorization as part of an applicant's instrument rating or airline transport pilot certificate.

(2) Upon original issue, the authorization contains the following limitations:

(i) For Category II operations, the limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and a 150-foot decision height; and

(ii) For Category III operations, each initial limitation is specified in the authorization document.

(3) The limitations on a Category II or Category III pilot authorization may be removed as follows:

(i) In the case of Category II limitations, a limitation is removed when the holder shows that, since the beginning of the sixth preceding month, the holder has made three Category II ILS approaches with a 150-foot decision height to a landing under actual or simulated instrument conditions.

(ii) In the case of Category III limitations, a limitation is removed as specified in the authorization.

(4) To meet the experience requirements of paragraph (c)(3) of this section, and for the practical test required by this part for a Category II or a Category III pilot authorization, a flight simulator or flight training device may be used if it is approved by the Administrator for such use.

(d) Application during suspension or revocation. (1) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate has been suspended may not apply for any certificate, rating, or authorization during the period of suspension.

(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate has been revoked may not apply for any certificate, rating, or authorization for 1 year after the date of revocation.

§ 61.14

Incorporation by Reference.

Certain material is incorporated by reference into this part with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) material is available for inspection at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact FAA, Training and Certification Group, 202-267-1100, ACSPTSinquiries@faa.gov. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations or email fr.inspection@nara.gov. The material may be obtained from the Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue SW, Washington DC 20591, 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov/training_testing.

(a) Practical Test Standards. (1) FAA-S-8081-3B, Recreational Pilot Practical Test Standards for Airplane Category and Rotorcraft Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(2) FAA-S-8081-7C, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(3) FAA-S-8081-8C, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(4) FAA-S-8081-9E, Flight Instructor Instrument Practical Test Standards for Airplane Rating and Helicopter Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(5) FAA-S-8081-15B, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(6) FAA-S-8081-16C, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(7) FAA-S-8081-17A, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(8) FAA-S-8081-18A, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(9) FAA-S-8081-20A, Airline Transport Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.58, and appendix A to this part.

(10) FAA-S-8081-22A, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(11) FAA-S-8081-23B, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(12) FAA-S-8081-29A, Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating Practical Test Standards for Airplane Category, Rotorcraft Category, and Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

(13) FAA-S-8081-30A, Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

(14) FAA-S-8081-31A, Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Powered Parachute Category and Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

(15) FAA-S-8081-32A Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Powered Parachute Category and Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Category, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(b) Airman Certification Standards. (1) FAA-S-ACS-2, Commercial Pilot for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(2) FAA-S-ACS-3, Instrument Rating—Powered-Lift Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.57, and appendix A to this part.

(3) FAA-S-ACS-6C, Private Pilot for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(4) FAA-S-ACS-7B, Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(5) FAA-S-ACS-8C, Instrument Rating—Airplane Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.57, and appendix A to this part.

(6) FAA-S-ACS-11A, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.58, and appendix A to this part.

(7) FAA-S-ACS-13, Private Pilot for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(8) FAA-S-ACS-14, Instrument Rating—Helicopter Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.57, and appendix A to this part.

(9) FAA-S-ACS-15, Private Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(10) FAA-S-ACS-16, Commercial Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(11) FAA-S-ACS-17, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.58, and appendix A to this part.

(12) FAA-S-ACS-25, Flight Instructor for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(13) FAA-S-ACS-27, Flight Instructor for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(14) FAA-S-ACS-28, Flight Instructor—Instrument Rating Powered-Lift Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(15) FAA-S-ACS-29, Flight Instructor for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

§ 61.15

Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.

(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or State statute relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition, possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final conviction; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(b) Committing an act prohibited by § 91.17(a) or § 91.19(a) of this chapter is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for a certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor vehicle action means:

(1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation of any Federal or State statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;

(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to operate a motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug; or

(3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for a license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug.

(d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the same incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a motor vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle action is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the last motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part shall provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil Aviation Security Division (AMC-700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The report must include:

(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman certificate number;

(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the administrative action;

(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;

(4) The State that holds the record of conviction or administrative action; and

(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from the same incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances related to a previously reported motor vehicle action.

(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

§ 61.16

Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.

A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in accordance with § 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish or authorize the release of the test results requested by the Administrator in accordance with § 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is grounds for:

(a) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that refusal; or

(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

§ 61.17

Temporary certificate.

(a) A temporary pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating is issued for up to 120 days, at which time a permanent certificate will be issued to a person whom the Administrator finds qualified under this part.

(b) A temporary pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating expires:

(1) On the expiration date shown on the certificate;

(2) Upon receipt of the permanent certificate; or

(3) Upon receipt of a notice that the certificate or rating sought is denied or revoked.

§ 61.18

§ 61.19

Duration of pilot and instructor certificates and privileges.

(a) General. (1) The holder of a certificate with an expiration date may not, after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate.

(2) Except for a certificate issued with an expiration date, a certificate issued under this part is valid unless it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.

(b) Paper student pilot certificate. A student pilot certificate issued under this part prior to April 1, 2016 expires:

(1) For student pilots who have not reached their 40th birthday, 60 calendar months after the month of the date of examination shown on the medical certificate.

(2) For student pilots who have reached their 40th birthday, 24 calendar months after the month of the date of examination shown on the medical certificate.

(3) For student pilots seeking a glider rating, balloon rating, or a sport pilot certificate, 60 calendar months after the month of the date issued, regardless of the person's age.

(c) Pilot certificates. (1) A pilot certificate (including a student pilot certificate issued after April 1, 2016) issued under this part is issued without an expiration date.

(2) The holder of a pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license may exercise the privileges of that certificate only while that person's foreign pilot license is effective.

(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A flight instructor certificate issued under this part on or after December 1, 2024, is issued without an expiration date.

(2) A flight instructor certificate issued before December 1, 2024, expires 24 calendar months from the month in which it was issued, renewed, or reinstated, as appropriate.

(e) Ground instructor certificate. A ground instructor certificate is issued without an expiration date.

(f) Return of certificates. The holder of any airman certificate that is issued under this part, and that has been suspended or revoked, must return that certificate to the FAA when requested to do so by the Administrator.

(g) Duration of pilot certificates. Except for a temporary certificate issued under § 61.17 or a student pilot certificate issued under paragraph (b) of this section, the holder of a paper pilot certificate issued under this part may not exercise the privileges of that certificate after March 31, 2010.

§ 61.21

Duration of a Category II and a Category III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).

(a) A Category II pilot authorization or a Category III pilot authorization expires at the end of the sixth calendar month after the month in which it was issued or renewed.

(b) Upon passing a practical test for a Category II or Category III pilot authorization, the authorization may be renewed for each type of aircraft for which the authorization is held.

(c) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization for a specific type aircraft for which an authorization is held will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar months from the month the practical test was accomplished in that type aircraft.

(d) If the holder of a Category II or Category III pilot authorization passes the practical test for a renewal in the month before the authorization expires, the holder is considered to have passed it during the month the authorization expired.

§ 61.23

Medical certificates: Requirement and duration.

(a) Operations requiring a medical certificate. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a person—

(1) Must hold a first-class medical certificate:

(i) When exercising the pilot-in-command privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate;

(ii) When exercising the second-in-command privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 of this chapter that requires three or more pilots; or

(iii) When serving as a required pilot flightcrew member in an operation conducted under part 121 of this chapter if the pilot has reached his or her 60th birthday.

(2) Must hold at least a second class medical certificate when exercising:

(i) Second-in-command privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate in part 121 of this chapter (other than operations specified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section);

(ii) Privileges of a commercial pilot certificate in an aircraft other than a balloon or glider; or

(iii) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(5) of this section, privileges of a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon class rating for compensation or hire; or

(3) Must hold at least a third-class medical certificate—

(i) When exercising the privileges of a private pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or student pilot certificate, except when operating under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i);

(ii) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate and acting as the pilot in command or as a required flightcrew member, except when operating under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i);

(iii) When taking a practical test in an aircraft for a recreational pilot, private pilot, commercial pilot, or airline transport pilot certificate, or for a flight instructor certificate, except when operating under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); or

(iv) When performing the duties as an Examiner in an aircraft when administering a practical test or proficiency check for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization, except when meeting the requirements to operate under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i).

(b) Operations not requiring a medical certificate. A person is not required to hold a medical certificate—

(1) When exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate while seeking—

(i) A sport pilot certificate with glider or balloon privileges; or

(ii) A pilot certificate with a glider category rating or balloon class rating;

(2) When exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate with privileges in a glider or balloon;

(3) When exercising the privileges of a pilot certificate with a glider category rating in a glider;

(4) When exercising the privileges of a private pilot certificate with a balloon class rating in a balloon;

(5) When exercising the privileges of a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon class rating in a balloon if the person is providing flight training in accordance with § 61.133(a)(2)(ii);

(6) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate with—

(i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or balloon; or

(ii) A glider category rating;

(7) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate if the person is not acting as pilot in command or serving as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(8) When exercising the privileges of a ground instructor certificate;

(9) When serving as an Examiner or check airman and administering a practical test or proficiency check for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization conducted in a glider, balloon, flight simulator, or flight training device;

(10) When taking a practical test or a proficiency check for a certificate, rating, authorization or operating privilege conducted in a glider, balloon, flight simulator, or flight training device;

(11) When a military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces can show evidence of an up-to-date medical examination authorizing pilot flight status issued by the U.S. Armed Forces and—

(i) The flight does not require higher than a third-class medical certificate; and

(ii) The flight conducted is a domestic flight operation within U.S. airspace; or

(12) When exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate or higher while acting as pilot in command on a special medical flight test authorized under part 67 of this chapter.

(c) Operations requiring either a medical certificate or U.S. driver's license. (1) A person must hold and possess either a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter or a U.S. driver's license when—

(i) Exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate while seeking sport pilot privileges in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(ii) Exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(iii) Exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating while acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flight crewmember of a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(iv) Serving as an Examiner and administering a practical test for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(v) Exercising the privileges of a student, recreational or private pilot certificate if the flight is conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i);

(vi) Exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate and acting as the pilot in command or as a required flight crewmember if the flight is conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); or

(vii) Serving as an Examiner and administering a practical test or proficiency check for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization if the flight is conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i).

(2) A person using a U.S. driver's license to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) while exercising sport pilot privileges must—

(i) Comply with each restriction and limitation imposed by that person's U.S. driver's license and any judicial or administrative order applying to the operation of a motor vehicle;

(ii) Have been found eligible for the issuance of at least a third-class airman medical certificate at the time of his or her most recent application (if the person has applied for a medical certificate);

(iii) Not have had his or her most recently issued medical certificate (if the person has held a medical certificate) suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and

(iv) Not know or have reason to know of any medical condition that would make that person unable to operate a light-sport aircraft in a safe manner.

(3) A person using a U.S. driver's license to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) while operating under the conditions and limitations of § 61.113(i) must meet the following requirements—

(i) The person must—

(A) Comply with all medical requirements or restrictions associated with his or her U.S. driver's license;

(B) At any point after July 14, 2006, have held a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter;

(C) Complete the medical education course set forth in § 68.3 of this chapter during the 24 calendar months before acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flightcrew member in an operation conducted under § 61.113(i) and retain a certification of course completion in accordance with § 68.3(b)(1) of this chapter;

(D) Receive a comprehensive medical examination from a State-licensed physician during the 48 calendar months before acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flightcrew member of an operation conducted under § 61.113(i) and that medical examination is conducted in accordance with the requirements in part 68 of this chapter; and

(E) If the individual has been diagnosed with any medical condition that may impact the ability of the individual to fly, be under the care and treatment of a State-licensed physician when acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flightcrew member of an operation conducted under § 61.113(i).

(ii) The most recently issued medical certificate—

(A) May include an authorization for special issuance;

(B) May be expired; and

(C) Cannot have been suspended or revoked.

(iii) The most recently issued Authorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate cannot have been withdrawn; and

(iv) The most recent application for an airman medical certificate submitted to the FAA cannot have been completed and denied.

(d) Duration of a medical certificate. Use the following table to determine duration for each class of medical certificate:

§ 61.25

Change of name.

(a) An application to change the name on a certificate issued under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's:

(1) Airman certificate; and

(2) A copy of the marriage license, court order, or other document verifying the name change.

(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of this section will be returned to the applicant after inspection.

§ 61.27

Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.

(a) The holder of a certificate issued under this part may voluntarily surrender it for:

(1) Cancellation;

(2) Issuance of a lower grade certificate; or

(3) Another certificate with specific ratings deleted.

(b) Any request made under paragraph (a) of this section must include the following signed statement or its equivalent: “This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my (insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be reissued to me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for its issuance.”

§ 61.29

Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical certificate or knowledge test report.

(a) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman certificate issued under this part must be made:

(1) By letter to the Department of Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA; or

(2) In any other manner and form approved by the Administrator including a request online to Airmen Services at http://www.faa.gov, and must be accompanied by acceptable form of payment for the appropriate fee.

(b) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed medical certificate must be made:

(1) By letter to the Department of Transportation, FAA, Aerospace Medical Certification Division, P.O. Box 26200, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA; or

(2) In any other manner and form approved by the Administrator and must be accompanied by acceptable form of payment for the appropriate fee.

(c) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed knowledge test report must be made:

(1) By letter to the Department of Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA; or

(2) In any other manner and form approved by the Administrator and must be accompanied by acceptable form of payment for the appropriate fee.

(d) The letter requesting replacement of a lost or destroyed airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state:

(1) The name of the person;

(2) The permanent mailing address (including ZIP code), or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the person's current residential address;

(3) The certificate holder's date and place of birth; and

(4) Any information regarding the—

(i) Grade, number, and date of issuance of the airman certificate and ratings, if appropriate;

(ii) Class of medical certificate, the place and date of the medical exam, name of the Airman Medical Examiner (AME), and the circumstances concerning the loss of the original medical certificate, as appropriate; and

(iii) Date the knowledge test was taken, if appropriate.

(e) A person who has lost an airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report may obtain, in a form or manner approved by the Administrator, a document conveying temporary authority to exercise certificate privileges from the FAA Aeromedical Certification Branch or the Airman Certification Branch, as appropriate, and the:

(1) Document may be carried as an airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report, as appropriate, for up to 60 days pending the person's receipt of a duplicate under paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, unless the person has been notified that the certificate has been suspended or revoked.

(2) Request for such a document must include the date on which a duplicate certificate or knowledge test report was previously requested.

§ 61.31

Type rating requirements, additional training, and authorization requirements.

(a) Type ratings required. A person who acts as a pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft:

(1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).

(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.

(3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures.

(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. A person may be authorized to operate without a type rating for up to 60 days an aircraft requiring a type rating, provided—

(1) The Administrator has authorized the flight or series of flights;

(2) The Administrator has determined that an equivalent level of safety can be achieved through the operating limitations on the authorization;

(3) The person shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this section is impracticable for the flight or series of flights; and

(4) The flight—

(i) Involves only a ferry flight, training flight, test flight, or practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;

(ii) Is within the United States;

(iii) Does not involve operations for compensation or hire unless the compensation or hire involves payment for the use of the aircraft for training or taking a practical test; and

(iv) Involves only the carriage of flight crewmembers considered essential for the flight.

(5) If the flight or series of flights cannot be accomplished within the time limit of the authorization, the Administrator may authorize an additional period of up to 60 days to accomplish the flight or series of flights.

(c) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on the carriage of persons, or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a person holds a category, class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying another person, or is operated for compensation or hire. That person also may not act as pilot in command of that aircraft for compensation or hire.

(d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on operating an aircraft as the pilot in command. To serve as the pilot in command of an aircraft, a person must—

(1) Hold the appropriate category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown; or

(2) Have received training required by this part that is appropriate to the pilot certification level, aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown, and have received an endorsement for solo flight in that aircraft from an authorized instructor.

(e) Additional training required for operating complex airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a complex airplane, unless the person has—

(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a complex airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (e)(1) of this section is not required if—

(i) The person has logged flight time as pilot in command of a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or

(ii) The person has received ground and flight training under an approved training program and has satisfactorily completed a competency check under § 135.293 of this chapter in a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane which must be documented in the pilot's logbook or training record.

(f) Additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane (an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower), unless the person has—

(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a high-performance airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section is not required if—

(i) The person has logged flight time as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or

(ii) The person has received ground and flight training under an approved training program and has satisfactorily completed a competency check under § 135.293 of this chapter in a high performance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high performance airplane which must be documented in the pilot's logbook or training record.

(g) Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training. The ground training must include at least the following subjects:

(i) High-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;

(ii) Respiration;

(iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other high-altitude sickness;

(iv) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;

(v) Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;

(vi) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;

(vii) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble formation, and high-altitude sickness;

(viii) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and

(ix) Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft unless that person has received and logged training from an authorized instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a pressurized aircraft. The flight training must include at least the following subjects:

(i) Normal cruise flight operations while operating above 25,000 feet MSL;

(ii) Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft; and

(iii) Emergency descent procedures.

(3) The training and endorsement required by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of this section are not required if that person can document satisfactory accomplishment of any of the following in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft:

(i) Serving as pilot in command before April 15, 1991;

(ii) Completing a pilot proficiency check for a pilot certificate or rating before April 15, 1991;

(iii) Completing an official pilot-in-command check conducted by the military services of the United States; or

(iv) Completing a pilot-in-command proficiency check under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter conducted by the Administrator or by an approved pilot check airman.

(h) Additional aircraft type-specific training. No person may serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that the Administrator has determined requires aircraft type-specific training unless that person has—

(1) Received and logged type-specific training in the aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of that type of aircraft; and

(2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has found the person proficient in the operation of the aircraft and its systems.

(i) Additional training required for operating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must include at least the following maneuvers and procedures:

(i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;

(ii) Wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against such landings); and

(iii) Go-around procedures.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (i)(1) of this section is not required if the person logged pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel airplane before April 15, 1991.

(j) Additional training required for operating a glider. (1) No person may act as pilot in command of a glider—

(i) Using ground-tow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on ground-tow procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in ground-tow procedures and operations;

(ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on aerotow procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in aerotow procedures and operations; or

(iii) Using self-launch procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on self-launch procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in self-launch procedures and operations.

(2) The holder of a glider rating issued prior to August 4, 1997, is considered to be in compliance with the training and logbook endorsement requirements of this paragraph for the specific operating privilege for which the holder is already qualified.

(k) Additional training required for night vision goggle operations. (1) Except as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft using night vision goggles only if that person receives and logs ground training from an authorized instructor and obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies the person completed the ground training. The ground training must include the following subjects:

(i) Applicable portions of this chapter that relate to night vision goggle limitations and flight operations;

(ii) Aeromedical factors related to the use of night vision goggles, including how to protect night vision, how the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed stresses that affect night vision, effects of lighting on night vision, cues used to estimate distance and depth perception at night, and visual illusions;

(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations of night vision goggle equipment;

(iv) Night vision goggle performance and scene interpretation; and

(v) Night vision goggle operation flight planning, including night terrain interpretation and factors affecting terrain interpretation.

(2) Except as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft using night vision goggles only if that person receives and logs flight training from an authorized instructor and obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the use of night vision goggles. The flight training must include the following tasks:

(i) Preflight and use of internal and external aircraft lighting systems for night vision goggle operations;

(ii) Preflight preparation of night vision goggles for night vision goggle operations;

(iii) Proper piloting techniques when using night vision goggles during the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and landing phases of flight; and

(iv) Normal, abnormal, and emergency flight operations using night vision goggles.

(3) The requirements under paragraphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do not apply if a person can document satisfactory completion of any of the following pilot proficiency checks using night vision goggles in an aircraft:

(i) A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle operations conducted by the U.S. Armed Forces.

(ii) A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle operations under part 135 of this chapter conducted by an Examiner or Check Airman.

(iii) A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle operations conducted by a night vision goggle manufacturer or authorized instructor, when the pilot—

(A) Is employed by a Federal, State, county, or municipal law enforcement agency; and

(B) Has logged at least 20 hours as pilot in command in night vision goggle operations.

(l) Exceptions. (1) This section does not require a category and class rating for aircraft not type-certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter-than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, powered parachutes, or weight-shift-control aircraft.

(2) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to—

(i) An applicant when taking a practical test given by an examiner;

(ii) The holder of a student pilot certificate;

(iii) The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an aircraft under the authority of—

(A) A provisional type certificate; or

(B) An experimental certificate, unless the operation involves carrying a passenger;

(iv) The holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating when operating a balloon;

(v) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate operating under the provisions of § 61.101(h); or

(vi) The holder of a sport pilot certificate when operating a light-sport aircraft.

§ 61.33

Tests: General procedure.

Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and places, and by persons designated by the Administrator.

§ 61.35

Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test must have:

(1) Received an endorsement, if required by this part, from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant accomplished the appropriate ground-training or a home-study course required by this part for the certificate or rating sought and is prepared for the knowledge test;

(2) For the knowledge test for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating, a graduation certificate for the airline transport pilot certification training program specified in § 61.156; and

(3) Proper identification at the time of application that contains the applicant's—

(i) Photograph;

(ii) Signature;

(iii) Date of birth, which shows:

(A) For issuance of certificates other than the ATP certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating, the applicant meets or will meet the age requirements of this part for the certificate sought before the expiration date of the airman knowledge test report; and

(B) For issuance of an ATP certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating obtained under the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 or § 61.160, the applicant is at least 18 years of age at the time of the knowledge test;

(iv) If the permanent mailing address is a post office box number, then the applicant must provide a current residential address.

(b) The Administrator shall specify the minimum passing grade for the knowledge test.

§ 61.37

Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not:

(1) Copy or intentionally remove any knowledge test;

(2) Give to another applicant or receive from another applicant any part or copy of a knowledge test;

(3) Give assistance on, or receive assistance on, a knowledge test during the period that test is being given;

(4) Take any part of a knowledge test on behalf of another person;

(5) Be represented by, or represent, another person for a knowledge test;

(6) Use any material or aid during the period that the test is being given, unless specifically authorized to do so by the Administrator; and

(7) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act prohibited by this paragraph.

(b) An applicant who the Administrator finds has committed an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited, for 1 year after the date of committing that act, from:

(1) Applying for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this chapter; and

(2) Applying for and taking any test under this chapter.

(c) Any certificate or rating held by an applicant may be suspended or revoked if the Administrator finds that person has committed an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section.

§ 61.39

Prerequisites for practical tests.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), (e), and (f) of this section, to be eligible for a practical test for a certificate or rating issued under this part, an applicant must:

(1) Pass the required knowledge test:

(i) Within the 24-calendar-month period preceding the month the applicant completes the practical test, if a knowledge test is required; or

(ii) Within the 60-calendar month period preceding the month the applicant completes the practical test for those applicants who complete the airline transport pilot certification training program in § 61.156 and pass the knowledge test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a multiengine class rating after July 31, 2014;

(2) Present the knowledge test report at the time of application for the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;

(3) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the certificate or rating sought, and if applying for the practical test with flight time accomplished under § 61.159(c), present a copy of the records required by § 135.63(a)(4)(vi) and (x) of this chapter;

(4) Hold at least a third-class medical certificate, if a medical certificate is required;

(5) Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the issuance of the certificate or rating sought;

(6) Have an endorsement, if required by this part, in the applicant's logbook or training record that has been signed by an authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant—

(i) Has received and logged training time within 2 calendar months preceding the month of application in preparation for the practical test;

(ii) Is prepared for the required practical test; and

(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test; and

(7) Have a completed and signed application form.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating may take the practical test with an expired knowledge test only if the applicant passed the knowledge test after July 31, 2014, and is employed:

(1) As a flightcrew member by a part 119 certificate holder conducting operations under parts 125 or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved pilot-in-command training or checking program; or

(2) As a flightcrew member by a part 119 certificate holder conducting operations under part 121 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved initial training program; or

(3) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a flightcrew member in U.S. military air transport operations at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily completed the pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the pilot certificate and rating sought.

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating other than those ratings set forth in paragraph (b) of this section may take the practical test for that certificate or rating with an expired knowledge test report, provided that the applicant is employed:

(1) As a flightcrew member by a part 119 certificate holder conducting operations under parts 125 or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved pilot-in-command training or checking program; or

(2) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a flightcrew member in U.S. military air transport operations at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily completed the pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the pilot certificate and rating sought.

(d) In addition to the requirements in paragraph (a) of this section, to be eligible for a practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating, an applicant must:

(1) If the applicant passed the knowledge test after July 31, 2014, present the graduation certificate for the airline transport pilot certification training program in § 61.156, at the time of application for the practical test;

(2) If applying for the practical test under the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.160(a), the applicant must present the documents required by that section to substantiate eligibility; and

(3) If applying for the practical test under the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.160(b), (c), or (d), the applicant must present an official transcript and certifying document from an institution of higher education that holds a letter of authorization from the Administrator under § 61.169.

(e) An applicant for an airman certificate or rating issued under this part 61 may take a practical test with an expired knowledge test if the applicant meets the requirements specified in § 61.40.

(f) A person is not required to comply with the provisions of paragraph (a)(6) of this section if that person:

(1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least the privileges of the pilot certificate sought;

(2) Is only applying for a type rating; or

(3) Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional rating to an airline transport pilot certificate in an aircraft that does not require an aircraft type rating practical test.

(g) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or rating are not completed on the same date, then all the remaining increments of the test must be completed within 2 calendar months after the month the applicant began the test.

(h) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or rating are not completed within 2 calendar months after the month the applicant began the test, the applicant must retake the entire practical test.

§ 61.40

Relief for U.S. Military and civilian personnel who are assigned outside the United States in support of U.S. Armed Forces operations.

(a) Relief. A person who satisfies the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section may use the following documents to demonstrate eligibility to renew a flight instructor certificate, establish recent flight instructor experience, take a practical test, or renew an inspection authorization, as appropriate:

(1) For flight instructor certificates issued before December 1, 2024, an expired flight instructor certificate to show eligibility for renewal of a flight instructor certificate under § 61.197;

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for flight instructor certificates issued after December 1, 2024, a record demonstrating the last recent experience event accomplished under § 61.197 to show eligibility to reestablish recent experience under § 61.197;

(3) For persons who were issued a flight instructor certificate after December 1, 2024, and who served in a U.S. military or civilian capacity outside the United States in support of a U.S. Armed Forces operation for some period of time during the 24 calendar months following the issuance of the person's flight instructor certificate, a flight instructor certificate demonstrating the date of issuance to show eligibility to establish recent experience under § 61.197;

(4) An expired written test report to show eligibility under this part to take a practical test;

(5) An expired written test report to show eligibility to take a practical test required under part 63 of this chapter; and

(6) An expired written test report to show eligibility to take a practical test required under part 65 of this chapter or an expired inspection authorization to show eligibility for renewal under § 65.93.

(b) Eligibility. A person is eligible for the relief specified in paragraph (a) of this section if that person meets the following requirements:

(1) The person must have served in a U.S. military or civilian capacity outside the United States in support of a U.S. Armed Forces operation during some period of time beginning on or after September 11, 2001;

(2) One of the following occurred while the person served in an operation as set forth in paragraph (b)(1) of this section or within 6 calendar months after returning to the United States—

(i) The person's flight instructor certificate issued before December 1, 2024, airman written test report, or inspection authorization expired; or

(ii) For flight instructor certificates issued after December 1, 2024, the person has not met the flight instructor recent experience requirements within the preceding 24 calendar months in accordance with § 61.197; and

(3) The person complies with § 61.197 or § 65.93 of this chapter, as appropriate, or completes the appropriate practical test within 6 calendar months after returning to the United States.

(c) Required documents. To exercise the relief specified in paragraph (a) of this section, a person must complete and sign an application appropriate to the relief sought and send the application to the appropriate Flight Standards office. The person must include with the application one of the following documents, which must show the date of assignment outside the United States and the date of return to the United States:

(1) An official U.S. Government notification of personnel action, or equivalent document, showing the person was a civilian on official duty for the U.S. Government outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time on or after September 11, 2001;

(2) Military orders validating the person was assigned to duty outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time on or after September 11, 2001; or

(3) A letter from the person's military commander or civilian supervisor providing the dates during which the person served outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time on or after September 11, 2001.

§ 61.41

Flight training received from flight instructors not certificated by the FAA.

(a) A person may credit flight training toward the requirements of a pilot certificate or rating issued under this part, if that person received the training from:

(1) A flight instructor of an Armed Force in a program for training military pilots of either—

(i) The United States; or

(ii) A foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

(2) A flight instructor who is authorized to give such training by the licensing authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, and the flight training is given outside the United States.

(b) A flight instructor described in paragraph (a) of this section is only authorized to give endorsements to show training given.

§ 61.43

Practical tests: General procedures.

(a) Completion of the practical test for a certificate or rating consists of—

(1) Performing the tasks specified in the areas of operation contained in the applicable Airman Certification Standards or Practical Test Standards (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) as listed in appendix A of this part for the airman certificate or rating sought;

(2) Demonstrating mastery of the aircraft by performing each task required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section successfully;

(3) Demonstrating proficiency and competency of the tasks required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section within the approved standards; and

(4) Demonstrating sound judgment.

(b) The pilot flight crew complement required during the practical test is based on one of the following requirements that applies to the aircraft being used on the practical test:

(1) If the aircraft's FAA-approved flight manual requires the pilot flight crew complement be a single pilot, then the applicant must demonstrate single pilot proficiency on the practical test.

(2) If the aircraft's type certification data sheet requires the pilot flight crew complement be a single pilot, then the applicant must demonstrate single pilot proficiency on the practical test.

(3) If the FAA Flight Standardization Board report, FAA-approved aircraft flight manual, or aircraft type certification data sheet allows the pilot flight crew complement to be either a single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, then the applicant may demonstrate single pilot proficiency or have a copilot on the practical test. If the applicant performs the practical test with a copilot, the limitation of “Second in Command Required” will be placed on the applicant's pilot certificate. The limitation may be removed if the applicant passes the practical test by demonstrating single-pilot proficiency in the aircraft in which single-pilot privileges are sought.

(c) If an applicant fails any area of operation, that applicant fails the practical test.

(d) An applicant is not eligible for a certificate or rating sought until all the areas of operation are passed.

(e) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue a practical test at any time:

(1) When the applicant fails one or more of the areas of operation; or

(2) Due to inclement weather conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or any other safety-of-flight concern.

(f) If a practical test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for those areas of operation that were passed, but only if the applicant:

(1) Passes the remainder of the practical test within the 60-day period after the date the practical test was discontinued;

(2) Presents to the examiner for the retest the original notice of disapproval form or the letter of discontinuance form, as appropriate;

(3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any additional training needed and obtains the appropriate instructor endorsements, if additional training is required; and

(4) Presents to the examiner for the retest a properly completed and signed application.

§ 61.45

Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.

(a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when permitted to accomplish the entire flight increment of the practical test in a flight simulator or a flight training device, an applicant for a certificate or rating issued under this part must furnish:

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for each required test that—

(i) Is of the category, class, and type, if applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating; and

(ii) Has a standard airworthiness certificate or special airworthiness certificate in the limited, primary, or light-sport category.

(2) At the discretion of the examiner who administers the practical test, the applicant may furnish—

(i) An aircraft that has an airworthiness certificate other than a standard airworthiness certificate or special airworthiness certificate in the limited, primary, or light-sport category, but that otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section;

(ii) An aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, of foreign registry that is properly certificated by the country of registry; or

(iii) A military aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if aircraft class and type are appropriate, for which the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating, and provided—

(A) The aircraft is under the direct operational control of the U.S. Armed Forces;

(B) The aircraft is airworthy under the maintenance standards of the U.S. Armed Forces; and

(C) The applicant has a letter from his or her commanding officer authorizing the use of the aircraft for the practical test.

(b) Required equipment (other than controls). (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft used for a practical test must have—

(i) The equipment for each area of operation required for the practical test;

(ii) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in any of the areas of operation required for the practical test;

(iii) Except as provided in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section, at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate the aircraft safely; and

(iv) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the performance of the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided for the examiner.

(2) An applicant for a certificate or rating may use an aircraft with operating characteristics that preclude the applicant from performing all of the tasks required for the practical test. However, the applicant's certificate or rating, as appropriate, will be issued with an appropriate limitation.

(c) Required controls. Except for lighter-than-air aircraft, and a glider without an engine, an aircraft used for a practical test must have engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and operable in a conventional manner by both pilots, unless the Examiner determines that the practical test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without the controls easily reached by the Examiner.

(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for a practical test that involves maneuvering an aircraft solely by reference to instruments must furnish:

(1) Equipment on board the aircraft that permits the applicant to pass the areas of operation that apply to the rating sought; and

(2) A device that prevents the applicant from having visual reference outside the aircraft, but does not prevent the examiner from having visual reference outside the aircraft, and is otherwise acceptable to the Administrator.

(e) Aircraft with single controls. A practical test may be conducted in an aircraft having a single set of controls, provided the:

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;

(2) Test does not involve a demonstration of instrument skills; and

(3) Proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an examiner who is in a position to observe the applicant.

(f) Light-sport aircraft with a single seat. A practical test for a sport pilot certificate may be conducted in a light-sport aircraft having a single seat provided that the—

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;

(2) Examiner is in a position to observe the operation of the aircraft and evaluate the proficiency of the applicant; and

(3) Pilot certificate of an applicant successfully passing the test is issued a pilot certificate with a limitation “No passenger carriage and flight in a single-seat light-sport aircraft only.”

§ 61.47

Status of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator to conduct practical tests.

(a) An examiner represents the Administrator for the purpose of conducting practical tests for certificates and ratings issued under this part and to observe an applicant's ability to perform the areas of operation on the practical test.

(b) The examiner is not the pilot in command of the aircraft during the practical test unless the examiner agrees to act in that capacity for the flight or for a portion of the flight by prior arrangement with:

(1) The applicant; or

(2) A person who would otherwise act as pilot in command of the flight or for a portion of the flight.

(c) Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during the practical test, the applicant and the examiner (and any other occupants authorized to be on board by the examiner) are not subject to the requirements or limitations for the carriage of passengers that are specified in this chapter.

§ 61.49

Retesting after failure.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge or practical test who fails that test may reapply for the test only after the applicant has received:

(1) The necessary training from an authorized instructor who has determined that the applicant is proficient to pass the test; and

(2) An endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the additional training.

(b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an airplane category rating or, for a flight instructor certificate with a glider category rating, who has failed the practical test due to deficiencies in instructional proficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery must:

(1) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section before being retested;

(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that is of the appropriate aircraft category for the rating sought and is certificated for spins; and

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instructional proficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an examiner during the retest.

§ 61.51

Pilot logbooks.

(a) Training time and aeronautical experience. Each person must document and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the Administrator:

(1) Training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review of this part.

(2) The aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight experience requirements of this part.

(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, each person must enter the following information for each flight or lesson logged:

(1) General—

(i) Date.

(ii) Total flight time or lesson time.

(iii) Location where the aircraft departed and arrived, or for lessons in a full flight simulator or flight training device, the location where the lesson occurred.

(iv) Type and identification of aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device, as appropriate.

(v) The name of a safety pilot, if required by § 91.109 of this chapter.

(2) Type of pilot experience or training—

(i) Solo.

(ii) Pilot in command.

(iii) Second in command.

(iv) Flight and ground training received from an authorized instructor.

(v) Training received in a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device from an authorized instructor.

(3) Conditions of flight—

(i) Day or night.

(ii) Actual instrument.

(iii) Simulated instrument conditions in flight, a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device.

(iv) Use of night vision goggles in an aircraft in flight, in a full flight simulator, or in a flight training device.

(c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot time described in this section may be used to:

(1) Apply for a certificate or rating issued under this part or a privilege authorized under this part; or

(2) Satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of this part.

(d) Logging of solo flight time. Except for a student pilot performing the duties of pilot in command of an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember, a pilot may log as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft.

(e) Logging pilot-in-command flight time. (1) A sport, recreational, private, commercial, or airline transport pilot may log pilot in command flight time for flights-

(i) Except when logging flight time under § 61.159(c), when the pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated, or has sport pilot privileges for that category and class of aircraft, if the aircraft class rating is appropriate;

(ii) When the pilot is the sole occupant in the aircraft;

(iii) When the pilot, except for a holder of a sport or recreational pilot certificate, acts as pilot in command of an aircraft for which more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted; or

(iv) When the pilot performs the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a qualified pilot in command provided—

(A) The pilot performing the duties of pilot in command holds a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate and aircraft rating that is appropriate to the category and class of aircraft being flown, if a class rating is appropriate;

(B) The pilot performing the duties of pilot in command is undergoing an approved pilot in command training program that includes ground and flight training on the following areas of operation—

( 1 ) Preflight preparation;

( 2 ) Preflight procedures;

( 3 ) Takeoff and departure;

( 4 ) In-flight maneuvers;

( 5 ) Instrument procedures;

( 6 ) Landings and approaches to landings;

( 7 ) Normal and abnormal procedures;

( 8 ) Emergency procedures; and

( 9 ) Postflight procedures;

(C) The supervising pilot in command holds—

( 1 ) A commercial pilot certificate and flight instructor certificate, and aircraft rating that is appropriate to the category, class, and type of aircraft being flown, if a class or type rating is required; or

( 2 ) An airline transport pilot certificate and aircraft rating that is appropriate to the category, class, and type of aircraft being flown, if a class or type rating is required; and

(D) The supervising pilot in command logs the pilot in command training in the pilot's logbook, certifies the pilot in command training in the pilot's logbook and attests to that certification with his or her signature, and flight instructor certificate number.

(2) If rated to act as pilot in command of the aircraft, an airline transport pilot may log all flight time while acting as pilot in command of an operation requiring an airline transport pilot certificate.

(3) A certificated flight instructor may log pilot in command flight time for all flight time while serving as the authorized instructor in an operation if the instructor is rated to act as pilot in command of that aircraft.

(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-command time only when the student pilot—

(i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft or is performing the duties of pilot of command of an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember;

(ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as required under § 61.87 of this part; and

(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot certificate or rating.

(5) A commercial pilot or airline transport pilot may log all flight time while acting as pilot in command of an operation in accordance with § 135.99(c) of this chapter if the flight is conducted in accordance with an approved second-in-command professional development program that meets the requirements of § 135.99(c) of this chapter.

(f) Logging second-in-command flight time. A person may log second-in-command time only for that flight time during which that person:

(1) Is qualified in accordance with the second-in-command requirements of § 61.55, and occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate;

(2) Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if a class or instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted;

(3) Serves as second-in-command in operations conducted in accordance with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a second pilot is not required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, provided the requirements in § 61.159(c) are satisfied; or

(4) Is designated by a government entity as second-in-command when operating in accordance with paragraph (j)(4) of this section, provided the aircraft used is a large aircraft or turbo-jet powered airplane or holds or originally held a type certificate that requires a second pilot provided that:

(i) Second-in-command time logged under this paragraph (f)(4) may not be used to meet the aeronautical experience requirements for the private or commercial pilot certificates or an instrument rating; and

(ii) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate who logs second in command time under this paragraph (f)(4) in an aircraft that is not type certificated for two pilots issued an airline transport pilot certificate with the limitation “Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO,” as prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation if the applicant does not meet the ICAO requirements contained in Annex 1 “Personnel Licensing” to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. An applicant is entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under this paragraph (f)(4)(ii) when the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of having met the ICAO requirements and otherwise meets the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 or § 61.161, as applicable.

(g) Logging instrument time. (1) A person may log instrument time only for that flight time when the person operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions.

(2) An authorized instructor may log instrument time when conducting instrument flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions.

(3) For the purposes of logging instrument time to meet the recent instrument experience requirements of § 61.57(c) of this part, the following information must be recorded in the person's logbook—

(i) The location and type of each instrument approach accomplished; and

(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if required.

(4) A person may use time in a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device for acquiring instrument aeronautical experience for a pilot certificate or rating provided an authorized instructor is present to observe that time and signs the person's logbook or training record to verify the time and the content of the training session.

(5) A person may use time in a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device for satisfying instrument recency experience requirements provided a logbook or training record is maintained to specify the training device, time, and the content.

(h) Logging training time. (1) A person may log training time when that person receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device.

(2) The training time must be logged in a logbook and must:

(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by the authorized instructor; and

(ii) Include a description of the training given, the length of the training lesson, and the authorized instructor's signature, certificate number, and certificate expiration date or recent experience end date, consistent with the requirements of § 61.197.

(i) Presentation of required documents. (1) Persons must present their pilot certificate, medical certificate, logbook, or any other record required by this part for inspection upon a reasonable request by—

(i) The Administrator;

(ii) An authorized representative from the National Transportation Safety Board; or

(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.

(2) A student pilot must carry the following items in the aircraft on all solo cross-country flights as evidence of the required authorized instructor clearances and endorsements—

(i) Pilot logbook;

(ii) Student pilot certificate; and

(iii) Any other record required by this section.

(3) A sport pilot must carry his or her logbook or other evidence of required authorized instructor endorsements on all flights.

(4) A recreational pilot must carry his or her logbook with the required authorized instructor endorsements on all solo flights—

(i) That exceed 50 nautical miles from the airport at which training was received;

(ii) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic control;

(iii) Conducted between sunset and sunrise; or

(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or class rating.

(5) A flight instructor with a sport pilot rating must carry his or her logbook or other evidence of required authorized instructor endorsements on all flights when providing flight training.

(j) Aircraft requirements for logging flight time. For a person to log flight time, the time must be acquired in an aircraft that is identified as an aircraft under § 61.5(b), and is—

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with either a standard or special airworthiness certificate;

(2) An aircraft of foreign registry with an airworthiness certificate that is approved by the aviation authority of a foreign country that is a Member State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization;

(3) A military aircraft under the direct operational control of the U.S. Armed Forces; or

(4) An aircraft used to conduct a public aircraft operation under 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(41) and 40125.

(k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1) A person may log night vision goggle time only for the time the person uses night vision goggles as the primary visual reference of the surface and operates:

(i) An aircraft during a night vision goggle operation; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or flight training device with the lighting system adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.

(2) An authorized instructor may log night vision goggle time when that person conducts training using night vision goggles as the primary visual reference of the surface and operates:

(i) An aircraft during a night goggle operation; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or flight training device with the lighting system adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.

(3) To log night vision goggle time to meet the recent night vision goggle experience requirements under § 61.57(f), a person must log the information required under § 61.51(b).

§ 61.52

Use of aeronautical experience obtained in ultralight vehicles.

(a) Before January 31, 2012, a person may use aeronautical experience obtained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the requirements for the following certificates and ratings issued under this part:

(1) A sport pilot certificate.

(2) A flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating;

(3) A private pilot certificate with a weight-shift-control or powered parachute category rating.

(b) Before January 31, 2012, a person may use aeronautical experience obtained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the provisions of § 61.69.

(c) A person using aeronautical experience obtained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the requirements for a certificate or rating specified in paragraph (a) of this section or the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section must—

(1) Have been a registered ultralight pilot with an FAA-recognized ultralight organization when that aeronautical experience was obtained;

(2) Document and log that aeronautical experience in accordance with the provisions for logging aeronautical experience specified by an FAA-recognized ultralight organization and in accordance with the provisions for logging pilot time in aircraft as specified in § 61.51;

(3) Obtain the aeronautical experience in a category and class of vehicle corresponding to the rating or privilege sought; and

(4) Provide the FAA with a certified copy of his or her ultralight pilot records from an FAA-recognized ultralight organization, that —

(i) Document that he or she is a registered ultralight pilot with that FAA-recognized ultralight organization; and

(ii) Indicate that he or she is recognized to operate the category and class of aircraft for which sport pilot privileges are sought.

§ 61.53

Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency.

(a) Operations that require a medical certificate. Except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, no person who holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter may act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that person:

(1) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would make the person unable to meet the requirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation; or

(2) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a medical condition that results in the person being unable to meet the requirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation.

(b) Operations that do not require a medical certificate. For operations provided for in § 61.23(b) of this part, a person shall not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that person knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would make the person unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner.

(c) Operations requiring a medical certificate or a U.S. driver's license. For operations provided for in § 61.23(c), a person must meet the provisions of—

(1) Paragraph (a) of this section if that person holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter and does not hold a U.S. driver's license.

(2) Paragraph (b) of this section if that person holds a U.S. driver's license.

§ 61.55

Second-in-command qualifications.

(a) A person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations requiring a second-in-command pilot flight crewmember only if that person holds:

(1) At least a private pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class rating; and

(2) An instrument rating or privilege that applies to the aircraft being flown if the flight is under IFR; and

(3) At least a pilot type rating for the aircraft being flown unless the flight will be conducted as domestic flight operations within the United States airspace.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations requiring a second-in-command unless that person has within the previous 12 calendar months:

(1) Become familiar with the following information for the specific type aircraft for which second-in-command privileges are requested—

(i) Operational procedures applicable to the powerplant, equipment, and systems.

(ii) Performance specifications and limitations.

(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures.

(iv) Flight manual.

(v) Placards and markings.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, performed and logged pilot time in the type of aircraft or in a flight simulator that represents the type of aircraft for which second-in-command privileges are requested, which includes—

(i) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;

(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while executing the duties of pilot in command; and

(iii) Crew resource management training.

(c) If a person complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which compliance with this section is required, then that person is considered to have accomplished the training and practice in the month it is due.

(d) A person may receive a second-in-command pilot type rating for an aircraft after satisfactorily completing the second-in-command familiarization training requirements under paragraph (b) of this section in that type of aircraft provided the training was completed within the 12 calendar months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The person must comply with the following application and pilot certification procedures:

(1) The person who provided the training must sign the applicant's logbook or training record after each lesson in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's training records or logbook and make the required endorsement. The qualified management official must hold the position of Chief Pilot, Director of Training, Director of Operations, or another comparable management position within the organization that provided the training and must be in a position to verify the applicant's training records and that the training was given.

(2) The trainer or qualified management official must make an endorsement in the applicant's logbook that states “[Applicant's Name and Pilot Certificate Number] has demonstrated the skill and knowledge required for the safe operation of the [Type of Aircraft], relevant to the duties and responsibilities of a second in command.”

(3) If the applicant's flight experience and/or training records are in an electronic form, the applicant must present a paper copy of those records containing the signature of the trainer or qualified management official to a Flight Standards office or Examiner.

(4) The applicant must complete and sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710-1, and present the application to a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner.

(5) The person who provided the ground and flight training to the applicant must sign the “Instructor's Recommendation” section of the Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710-1. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's FAA Form 8710-1.

(6) The applicant must appear in person at a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner with his or her logbook/training records and with the completed and signed FAA Form 8710-1.

(7) There is no practical test required for the issuance of the “SIC Privileges Only” pilot type rating.

(e) A person may receive a second-in-command pilot type rating for the type of aircraft after satisfactorily completing an approved second-in-command training program, proficiency check, or competency check under subpart K of part 91, part 125, or part 135, as appropriate, in that type of aircraft provided the training was completed within the 12 calendar months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The person must comply with the following application and pilot certification procedures:

(1) The person who provided the training must sign the applicant's logbook or training record after each lesson in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's training records or logbook and make the required endorsement. The qualified management official must hold the position of Chief Pilot, Director of Training, Director of Operations, or another comparable management position within the organization that provided the training and must be in a position to verify the applicant's training records and that the training was given.

(2) The trainer or qualified management official must make an endorsement in the applicant's logbook that states “[Applicant's Name and Pilot Certificate Number] has demonstrated the skill and knowledge required for the safe operation of the [Type of Aircraft], relevant to the duties and responsibilities of a second in command.”

(3) If the applicant's flight experience and/or training records are in an electronic form, the applicant must provide a paper copy of those records containing the signature of the trainer or qualified management official to a Flight Standards office, an Examiner, or an Aircrew Program Designee.

(4) The applicant must complete and sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710-1, and present the application to a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner or to an authorized Aircrew Program Designee.

(5) The person who provided the ground and flight training to the applicant must sign the “Instructor's Recommendation” section of the Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710-1. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's FAA Form 8710-1.

(6) The applicant must appear in person at a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner or to an authorized Aircrew Program Designee with his or her logbook/training records and with the completed and signed FAA Form 8710-1.

(7) There is no practical test required for the issuance of the “SIC Privileges Only” pilot type rating.

(f) The familiarization training requirements of paragraph (b) of this section do not apply to a person who is:

(1) Designated and qualified as pilot in command under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;

(2) Designated as the second in command under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;

(3) Designated as the second in command in that specific type of aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight training required by this section, and no passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft; or

(4) Designated as a safety pilot for purposes required by § 91.109 of this chapter.

(g) The holder of a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class rating is not required to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, provided the pilot:

(1) Is conducting a ferry flight, aircraft flight test, or evaluation flight of an aircraft's equipment; and

(2) Is not carrying any person or property on board the aircraft, other than necessary for conduct of the flight.

(h) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section, a person may serve as second in command in that specific type aircraft, provided:

(1) The flight is conducted under day VFR or day IFR; and

(2) No person or property is carried on board the aircraft, other than necessary for conduct of the flight.

(i) The training under paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section and the training, proficiency check, and competency check under paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is used in accordance with an approved training course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter or under subpart K of part 91, part 121 or part 135 of this chapter.

(j) When an applicant for an initial second-in-command qualification for a particular type of aircraft receives all the training in a flight simulator, that applicant must satisfactorily complete one takeoff and one landing in an aircraft of the same type for which the qualification is sought. This requirement does not apply to an applicant who completes a proficiency check under part 121 or competency check under subpart K, part 91, part 125, or part 135 for the particular type of aircraft.

§ 61.56

Flight review.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (f) of this section, a flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground training. The review must include:

(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of part 91 of this chapter; and

(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the discretion of the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot certificate.

(b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three instructional flights in a glider, each of which includes a flight to traffic pattern altitude, in lieu of the 1 hour of flight training required in paragraph (a) of this section.

(c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d), (e), and (g) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in command, that person has—

(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and

(2) A logbook endorsed from an authorized instructor who gave the review certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review.

(d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, passed any of the following need not accomplish the flight review required by this section:

(1) A pilot proficiency check or practical test conducted by an examiner, an approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege.

(2) A practical test conducted by an examiner for one of the following:

(i) The issuance of a flight instructor certificate,

(ii) An additional rating on a flight instructor certificate,

(iii) To meet the recent experience requirements for a flight instructor certificate in accordance with § 61.197(b)(1); or

(iv) The reinstatement of flight instructor privileges in accordance with § 61.199(b)(2).

(e) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, satisfactorily accomplished one or more phases of an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program need not accomplish the flight review required by this section.

(f) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate need not accomplish the one hour of ground training specified in paragraph (a) of this section if that person has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, met one of the following requirements—

(1) Satisfactorily completed the recent experience requirements for a flight instructor certificate under § 61.197; or

(2) Reinstated the person's flight instructor privileges by satisfactorily completing an approved flight instructor refresher course in accordance with § 61.199(a)(1).

(g) A student pilot need not accomplish the flight review required by this section provided the student pilot is undergoing training for a certificate and has a current solo flight endorsement as required under § 61.87 of this part.

(h) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in combination with the requirements of § 61.57 and other applicable recent experience requirements at the discretion of the authorized instructor conducting the flight review.

(i) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used to meet the flight review requirements of this section subject to the following conditions:

(1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(2) Unless the flight review is undertaken in a flight simulator that is approved for landings, the applicant must meet the takeoff and landing requirements of § 61.57(a) or § 61.57(b) of this part.

(3) The flight simulator or flight training device used must represent an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the pilot is rated.

§ 61.57

Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.

(a) General experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying persons or of an aircraft certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, and—

(i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required), and, if the aircraft to be flown is an airplane with a tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings must have been made to a full stop in an airplane with a tailwheel.

(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or property are carried on board the aircraft, other than those necessary for the conduct of the flight.

(3) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section may be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is—

(i) Approved by the Administrator for landings; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(b) Night takeoff and landing experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying persons during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, and—

(i) That person acted as sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required).

(2) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be accomplished in a full flight simulator that is—

(i) Approved by the Administrator for takeoffs and landings, if the visual system is adjusted to represent the period described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(c) Instrument experience. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command under IFR or weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR only if:

(1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, helicopter, or airship for maintaining instrument experience. Within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performed and logged at least the following tasks and iterations in an airplane, powered-lift, helicopter, or airship, as appropriate, for the instrument rating privileges to be maintained in actual weather conditions, or under simulated conditions using a view-limiting device that involves having performed the following—

(i) Six instrument approaches.

(ii) Holding procedures and tasks.

(iii) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigational electronic systems.

(2) Use of a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device for maintaining instrument experience. A pilot may accomplish the requirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this section in a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device provided the device represents the category of aircraft for the instrument rating privileges to be maintained and the pilot performs the tasks and iterations in simulated instrument conditions. A person may complete the instrument experience in any combination of an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device.

(3) Maintaining instrument recent experience in a glider.

(i) Within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person must have performed and logged at least the following instrument currency tasks, iterations, and flight time, and the instrument currency must have been performed in actual weather conditions or under simulated weather conditions—

(A) One hour of instrument flight time in a glider or in a single engine airplane using a view-limiting device while performing interception and tracking courses through the use of navigation electronic systems.

(B) Two hours of instrument flight time in a glider or a single engine airplane with the use of a view-limiting device while performing straight glides, turns to specific headings, steep turns, flight at various airspeeds, navigation, and slow flight and stalls.

(ii) Before a pilot is allowed to carry a passenger in a glider under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, that pilot must—

(A) Have logged and performed 2 hours of instrument flight time in a glider within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight.

(B) Use a view-limiting-device while practicing performance maneuvers, performance airspeeds, navigation, slow flight, and stalls.

(d) Instrument proficiency check. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, a person who has failed to meet the instrument experience requirements of paragraph (c) of this section for more than six calendar months may reestablish instrument currency only by completing an instrument proficiency check. The instrument proficiency check must include the areas of operation contained in the applicable Airman Certification Standards (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) as listed in appendix A of this part as appropriate to the rating held.

(2) The instrument proficiency check must be—

(i) In an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category;

(ii) For other than a glider, in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of the aircraft category; or

(iii) For a glider, in a single-engine airplane or a glider.

(3) The instrument proficiency check must be given by—

(i) An examiner;

(ii) A person authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to conduct instrument flight tests, provided the person being tested is a member of the U.S. Armed Forces;

(iii) A company check pilot who is authorized to conduct instrument flight tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter or subpart K of part 91 of this chapter, and provided that both the check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of that operator or fractional ownership program manager, as applicable;

(iv) An authorized instructor; or

(v) A person approved by the Administrator to conduct instrument practical tests.

(e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 125 when the pilot is engaged in a flight operation for that certificate holder if the pilot in command is in compliance with §§ 125.281 and 125.285 of this chapter.

(2) This section does not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 121 when the pilot is engaged in a flight operation under part 91 or 121 for that certificate holder if the pilot in command complies with §§ 121.436 and 121.439 of this chapter.

(3) This section does not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 135 when the pilot is engaged in a flight operation under parts 91 or 135 for that certificate holder if the pilot in command is in compliance with §§ 135.243 and 135.247 of this chapter.

(4) Paragraph (b) of this section does not apply to a pilot in command of a turbine-powered airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, provided that pilot has complied with the requirements of paragraph (e)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section:

(i) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:

(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;

(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;

(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative; and

(D) That pilot has accomplished and logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 landings to a full stop, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls, in a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The pilot must have performed the takeoffs and landings during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise within the preceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.

(ii) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:

(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;

(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;

(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative; and

(D) Within the preceding 12 months prior to the month of the flight, the pilot must have completed a training program that is approved under part 142 of this chapter. The approved training program must have required and the pilot must have performed, at least 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the controls in a full flight simulator that is representative of a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The full flight simulator's visual system must have been adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.

(5) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to a person receiving flight training from an authorized instructor, provided:

(i) The flight training is limited to the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section;

(ii) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the person receiving flight training meets all other requirements to act as pilot in command of the aircraft; and

(iii) The authorized instructor and the person receiving flight training are the sole occupants of the aircraft.

(6) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the examiner or the applicant during a practical test required by this part.

(f) Night vision goggle operating experience. (1) A person may act as pilot in command in a night vision goggle operation with passengers on board only if, within 2 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performs and logs the following tasks as the sole manipulator of the controls on a flight during a night vision goggle operation—

(i) Three takeoffs and three landings, with each takeoff and landing including a climbout, cruise, descent, and approach phase of flight (only required if the pilot wants to use night vision goggles during the takeoff and landing phases of the flight).

(ii) Three hovering tasks (only required if the pilot wants to use night vision goggles when operating helicopters or powered-lifts during the hovering phase of flight).

(iii) Three area departure and area arrival tasks.

(iv) Three tasks of transitioning from aided night flight ( aided night flight means that the pilot uses night vision goggles to maintain visual surface reference) to unaided night flight ( unaided night flight means that the pilot does not use night vision goggles) and back to aided night flight.

(v) Three night vision goggle operations, or when operating helicopters or powered-lifts, six night vision goggle operations.

(2) A person may act as pilot in command using night vision goggles only if, within the 4 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performs and logs the tasks listed in paragraph (f)(1)(i) through (v) of this section as the sole manipulator of the controls during a night vision goggle operation.

(g) Night vision goggle proficiency check. A person must either meet the night vision goggle experience requirements of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of this section or pass a night vision goggle proficiency check to act as pilot in command using night vision goggles. The proficiency check must be performed in the category of aircraft that is appropriate to the night vision goggle operation for which the person is seeking the night vision goggle privilege or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of that category of aircraft. The check must consist of the tasks listed in § 61.31(k), and the check must be performed by:

(1) An Examiner who is qualified to perform night vision goggle operations in that same aircraft category and class;

(2) A person who is authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to perform night vision goggle proficiency checks, provided the person being administered the check is also a member of the U.S. Armed Forces;

(3) A company check pilot who is authorized to perform night vision goggle proficiency checks under parts 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter, provided that both the check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of that operator;

(4) An authorized flight instructor who is qualified to perform night vision goggle operations in that same aircraft category and class;

(5) A person who is qualified as pilot in command for night vision goggle operations in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section; or

(6) A person approved by the FAA to perform night vision goggle proficiency checks.

§ 61.58

Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of an aircraft that requires more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered, a person must—

(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-command proficiency check in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered; and

(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-command proficiency check in the particular type of aircraft in which that person will serve as pilot in command, that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered.

(b) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, 135, or 137 of this chapter, or persons maintaining continuing qualification under an Advanced Qualification program approved under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter.

(c) The pilot-in-command proficiency check given in accordance with the provisions of subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be used to satisfy the requirements of this section.

(d) The pilot-in-command proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section may be accomplished by satisfactory completion of one of the following:

(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency check conducted by a person authorized by the Administrator, consisting of the areas of operation contained in the applicable Airman Certification Standards or Practical Test Standards (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14); as listed in appendix A of this part appropriate to the rating held, in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet powered;

(2) The practical test required for a type rating, in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered;

(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the issuance of a pilot examiner or check airman designation, in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered;

(4) A pilot proficiency check administered by a U.S. Armed Force that qualifies the military pilot for pilot-in-command designation with instrument privileges, and was performed in a military aircraft that the military requires to be operated by more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered;

(5) For a pilot authorized by the Administrator to operate an experimental turbojet-powered aircraft that possesses, by original design or through modification, more than a single seat, the required proficiency check for all of the experimental turbojet-powered aircraft for which the pilot holds an authorization may be accomplished by completing any one of the following:

(i) A single proficiency check, conducted by an examiner authorized by the Administrator, in any one of the experimental turbojet-powered aircraft for which the airman holds an authorization to operate if conducted within the prior 12 months;

(ii) A single proficiency check, conducted by an examiner authorized by the Administrator, in any experimental turbojet-powered aircraft ( e.g. , if a pilot acquires a new authorization to operate an additional experimental turbojet-powered aircraft, the check for that new authorization will meet the intent), if conducted within the prior 12 months;

(iii) Current qualification under an Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter;

(iv) Any proficiency check conducted under subpart K of part 91, part 121, or part 135 of this chapter within the prior 12 months if conducted in a turbojet-powered aircraft; or

(v) Any other § 61.58 proficiency check conducted within the prior 12 months if conducted in a turbojet-powered aircraft.

(e) The pilot of a multi-seat experimental turbojet-powered aircraft who has not received a proficiency check within the prior 12 months in accordance with this section may continue to operate such aircraft in accordance with the pilot's authorizations. However, the pilot is prohibited from carriage of any persons in any experimental turbojet-powered aircraft with the exception of those individuals authorized by the Administrator to conduct training, conduct flight checks, or perform pilot certification functions in such aircraft, and only during flights specifically related to training, flight checks, or certification in such aircraft.

(f) This section will not apply to a pilot authorized by the Administrator to serve as pilot in command in experimental turbojet-powered aircraft that possesses, by original design, a single seat, when operating such single-seat aircraft.

(g) A check or test described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (5) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator under part 142 of this chapter, subject to the following:

(1) Except as provided for in paragraphs (g)(2) and (3) of this section, if an otherwise qualified and approved flight simulator used for a pilot-in-command proficiency check is not qualified and approved for a specific required maneuver—

(i) The training center must annotate, in the applicant's training record, the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and

(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in command, the pilot must demonstrate proficiency in each omitted maneuver in an aircraft or flight simulator qualified and approved for each omitted maneuver.

(2) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section is not qualified and approved for circling approaches—

(i) The applicant's record must include the statement, “Proficiency in circling approaches not demonstrated”; and

(ii) The applicant may not perform circling approaches as pilot in command when weather conditions are less than the basic VFR conditions described in § 91.155 of this chapter, until proficiency in circling approaches has been successfully demonstrated in a flight simulator qualified and approved for circling approaches or in an aircraft to a person authorized by the Administrator to conduct the check required by this section.

(3) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section is not qualified and approved for landings, the applicant must—

(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane represented by the simulator; and

(ii) Have completed within the preceding 90 days at least three takeoffs and three landings (one to a full stop) as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in the type airplane for which the pilot-in-command proficiency check is sought.

(h) For the purpose of meeting the pilot-in-command proficiency check requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of a flight under day VFR conditions or day IFR conditions if no person or property is carried, other than as necessary to demonstrate compliance with this part.

(i) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-command proficiency check required by this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which it is due, the pilot is considered to have taken it in the month in which it was due for the purpose of computing when the next pilot-in-command proficiency check is due.

§ 61.59

Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.

(a) No person may make or cause to be made:

(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any application for a certificate, rating, authorization, or duplicate thereof, issued under this part;

(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook, record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used to show compliance with any requirement for the issuance or exercise of the privileges of any certificate, rating, or authorization under this part;

(3) Any reproduction for fraudulent purpose of any certificate, rating, or authorization, under this part; or

(4) Any alteration of any certificate, rating, or authorization under this part.

(b) The commission of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman certificate, rating, or authorization held by that person.

§ 61.60

Change of address.

The holder of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate who has made a change in permanent mailing address may not, after 30 days from that date, exercise the privileges of the certificate unless the holder has notified in writing the FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new permanent mailing address, or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the holder's current residential address.

§ 61.61

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of additional aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate is issued, issuance of a type rating concurrently with a pilot certificate, and the requirements for and limitations of pilot authorizations issued by the Administrator.

§ 61.63

Additional aircraft ratings (other than for ratings at the airline transport pilot certification level).

(a) General. For an additional aircraft rating on a pilot certificate, other than for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person must meet the requirements of this section appropriate to the additional aircraft rating sought.

(b) Additional aircraft category rating. A person who applies to add a category rating to a pilot certificate:

(1) Must complete the training and have the applicable aeronautical experience.

(2) Must have a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor attesting that the person was found competent in the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas and proficient in the appropriate areas of operation.

(3) Must pass the practical test.

(4) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, powered parachute, or airship rating at that pilot certificate level.

(c) Additional aircraft class rating. A person who applies for an additional class rating on a pilot certificate:

(1) Must have a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor attesting that the person was found competent in the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas and proficient in the appropriate areas of operation.

(2) Must pass the practical test.

(3) Need not meet the specified training time requirements prescribed by this part that apply to the pilot certificate for the aircraft class rating sought; unless, the person only holds a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating and is seeking an airship class rating, then that person must receive the specified training time requirements and possess the appropriate aeronautical experience.

(4) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, powered parachute, or airship rating at that pilot certificate level.

(d) Additional aircraft type rating. Except as provided under paragraph (d)(6) of this section, a person who applies for an aircraft type rating or an aircraft type rating to be completed concurrently with an aircraft category or class rating—

(1) Must hold or concurrently obtain an appropriate instrument rating, except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.

(2) Must have a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor attesting that the person is competent in the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas and proficient in the appropriate areas of operation at the airline transport pilot certification level.

(3) Must pass the practical test at the airline transport pilot certification level.

(4) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions, except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.

(5) Need not take an additional knowledge test if the applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating on the pilot certificate.

(6) In the case of a pilot employee of a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder or of a fractional ownership program manager under subpart K of part 91 of this chapter, the pilot must—

(i) Meet the appropriate requirements under paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(3), and (d)(4) of this section; and

(ii) Receive a flight training record endorsement from the certificate holder attesting that the person completed the certificate holder's approved ground and flight training program.

(e) Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and procedures. (1) An applicant for a type rating or a type rating in addition to an aircraft category and/or class rating who provides an aircraft that is not capable of the instrument maneuvers and procedures required on the practical test:

(i) May apply for the type rating, but the rating will be limited to “VFR only.”

(ii) May have the “VFR only” limitation removed for that aircraft type after the applicant:

(A) Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft in actual or simulated instrument conditions;

(B) Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft on the appropriate instrument maneuvers and procedures in § 61.157; or

(C) Becomes qualified under § 61.73(d) for that type of aircraft.

(2) When an instrument rating is issued to a person who holds one or more type ratings, the amended pilot certificate must bear the “VFR only” limitation for each aircraft type rating that the person did not demonstrate instrument competency.

(f) Multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station. An applicant for a type rating, at other than the ATP certification level, in a multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that airplane, or the practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test and there is no multi-seat version of that multiengine airplane.

(g) Single engine airplane with a single-pilot station. An applicant for a type rating, at other than the ATP certification level, in a single engine airplane with a single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that single engine airplane, or the practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test and there is no multi-seat version of that single engine airplane.

(h) Aircraft category and class rating for the operation of aircraft with an experimental certificate. A person holding a recreational, private, or commercial pilot certificate may apply for a category and class rating limited to a specific make and model of experimental aircraft, provided—

(1) The person logged 5 hours flight time while acting as pilot in command in the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft.

(2) The person received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who determined the pilot's proficiency to act as pilot in command of the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft.

(3) The flight time specified under paragraph (h)(1) of this section was logged between September 1, 2004 and August 31, 2005.

(i) Waiver authority. An Examiner who conducts a practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided waiver authority.

§ 61.64

Use of a flight simulator and flight training device.

(a) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device. If an applicant for a certificate or rating uses a flight simulator or flight training device for training or any portion of the practical test, the flight simulator and flight training device—

(1) Must represent the category, class, and type (if a type rating is applicable) for the rating sought; and

(2) Must be qualified and approved by the Administrator and used in accordance with an approved course of training under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter; or under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is a pilot employee of that air carrier operator.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, if an airplane is not used during the practical test for a type rating for a turbojet airplane (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the entire practical test in a Level C or higher flight simulator and the applicant must—

(1) Hold a type rating in a turbojet airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, and that type rating may not contain a supervised operating experience limitation;

(2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different turbojet airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought;

(3) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot in command in a turbojet airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought;

(4) Have 500 hours of flight time in the same type of airplane for which the type rating is sought; or

(5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which 500 hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought.

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, if an airplane is not used during the practical test for a type rating for a turbo-propeller airplane (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the entire practical test in a Level C or higher flight simulator and the applicant must—

(1) Hold a type rating in a turbo-propeller airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, and that type rating may not contain a supervised operating experience limitation;

(2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different turbo-propeller airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought;

(3) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot in command in a turbo-propeller airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought;

(4) Have 500 hours of flight time in the same type of airplane for which the type rating is sought; or

(5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which 500 hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought.

(d) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, if a helicopter is not used during the practical test for a type rating in a helicopter (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the entire practical test in a Level C or higher flight simulator and the applicant must meet one of the following requirements—

(1) Hold a type rating in a helicopter and that type rating may not contain the supervised operating experience limitation;

(2) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot in command of a helicopter;

(3) Have 500 hours of flight time in the type of helicopter; or

(4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different types of helicopters.

(e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, if a powered-lift is not used during the practical test for a type rating in a powered-lift (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the entire practical test in a Level C or higher flight simulator and the applicant must meet one of the following requirements—

(1) Hold a type rating in a powered-lift without a supervised operating experience limitation;

(2) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot in command of a powered-lift;

(3) Have 500 hours of flight time in the type of powered-lift for which the rating is sought; or

(4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different types of powered-lifts.

(f) If the applicant does not meet one of the experience requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) through (5), (c)(1) through (5), (d)(1) through (4) or (e)(1) through (4) of this section, as appropriate to the type rating sought, then—

(1) The applicant must complete the following tasks on the practical test in an aircraft appropriate to category, class, and type for the rating sought: Preflight inspection, normal takeoff, normal instrument landing system approach, missed approach, and normal landing; or

(2) The applicant's pilot certificate will be issued with a limitation that states: “The [name of the additional type rating] is subject to pilot in command limitations,” and the applicant is restricted from serving as pilot in command in an aircraft of that type.

(g) The limitation described under paragraph (f)(2) of this section may be removed from the pilot certificate if the applicant complies with the following—

(1) Performs 25 hours of flight time in an aircraft of the category, class, and type for which the limitation applies under the direct observation of the pilot in command who holds a category, class, and type rating, without limitations, for the aircraft;

(2) Logs each flight and the pilot in command who observed the flight attests in writing to each flight;

(3) Obtains the flight time while performing the duties of pilot in command; and

(4) Presents evidence of the supervised operating experience to any Examiner or Flight Standards office to have the limitation removed.

§ 61.65

Instrument rating requirements.

(a) General. A person who applies for an instrument rating must:

(1) Hold at least a current private pilot certificate, or be concurrently applying for a private pilot certificate, with an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought;

(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet any of these requirements due to a medical condition, the Administrator may place such operating limitations on the applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft;

(3) Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or accomplish a home-study course of training on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the instrument rating sought;

(4) Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required knowledge test;

(5) Receive and log training on the areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, or flight training device that represents an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the instrument rating sought;

(6) Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required practical test;

(7) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section; however, an applicant is not required to take another knowledge test when that person already holds an instrument rating; and

(8) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation in paragraph (c) of this section in—

(i) An airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the rating sought; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or a flight training device appropriate to the rating sought and for the specific maneuver or instrument approach procedure performed. If an approved flight training device is used for the practical test, the instrument approach procedures conducted in that flight training device are limited to one precision and one nonprecision approach, provided the flight training device is approved for the procedure performed.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person who applies for an instrument rating must have received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor or accomplished a home-study course on the following aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating sought:

(1) Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that apply to flight operations under IFR;

(2) Appropriate information that applies to flight operations under IFR in the “Aeronautical Information Manual;”

(3) Air traffic control system and procedures for instrument flight operations;

(4) IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation systems;

(5) Use of IFR en route and instrument approach procedure charts;

(6) Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and forecasts and the elements of forecasting weather trends based on that information and personal observation of weather conditions;

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft under instrument flight rules and conditions;

(8) Recognition of critical weather situations and windshear avoidance;

(9) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and

(10) Crew resource management, including crew communication and coordination.

(c) Flight proficiency. A person who applies for an instrument rating must receive and log training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device, in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section, that includes the following areas of operation:

(1) Preflight preparation;

(2) Preflight procedures;

(3) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;

(4) Flight by reference to instruments;

(5) Navigation systems;

(6) Instrument approach procedures;

(7) Emergency operations; and

(8) Postflight procedures.

(d) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. A person who applies for an instrument-airplane rating must have logged:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and

(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-airplane rating, and the instrument time includes:

(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and

(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, and that involves—

(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;

(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and

(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.

(e) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-helicopter rating. A person who applies for an instrument-helicopter rating must have logged:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in a helicopter; and

(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been with an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-helicopter rating, and the instrument time includes:

(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in a helicopter that is appropriate to the instrument-helicopter rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and

(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in a helicopter with an authorized instructor that is performed under instrument flight rules and a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, and involves—

(A) A flight of 100 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;

(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and

(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.

(f) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-powered-lift rating. A person who applies for an instrument-powered-lift rating must have logged:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in a powered-lift; and

(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-powered-lift rating, and the instrument time includes:

(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in a powered-lift that is appropriate to the instrument-powered-lift rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and

(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in a powered-lift with an authorized instructor that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, that involves—

(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;

(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and

(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.

(g) An applicant for a combined private pilot certificate with an instrument rating may satisfy the cross-country flight time requirements of this section by crediting:

(1) For an instrument-airplane rating or an instrument-powered-lift rating, up to 45 hours of cross-country flight time performing the duties of pilot in command with an authorized instructor; or

(2) For an instrument-helicopter rating, up to 47 hours of cross-country flight time performing the duties of pilot in command with an authorized instructor.

(h) Use of full flight simulators or flight training devices. If the instrument time was provided by an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device—

(1) A maximum of 30 hours may be performed in that full flight simulator or flight training device if the instrument time was completed in accordance with part 142 of this chapter; or

(2) A maximum of 20 hours may be performed in that full flight simulator or flight training device if the instrument time was not completed in accordance with part 142 of this chapter.

(i) Use of an aviation training device. A maximum of 10 hours of instrument time received in a basic aviation training device or a maximum of 20 hours of instrument time received in an advanced aviation training device may be credited for the instrument time requirements of this section if—

(1) The device is approved and authorized by the FAA;

(2) An authorized instructor provides the instrument time in the device; and

(3) The FAA approved the instrument training and instrument tasks performed in the device.

(j) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(1) of this section, a person may not credit more than 20 total hours of instrument time in a full flight simulator, flight training device, aviation training device, or a combination towards the instrument time requirements of this section.

§ 61.66

Enhanced Flight Vision System Pilot Requirements.

(a) Ground training. (1) Except as provided under paragraphs (f) and (h) of this section, no person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft or act as pilot in command of an aircraft during an EFVS operation conducted under § 91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter, or serve as a required pilot flightcrew member during an EFVS operation conducted under § 91.176(a) of this chapter, unless that person—

(i) Receives and logs ground training under a training program approved by the Administrator; and

(ii) Obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized training provider certifying the person satisfactorily completed the ground training appropriate to the category of aircraft for which the person is seeking the EFVS privilege.

(2) The ground training must include the following subjects:

(i) Those portions of this chapter that relate to EFVS flight operations and limitations, including the Airplane Flight Manual or Rotorcraft Flight Manual limitations;

(ii) EFVS sensor imagery, required aircraft flight information, and flight symbology;

(iii) EFVS display, controls, modes, features, symbology, annunciations, and associated systems and components;

(iv) EFVS sensor performance, sensor limitations, scene interpretation, visual anomalies, and other visual effects;

(v) Preflight planning and operational considerations associated with using EFVS during taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing phases of flight, including the use of EFVS for instrument approaches, operating below DA/DH or MDA, executing missed approaches, landing, rollout, and balked landings;

(vi) Weather associated with low visibility conditions and its effect on EFVS performance;

(vii) Normal, abnormal, emergency, and crew coordination procedures when using EFVS; and

(viii) Interpretation of approach and runway lighting systems and their display characteristics when using an EFVS.

(b) Flight training. (1) Except as provided under paragraph (h) of this section, no person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft or act as pilot in command of an aircraft during an EFVS operation under § 91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter unless that person—

(i) Receives and logs flight training for the EFVS operation under a training program approved by the Administrator; and

(ii) Obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized training provider certifying the person is proficient in the use of EFVS in the category of aircraft in which the training was provided for the EFVS operation to be conducted.

(2) Flight training must include the following tasks:

(i) Preflight and inflight preparation of EFVS equipment for EFVS operations, including EFVS setup and use of display, controls, modes and associated systems, and adjustments for brightness and contrast under day and night conditions;

(ii) Proper piloting techniques associated with using EFVS during taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, landing, and rollout, including missed approaches and balked landings;

(iii) Proper piloting techniques for the use of EFVS during instrument approaches, to include operations below DA/DH or MDA as applicable to the EFVS operations to be conducted, under both day and night conditions;

(iv) Determining enhanced flight visibility;

(v) Identifying required visual references appropriate to EFVS operations;

(vi) Transitioning from EFVS sensor imagery to natural vision acquisition of required visual references and the runway environment;

(vii) Using EFVS sensor imagery, required aircraft flight information, and flight symbology to touchdown and rollout, if the person receiving training will conduct EFVS operations under § 91.176(a) of this chapter; and

(viii) Normal, abnormal, emergency, and crew coordination procedures when using an EFVS.

(c) Supplementary EFVS training. A person qualified to conduct an EFVS operation under § 91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter who seeks to conduct an additional EFVS operation for which that person has not received training must—

(1) Receive and log the ground and flight training required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, under a training program approved by the Administrator, appropriate to the additional EFVS operation to be conducted; and

(2) Obtain a logbook or training record endorsement from the authorized training provider certifying the person is proficient in the use of EFVS in the category of aircraft in which the training was provided for the EFVS operation to be conducted.

(d) Recent flight experience: EFVS. Except as provided in paragraphs (f) and (h) of this section, no person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft during an EFVS operation or act as pilot in command of an aircraft during an EFVS operation unless, within 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performs and logs six instrument approaches as the sole manipulator of the controls using an EFVS under any weather conditions in the category of aircraft for which the person seeks the EFVS privilege. The instrument approaches may be performed in day or night conditions; and

(1) One approach must terminate in a full stop landing; and

(2) For persons authorized to exercise the privileges of § 91.176(a), the full stop landing must be conducted using the EFVS.

(e) EFVS refresher training. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, a person who has failed to meet the recent flight experience requirements of paragraph (d) of this section for more than six calendar months may reestablish EFVS currency only by satisfactorily completing an approved EFVS refresher course in the category of aircraft for which the person seeks the EFVS privilege. The EFVS refresher course must consist of the subjects and tasks listed in paragraphs (a)(2) and (b)(2) of this section applicable to the EFVS operations to be conducted.

(2) The EFVS refresher course must be conducted by an authorized training provider whose instructor meets the training requirements of this section and, if conducting EFVS operations in an aircraft, the recent flight experience requirements of this section.

(f) Military pilots and former military pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. (1) The training requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section applicable to EFVS operations conducted under § 91.176(a) of this chapter do not apply to a military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces if that person documents satisfactory completion of ground and flight training in EFVS operations to touchdown and rollout by the U.S. Armed Forces.

(2) The training requirements in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section applicable to EFVS operations conducted under § 91.176(b) of this chapter do not apply to a military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces if that person documents satisfactory completion of ground and flight training in EFVS operations to 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation by the U.S. Armed Forces.

(3) A military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces may satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of paragraph (d) of this section if he or she documents satisfactory completion of an EFVS proficiency check in the U.S. Armed Forces within 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, the check was conducted by a person authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to administer the check, and the person receiving the check was a member of the U.S. Armed Forces at the time the check was administered.

(g) Use of full flight simulators. A level C or higher full flight simulator (FFS) equipped with an EFVS may be used to meet the flight training, recent flight experience, and refresher training requirements of this section. The FFS must be evaluated and qualified for EFVS operations by the Administrator, and must be:

(1) Qualified and maintained in accordance with part 60 of this chapter, or a previously qualified device, as permitted in accordance with § 60.17 of this chapter;

(2) Approved by the Administrator for the tasks and maneuvers to be conducted; and

(3) Equipped with a daylight visual display if being used to meet the flight training requirements of this section.

(h) Exceptions. (1) A person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft during an EFVS operation without meeting the requirements of this section in the following circumstances:

(i) When receiving flight training to meet the requirements of this section under an approved training program, provided the instructor meets the requirements in this section to perform the EFVS operation in the category of aircraft for which the training is being conducted.

(ii) During an EFVS operation performed in the course of satisfying the recent flight experience requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, provided another individual is serving as pilot in command of the aircraft during the EFVS operation and that individual meets the requirements in this section to perform the EFVS operation in the category of aircraft in which the flight is being conducted.

(iii) During an EFVS operation performed in the course of completing EFVS refresher training in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, provided the instructor providing the refresher training meets the requirements in this section to perform the EFVS operation in the category of aircraft for which the training is being conducted.

(2) The requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply if a person is conducting a flight or series of flights in an aircraft issued an experimental airworthiness certificate under § 21.191 of this chapter for the purpose of research and development or showing compliance with regulations, provided the person has knowledge of the subjects specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section and has experience with the tasks specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section applicable to the EFVS operations to be conducted.

(3) The requirements specified in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section do not apply to a pilot who:

(i) Is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 121, 125, or 135 when the pilot is conducting an EFVS operation for that certificate holder under part 91, 121, 125, or 135, as applicable, provided the pilot conducts the operation in accordance with the certificate holder's operations specifications for EFVS operations;

(ii) Is employed by a person who holds a letter of deviation authority issued under § 125.3 of this chapter when the pilot is conducting an EFVS operation for that person under part 125, provided the pilot is conducting the operation in accordance with that person's letter of authorization for EFVS operations; or

(iii) Is employed by a fractional ownership program manager to conduct operations under part 91 subpart K when the pilot is conducting an EFVS operation for that program manager under part 91, provided the pilot is conducting the operation in accordance with the program manager's management specifications for EFVS operations.

(4) The requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply if a person is conducting EFVS operations under § 91.176(b) of this chapter and that person documents that prior to March 13, 2018, that person satisfactorily completed ground and flight training on EFVS operations to 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation.

§ 61.67

Category II pilot authorization requirements.

(a) General. A person who applies for a Category II pilot authorization must hold:

(1) At least a private or commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate;

(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is sought if that aircraft requires a type rating; and

(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is sought.

(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a Category II pilot authorization must have at least—

(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command.

(2) 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated instrument conditions that may include not more than—

(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight time in a flight simulator or flight training device; or

(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if accomplished in an approved course conducted by an appropriately rated training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.

(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A practical test must be passed by a person who applies for—

(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category II pilot authorization; and

(ii) The addition of another type aircraft to the applicant's Category II pilot authorization.

(2) To be eligible for the practical test for an authorization under this section, an applicant must—

(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section; and

(ii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for this authorization during the 12 calendar months preceding the month of the test, then that person must—

(A) Meet the requirements of § 61.57(c); and

(B) Have performed at least six ILS approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the approaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach coupler.

(3) The approaches specified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section—

(i) Must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions;

(ii) Must be conducted to the decision height for the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted;

(iii) Need not be conducted to the decision height authorized for Category II operations;

(iv) Must be conducted to the decision height authorized for Category II operations only if conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device; and

(v) Must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(4) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test consists of an oral increment and a flight increment.

(1) Oral increment. In the oral increment of the practical test an applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the following:

(i) Required landing distance;

(ii) Recognition of the decision height;

(iii) Missed approach procedures and techniques using computed or fixed attitude guidance displays;

(iv) Use and limitations of RVR;

(v) Use of visual clues, their availability or limitations, and altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings;

(vi) Procedures and techniques related to transition from nonvisual to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR;

(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;

(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway lighting system;

(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system, auto approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto throttle system (if equipped), and other required Category II equipment;

(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category II approaches, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does not require a second in command; and

(xi) Instrument and equipment failure warning systems.

(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply to the flight increment of the practical test:

(i) The flight increment must be conducted in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(ii) The flight increment must consist of at least two ILS approaches to 100 feet AGL including at least one landing and one missed approach.

(iii) All approaches performed during the flight increment must be made with the use of an approved flight control guidance system, except if an approved auto approach coupler is installed, at least one approach must be hand flown using flight director commands.

(iv) If a multiengine airplane with the performance capability to execute a missed approach with one engine inoperative is used for the practical test, the flight increment must include the performance of one missed approach with an engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle marker.

(v) If a multiengine flight simulator or multiengine flight training device is used for the practical test, the applicant must execute a missed approach with the most critical engine, if applicable, failed.

(vi) For an authorization for an aircraft that requires a type rating, the practical test must be performed in coordination with a second in command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the authorization is sought.

(vii) Oral questioning may be conducted at any time during a practical test.

§ 61.68

Category III pilot authorization requirements.

(a) General. A person who applies for a Category III pilot authorization must hold:

(1) At least a private pilot certificate or commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate;

(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is sought if that aircraft requires a type rating; and

(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is sought.

(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a Category III pilot authorization must have at least—

(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command.

(2) 75 hours of instrument flight time during actual or simulated instrument conditions that may include not more than—

(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight time in a flight simulator or flight training device; or

(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if accomplished in an approved course conducted by an appropriately rated training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.

(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A practical test must be passed by a person who applies for—

(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category III pilot authorization; and

(ii) The addition of another type of aircraft to the applicant's Category III pilot authorization.

(2) To be eligible for the practical test for an authorization under this section, an applicant must—

(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section; and

(ii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for this authorization during the 12 calendar months preceding the month of the test, then that person must—

(A) Meet the requirements of § 61.57(c); and

(B) Have performed at least six ILS approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the approaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach coupler.

(3) The approaches specified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section—

(i) Must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions;

(ii) Must be conducted to the alert height or decision height for the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted;

(iii) Need not be conducted to the decision height authorized for Category III operations;

(iv) Must be conducted to the alert height or decision height, as applicable, authorized for Category III operations only if conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device; and

(v) Must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft for which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(4) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test consists of an oral increment and a flight increment.

(1) Oral increment. In the oral increment of the practical test an applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the following:

(i) Required landing distance;

(ii) Determination and recognition of the alert height or decision height, as applicable, including use of a radar altimeter;

(iii) Recognition of and proper reaction to significant failures encountered prior to and after reaching the alert height or decision height, as applicable;

(iv) Missed approach procedures and techniques using computed or fixed attitude guidance displays and expected height loss as they relate to manual go-around or automatic go-around, and initiation altitude, as applicable;

(v) Use and limitations of RVR, including determination of controlling RVR and required transmissometers;

(vi) Use, availability, or limitations of visual cues and the altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings including—

(A) Unexpected deterioration of conditions to less than minimum RVR during approach, flare, and rollout;

(B) Demonstration of expected visual references with weather at minimum conditions;

(C) The expected sequence of visual cues during an approach in which visibility is at or above landing minima; and

(D) Procedures and techniques for making a transition from instrument reference flight to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR.

(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;

(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway lighting system;

(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system auto approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto throttle system (if equipped), and other Category III equipment;

(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category III operations, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does not require a second in command;

(xi) Recognition of the limits of acceptable aircraft position and flight path tracking during approach, flare, and, if applicable, rollout; and

(xii) Recognition of, and reaction to, airborne or ground system faults or abnormalities, particularly after passing alert height or decision height, as applicable.

(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply to the flight increment of the practical test—

(i) The flight increment may be conducted in an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft for which the authorization is sought, or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(ii) The flight increment must consist of at least two ILS approaches to 100 feet AGL, including one landing and one missed approach initiated from a very low altitude that may result in a touchdown during the go-around maneuver;

(iii) All approaches performed during the flight increment must be made with the approved automatic landing system or an equivalent landing system approved by the Administrator;

(iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the performance capability to execute a missed approach with one engine inoperative is used for the practical test, the flight increment must include the performance of one missed approach with the most critical engine, if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle or outer marker;

(v) If a multiengine flight simulator or multiengine flight training device is used, a missed approach must be executed with an engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if applicable, failed;

(vi) For an authorization for an aircraft that requires a type rating, the practical test must be performed in coordination with a second in command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the authorization is sought;

(vii) Oral questioning may be conducted at any time during the practical test;

(viii) Subject to the limitations of this paragraph, for Category IIIb operations predicated on the use of a fail-passive rollout control system, at least one manual rollout using visual reference or a combination of visual and instrument references must be executed. The maneuver required by this paragraph shall be initiated by a fail-passive disconnect of the rollout control system—

(A) After main gear touchdown;

(B) Prior to nose gear touchdown;

(C) In conditions representative of the most adverse lateral touchdown displacement allowing a safe landing on the runway; and

(D) In weather conditions anticipated in Category IIIb operations.

§ 61.69

Glider and unpowered ultralight vehicle towing: Experience and training requirements.

(a) No person may act as pilot in command for towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle unless that person—

(1) Holds a private, commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with a category rating for powered aircraft;

(2) Has logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in the aircraft category, class and type, if required, that the pilot is using to tow a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle;

(3) Has a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies that the person has received ground and flight training in gliders or unpowered ultralight vehicles and is proficient in—

(i) The techniques and procedures essential to the safe towing of gliders or unpowered ultralight vehicles, including airspeed limitations;

(ii) Emergency procedures;

(iii) Signals used; and

(iv) Maximum angles of bank.

(4) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, has logged at least three flights as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, or has simulated towing flight procedures in an aircraft while accompanied by a pilot who meets the requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.

(5) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, has received a logbook endorsement from the pilot, described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, certifying that the person has accomplished at least 3 flights in an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while simulating towing flight procedures; and

(6) Within 24 calendar months before the flight has—

(i) Made at least three actual or simulated tows of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle while accompanied by a qualified pilot who meets the requirements of this section; or

(ii) Made at least three flights as pilot in command of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by an aircraft.

(b) Any person who, before May 17, 1967, has made and logged 10 or more flights as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle in accordance with a certificate of waiver need not comply with paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section.

(c) The pilot, described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, who endorses the logbook of a person seeking towing privileges must have—

(1) Met the requirements of this section prior to endorsing the logbook of the person seeking towing privileges; and

(2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot in command of an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle.

(d) If the pilot described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section holds only a private pilot certificate, then that pilot must have—

(1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in airplanes, or 200 hours of pilot-in-command time in a combination of powered and other-than-powered aircraft; and

(2) Performed and logged at least three flights within the 12 calendar months preceding the month that pilot accompanies or endorses the logbook of a person seeking towing privileges—

(i) In an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle accompanied by another pilot who meets the requirements of this section; or

(ii) As pilot in command of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle being towed by another aircraft.

§ 61.71

Graduates of an approved training program other than under this part: Special rules.

(a) A person who graduates from an approved training program under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter is considered to have met the applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and areas of operation requirements of this part if that person presents the graduation certificate and passes the required practical test within the 60-day period after the date of graduation.

(b) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate, type rating, or both under this part, and will be considered to have met the applicable requirements under § 61.157, except for the airline transport pilot certification training program required by § 61.156, for that certificate and rating, if that person has:

(1) Satisfactorily accomplished an approved training curriculum and a proficiency check for that airplane type that includes all the tasks and maneuvers required by §§ 121.424 and 121.441 of this chapter to serve as pilot in command in operations conducted under part 121 of this chapter; and

(2) Applied for an airline transport pilot certificate, type rating, or both within the 60-day period from the date the person satisfactorily accomplished the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) for that airplane type.

(c) A person who holds a foreign pilot license and is applying for an equivalent U.S. pilot certificate on the basis of a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement and associated Implementation Procedures for Licensing may be considered to have met the applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and areas of operation requirements of this part.

§ 61.73

Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.

(a) General. Except for a person who has been removed from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S. military pilot or former military pilot who meets the requirements of this section may apply, on the basis of his or her military pilot qualifications, for:

(1) A commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate aircraft category and class rating.

(2) An instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft rating.

(3) A type rating.

(b) Military pilots and former military pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. A person who qualifies as a military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces may apply for a pilot certificate and ratings under paragraph (a) of this section if that person—

(1) Presents evidentiary documents described under paragraphs (h)(1), (2), and (3) of this section that show the person's status in the U.S. Armed Forces.

(2) Has passed the military competency aeronautical knowledge test on the appropriate parts of this chapter for commercial pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general operating rules, and accident reporting rules.

(3) Presents official U.S. military records that show compliance with one of the following requirements—

(i) Before the date of the application, passing an official U.S. military pilot and instrument proficiency check in a military aircraft of the kind of aircraft category, class, and type, if class or type of aircraft is applicable, for the ratings sought; or

(ii) Before the date of application, logging 10 hours of pilot time as a military pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in the kind of aircraft category, class, and type, if a class rating or type rating is applicable, for the aircraft rating sought.

(c) A military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. A person who is a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and is assigned to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other than receiving flight training, may apply for a commercial pilot certificate and ratings under paragraph (a) of this section, provided that person—

(1) Presents evidentiary documents described under paragraph (h)(4) of this section that show the person is a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, and is assigned to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other than receiving flight training.

(2) Has passed the military competency aeronautical knowledge test on the appropriate parts of this chapter for commercial pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general operating rules, and accident reporting rules.

(3) Presents official U.S. military records that show compliance with one of the following requirements:

(i) Before the date of the application, passed an official U.S. military pilot and instrument proficiency check in a military aircraft of the kind of aircraft category, class, or type, if class or type of aircraft is applicable, for the ratings; or

(ii) Before the date of the application, logged 10 hours of pilot time as a military pilot in a U.S. military aircraft of the kind of category, class, and type of aircraft, if a class rating or type rating is applicable, for the aircraft rating.

(d) Instrument rating. A person who is qualified as a U.S. military pilot or former military pilot may apply for an instrument rating to be added to a pilot certificate if that person—

(1) Has passed an instrument proficiency check in the U.S. Armed Forces in the aircraft category for the instrument rating sought; and

(2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the person is instrument pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed Forces to conduct instrument flying on Federal airways in that aircraft category and class for the instrument rating sought.

(e) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft type rating may only be issued for a type of aircraft that has a comparable civilian type designation by the Administrator.

(f) Aircraft type rating placed on an airline transport pilot certificate. A person who is a military pilot or former military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces and requests an aircraft type rating to be placed on an existing U.S. airline transport pilot certificate may be issued the rating at the airline transport pilot certification level, provided that person:

(1) Holds a category and class rating for that type of aircraft at the airline transport pilot certification level; and

(2) Has passed an official U.S. military pilot check and instrument proficiency check in that type of aircraft.

(g) Flight instructor certificate and ratings. A person who can show official U.S. military documentation of being a U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S. military pilot examiner, or a former instructor pilot or pilot examiner may apply for and be issued a flight instructor certificate with the appropriate ratings if that person:

(1) Holds a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate aircraft category and class rating, if a class rating is appropriate, for the flight instructor rating sought;

(2) Holds an instrument rating, or has instrument privileges, on the pilot certificate that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; and

(3) Presents the following documents:

(i) A knowledge test report that shows the person passed a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed under § 61.185(a) appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought and the knowledge test was passed within the preceding 24 calendar months prior to the month of application. If the U.S. military instructor pilot or pilot examiner already holds a flight instructor certificate, holding of a flight instructor certificate suffices for the knowledge test report.

(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces record or order that shows the person is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed Forces military instructor pilot or pilot examiner for the flight instructor rating sought.

(iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces record or order that shows the person completed a U.S. Armed Forces' instructor pilot or pilot examiner training course and received an aircraft rating qualification as a military instructor pilot or pilot examiner that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought.

(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces record or order that shows the person passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot examiner proficiency check in an aircraft as a military instructor pilot or pilot examiner that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought.

(h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot certificate and rating. The following documents are required for a person to apply for a pilot certificate and rating:

(1) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the person is or was a military pilot.

(2) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the person graduated from a U.S. Armed Forces undergraduate pilot training school and received a rating qualification as a military pilot.

(3) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the pilot passed a pilot proficiency check and instrument proficiency check in an aircraft as a military pilot.

(4) If a person is a military pilot in the Armed Forces from a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and is applying for a pilot certificate and rating, that person must present the following:

(i) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the person is a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces;

(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the person is assigned as a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces for purposes other than receiving flight training;

(iii) An official record that shows the person graduated from a military undergraduate pilot training school from the Armed Forces from a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation or from the U.S. Armed Forces, and received a qualification as a military pilot; and

(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows that the person passed a pilot proficiency check and instrument proficiency check in an aircraft as a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces.

§ 61.75

Private pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license.

(a) General. A person who holds a foreign pilot license at the private pilot level or higher that was issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may apply for and be issued a U.S. private pilot certificate with the appropriate ratings if the foreign pilot license meets the requirements of this section.

(b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private pilot certificate issued under this section must specify the person's foreign license number and country of issuance. A person who holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may be issued a U.S. private pilot certificate based on the foreign pilot license without any further showing of proficiency, provided the applicant:

(1) Meets the requirements of this section;

(2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at the private pilot license level or higher, that does not contain a limitation stating that the applicant has not met all of the standards of ICAO for that license;

(3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certificate other than a U.S. student pilot certificate;

(4) Holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter or a medical license issued by the country that issued the person's foreign pilot license; and

(5) Is able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

(c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft ratings listed on a person's foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued after testing under the provisions of this part, may be placed on that person's U.S. pilot certificate for private pilot privileges only.

(d) Instrument ratings issued. A person who holds an instrument rating on the foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may be issued an instrument rating on a U.S. pilot certificate provided:

(1) The person's foreign pilot license authorizes instrument privileges;

(2) Within 24 months preceding the month in which the person applies for the instrument rating, the person passes the appropriate knowledge test; and

(3) The person is able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

(e) Operating privileges and limitations. A person who receives a U.S. private pilot certificate that has been issued under the provisions of this section:

(1) May act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft of the United States in accordance with the pilot privileges authorized by this part and the limitations placed on that U.S. pilot certificate;

(2) Is limited to the privileges placed on the certificate by the Administrator;

(3) Is subject to the limitations and restrictions on the person's U.S. certificate and foreign pilot license when exercising the privileges of that U.S. pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. registry operating within or outside the United States; and

(f) Limitation on licenses used as the basis for a U.S. certificate. A person may use only one foreign pilot license as a basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot certificate. The foreign pilot license and medical certification used as a basis for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate under this section must be written in English or accompanied by an English transcription that has been signed by an official or representative of the foreign aviation authority that issued the foreign pilot license.

(g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot certificate. A U.S. pilot certificate issued under this section can only be exercised when the pilot has the foreign pilot license, upon which the issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate was based, in the holder's possession or readily accessible in the aircraft.

§ 61.77

Special purpose pilot authorization: Operation of a civil aircraft of the United States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen.

(a) General. The holder of a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation who meets the requirements of this section may be issued a special purpose pilot authorization by the Administrator for the purpose of performing pilot duties—

(1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is leased to a person who is not a citizen of the United States, and

(2) For carrying persons or property for compensation or hire for operations in—

(i) Scheduled international air services in turbojet-powered airplanes of U.S. registry;

(ii) Scheduled international air services in airplanes of U.S. registry having a configuration of more than nine passenger seats, excluding crewmember seats;

(iii) Nonscheduled international air transportation in airplanes of U.S. registry having a configuration of more than 30 passenger seats, excluding crewmember seats; or

(iv) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled international air transportation, in airplanes of U.S. registry having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance or renewal of a special purpose pilot authorization, an applicant must present the following to a Flight Standards office:

(1) A foreign pilot license issued by the aeronautical authority of a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that contains the appropriate aircraft category, class, type rating, if appropriate, and instrument rating for the aircraft to be flown;

(2) A certification by the lessee of the aircraft—

(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;

(ii) Specifying the aircraft type on which the applicant will perform pilot duties; and

(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and flight instruction that qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be assigned on the aircraft.

(3) Documentation showing when the applicant will reach the age of 65 years (an official copy of the applicant's birth certificate or other official documentation);

(4) Documentation the applicant meets the medical standards for the issuance of the foreign pilot license from the aeronautical authority of that contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; and

(5) A statement that the applicant does not already hold a special purpose pilot authorization; however, if the applicant already holds a special purpose pilot authorization, then that special purpose pilot authorization must be surrendered to either the Flight Standards office that issued it, or the Flight Standards office processing the application for the authorization, prior to being issued another special purpose pilot authorization.

(c) Privileges. A person issued a special purpose pilot authorization under this section—

(1) May exercise the privileges prescribed on the special purpose pilot authorization; and

(2) Must comply with the limitations specified in this section and any additional limitations specified on the special purpose pilot authorization.

(d) General limitations. A special purpose pilot authorization may be used only—

(1) For flights between foreign countries or for flights in foreign air commerce within the time period allotted on the authorization.

(2) If the foreign pilot license required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the medical documentation required by paragraph (b)(4) of this section, and the special purpose pilot authorization issued under this section are in the holder's physical possession or immediately accessible in the aircraft.

(3) While the holder is employed by the person to whom the aircraft described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section is leased.

(4) While the holder is performing pilot duties on the U.S.-registered aircraft described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section.

(5) If the holder has only one special purpose pilot authorization as provided in paragraph (b)(5) of this section.

(e) Age limitation. No person who holds a special purpose pilot authorization issued under this part may serve as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. registry in the following operations if the person has reached his or her 60th birthday or, in the case of operations with more than one pilot, his or her 65th birthday:

(1) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in turbojet-powered airplanes;

(2) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than nine passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat;

(3) Nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or hire in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than 30 passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat; or

(4) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or hire, in airplanes having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

(f) Definitions. (1) International air service, as used in paragraph (e) of this section, means scheduled air service performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the air space over the territory of more than one country.

(2) International air transportation, as used in paragraph (e) of this section, means air transportation performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which service passes through the air space over the territory of more than one country.

(g) Expiration date. Each special purpose pilot authorization issued under this section expires—

(1) 60 calendar months from the month it was issued, unless sooner suspended or revoked;

(2) When the lease agreement for the aircraft expires or the lessee terminates the employment of the person who holds the special purpose pilot authorization;

(3) Whenever the person's foreign pilot license has been suspended, revoked, or is no longer valid; or

(4) When the person no longer meets the medical standards for the issuance of the foreign pilot license.

(h) Renewal. A person exercising the privileges of a special purpose pilot authorization may apply for a 60-calendar-month extension of that authorization, provided the person—

(1) Continues to meet the requirements of this section; and

(2) Surrenders the expired special purpose pilot authorization upon receipt of the new authorization.

(i) Surrender. The holder of a special purpose pilot authorization must surrender the authorization to the Administrator within 7 days after the date the authorization terminates.

§ 61.81

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of student pilot certificates, the conditions under which those certificates are necessary, and the general operating rules and limitations for the holders of those certificates.

§ 61.83

Eligibility requirements for student pilots.

To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, an applicant must:

(a) Be at least 16 years of age for other than the operation of a glider or balloon.

(b) Be at least 14 years of age for the operation of a glider or balloon.

(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

§ 61.85

Application.

An applicant for a student pilot certificate:

(a) Must make that application in a form acceptable to the Administrator; and

(b) Must submit the application to a Flight Standards office, a designated pilot examiner, an airman certification representative associated with a pilot school, a flight instructor, or other person authorized by the Administrator.

§ 61.87

Solo requirements for student pilots.

(a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight unless that student has met the requirements of this section. The term “solo flight” as used in this subpart means that flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft or that flight time during which the student performs the duties of a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must demonstrate satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a knowledge test that meets the requirements of this paragraph:

(1) The test must address the student pilot's knowledge of—

(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter;

(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the solo flight will be performed; and

(iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(2) The student's authorized instructor must—

(i) Administer the test; and

(ii) At the conclusion of the test, review all incorrect answers with the student before authorizing that student to conduct a solo flight.

(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to conducting a solo flight, a student pilot must have:

(1) Received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by an authorized instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures required by this section in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a single-engine airplane rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Slips to a landing; and

(15) Go-arounds.

(e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a multiengine airplane rating must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine malfunctions; and

(14) Go-arounds.

(f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training for a helicopter rating must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds;

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers;

(12) Approaches to the landing area;

(13) Hovering and hovering turns;

(14) Go-arounds;

(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational descents with a power recovery and power recovery to a hover;

(16) Rapid decelerations; and

(17) Simulated one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings for multiengine helicopters.

(g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a gyroplane rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds;

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers;

(12) Approaches to the landing area;

(13) High rates of descent with power on and with simulated power off, and recovery from those flight configurations;

(14) Go-arounds; and

(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including simulated power-off landings and simulated power failure during departures.

(h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training for a powered-lift rating must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing with simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Go-arounds;

(15) Approaches to the landing area;

(16) Hovering and hovering turns; and

(17) For multiengine powered-lifts, simulated one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings.

(i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a glider. A student pilot who is receiving training for a glider rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning, preparation, aircraft systems, and, if appropriate, powerplant operations;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups, if applicable;

(3) Launches, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions, if applicable;

(5) Airport traffic patterns, including entry procedures;

(6) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(7) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag configurations;

(8) Flight at various airspeeds;

(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(10) Ground reference maneuvers, if applicable;

(11) Inspection of towline rigging and review of signals and release procedures, if applicable;

(12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-launch procedures;

(13) Procedures for disassembly and assembly of the glider;

(14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;

(15) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;

(16) Landings, including normal and crosswind;

(17) Slips to a landing;

(18) Procedures and techniques for thermalling; and

(19) Emergency operations, including towline break procedures.

(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in an airship. A student pilot who is receiving training for an airship rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers;

(12) Rigging, ballasting, and controlling pressure in the ballonets, and superheating; and

(13) Landings with positive and with negative static trim.

(k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a balloon. A student pilot who is receiving training in a balloon must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Layout and assembly procedures;

(2) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, and aircraft systems;

(3) Ascents and descents;

(4) Landing and recovery procedures;

(5) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(6) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves, vents, and rip panels, as appropriate;

(7) Use of deflation valves or rip panels for simulating an emergency;

(8) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and

(9) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.

(l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a powered parachute. A student pilot who is receiving training for a powered parachute rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, preflight assembly and rigging, aircraft systems, and powerplant operations.

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including run-ups.

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind.

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions.

(5) Climbs, and climbing turns in both directions.

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance.

(8) Descents, and descending turns in both directions.

(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions.

(10) Ground reference maneuvers.

(11) Straight glides, and gliding turns in both directions.

(12) Go-arounds.

(13) Approaches to landing areas with a simulated engine malfunction.

(14) Procedures for canopy packing and aircraft disassembly.

(m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a weight-shift-control aircraft. A student pilot who is receiving training for a weight-shift-control aircraft rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, preflight assembly and rigging, aircraft systems, and powerplant operations.

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including run-ups.

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind.

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions.

(5) Climbs, and climbing turns in both directions.

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance.

(8) Descents, and descending turns in both directions.

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from maximum cruise to slow flight.

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions.

(11) Ground reference maneuvers.

(12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery.

(13) Straight glides, and gliding turns in both directions.

(14) Go-arounds.

(15) Approaches to landing areas with a simulated engine malfunction.

(16) Procedures for disassembly.

(n) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight unless that student pilot has received an endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown by an authorized instructor who gave the training within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight.

(o) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight at night. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight at night unless that student pilot has received:

(1) Flight training at night on night flying procedures that includes takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night at the airport where the solo flight will be conducted;

(2) Navigation training at night in the vicinity of the airport where the solo flight will be conducted; and

(3) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown for night solo flight by an authorized instructor who gave the training within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight.

(p) Limitations on flight instructors authorizing solo flight. No instructor may authorize a student pilot to perform a solo flight unless that instructor has—

(1) Given that student pilot training in the make and model of aircraft or a similar make and model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be flown;

(2) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the maneuvers and procedures prescribed in this section;

(3) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(4) Endorsed the student pilot's logbook for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown, and that endorsement remains current for solo flight privileges, provided an authorized instructor updates the student's logbook every 90 days thereafter.

§ 61.89

General limitations.

(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:

(1) That is carrying a passenger;

(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;

(3) For compensation or hire;

(4) In furtherance of a business;

(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;

(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;

(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface; or

(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's logbook by an authorized instructor.

(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an authorized instructor on board an airship, and no person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.

(c) A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must comply with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and may not act as pilot in command—

(1) Of an aircraft other than a light-sport aircraft;

(2) At night;

(3) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;

(4) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or on an airport having an operational control tower without having received the ground and flight training specified in § 61.94 and an endorsement from an authorized instructor;

(5) Of a light-sport aircraft without having received the applicable ground training, flight training, and instructor endorsements specified in § 61.327 (a) and (b).

(d) The holder of a student pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the student pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), and the operation is conducted consistent with the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and the conditions of § 61.113(i). Where the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section conflict with § 61.113(i), a student pilot must comply with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.

§ 61.91

§ 61.93

Solo cross-country flight requirements.

(a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot must meet the requirements of this section before—

(i) Conducting a solo cross-country flight, or any flight greater than 25 nautical miles from the airport from where the flight originated.

(ii) Making a solo flight and landing at any location other than the airport of origination.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges must:

(i) Have received flight training from an instructor authorized to provide flight training on the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country privileges are sought;

(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country proficiency on the appropriate maneuvers and procedures of this section to an authorized instructor;

(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the pre-solo flight maneuvers and procedures required by § 61.87 of this part in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country privileges are sought; and

(iv) Comply with any limitations included in the authorized instructor's endorsement that are required by paragraph (c) of this section.

(3) A student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges must have received ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the cross-country maneuvers and procedures listed in this section that are appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.

(b) Authorization to perform certain solo flights and cross-country flights. A student pilot must obtain an endorsement from an authorized instructor to make solo flights from the airport where the student pilot normally receives training to another location. A student pilot who receives this endorsement must comply with the requirements of this paragraph.

(1) Solo flights may be made to another airport that is within 25 nautical miles from the airport where the student pilot normally receives training, provided—

(i) An authorized instructor has given the student pilot flight training at the other airport, and that training includes flight in both directions over the route, entering and exiting the traffic pattern, and takeoffs and landings at the other airport;

(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training endorses the student pilot's logbook authorizing the flight;

(iii) The student pilot has a solo flight endorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of this part;

(iv) The authorized instructor has determined that the student pilot is proficient to make the flight; and

(v) The purpose of the flight is to practice takeoffs and landings at that other airport.

(2) Repeated specific solo cross-country flights may be made to another airport that is within 50 nautical miles of the airport from which the flight originated, provided—

(i) The authorized instructor has given the student flight training in both directions over the route, including entering and exiting the traffic patterns, takeoffs, and landings at the airports to be used;

(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training has endorsed the student's logbook certifying that the student is proficient to make such flights;

(iii) The student has a solo flight endorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of this part; and

(iv) The student has a solo cross country flight endorsement in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; however, for repeated solo cross country flights to another airport within 50 nautical miles from which the flight originated, separate endorsements are not required to be made for each flight.

(c) Endorsements for solo cross-country flights. Except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot must have the endorsements prescribed in this paragraph for each cross-country flight:

(1) A student pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement from the authorized instructor who conducted the training that is placed in that person's logbook for the specific category of aircraft to be flown.

(2) A student pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement from an authorized instructor that is placed in that person's logbook for the specific make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(3) For each cross-country flight, the authorized instructor who reviews the cross-country planning must make an endorsement in the person's logbook after reviewing that person's cross-country planning, as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. The endorsement must—

(i) Specify the make and model of aircraft to be flown;

(ii) State that the student's preflight planning and preparation is correct and that the student is prepared to make the flight safely under the known conditions; and

(iii) State that any limitations required by the student's authorized instructor are met.

(d) Limitations on authorized instructors to permit solo cross-country flights. An authorized instructor may not permit a student pilot to conduct a solo cross-country flight unless that instructor has:

(1) Determined that the student's cross-country planning is correct for the flight;

(2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather conditions and has determined that the flight can be completed under VFR;

(3) Determined that the student is proficient to conduct the flight safely;

(4) Determined that the student has the appropriate solo cross-country endorsement for the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(5) Determined that the student's solo flight endorsement is current for the make and model aircraft to be flown.

(e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;

(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and

(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives. For student pilots seeking a sport pilot certificate, the provisions of this paragraph only apply when receiving training for cross-country flight in an airplane that has a V H greater than 87 knots CAS.

(f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;

(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and

(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.

(g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a helicopter must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; and

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures.

(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a gyroplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown; and

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field and soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and landings.

(i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight training in a powered-lift must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures that include high-altitude, steep, and shallow takeoffs, approaches, and landings; and

(11) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.

(j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a glider. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a glider must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at least 2,000 feet above the surface; and

(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for cross-country soaring, ascending and descending flight, and altitude control.

(k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in an airship. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in an airship must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;

(10) Control of air pressure with regard to ascending and descending flight and altitude control;

(11) Control of the airship solely by reference to flight instruments, except for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate; and

(12) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions conducive for the direction of cross-country flight.

(l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a powered parachute. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a powered parachute must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass, as appropriate.

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight.

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognizing critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight.

(4) Emergency procedures.

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach.

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance.

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown.

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications.

(9) If equipped for flight with navigation radios, the use of radios for VFR navigation.

(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for the cross-country flight.

(11) Takeoff, approach and landing procedures.

(m) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a weight-shift-control aircraft. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a weight-shift-control aircraft must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass, as appropriate.

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight.

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognizing critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight.

(4) Emergency procedures.

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach.

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance.

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown.

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and indications.

(9) If equipped for flight using navigation radios, the use of radios for VFR navigation.

(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for the cross-country flight.

(11) Takeoff, approach and landing procedures, including crosswind approaches and landings.

§ 61.94

Student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate: Operations at airports within, and in airspace located within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or at airports with an operational control tower in other airspace.

(a) A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate who wants to obtain privileges to operate in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation:

(1) The use of radios, communications, navigation systems and facilities, and radar services.

(2) Operations at airports with an operating control tower, to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern, at an airport with an operating control tower.

(3) Applicable flight rules of part 91 of this chapter for operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic control clearances.

(4) Ground and flight training for the specific Class B, C, or D airspace for which the solo flight is authorized, if applicable, within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight in that airspace. The flight training must be received in the specific airspace area for which solo flight is authorized.

(5) Ground and flight training for the specific airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace for which the solo flight is authorized, if applicable, within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight at that airport. The flight and ground training must be received at the specific airport for which solo flight is authorized.

(b) The authorized instructor who provides the training specified in paragraph (a) of this section must provide a logbook endorsement that certifies the student has received that training and is proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific airspace or at that specific airport and in those aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in this section.

§ 61.95

Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within Class B airspace.

(a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B airspace unless:

(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area, and the flight training was received in the specific Class B airspace area for which solo flight is authorized;

(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by the authorized instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight in that Class B airspace area; and

(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has received the required ground and flight training, and has been found proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace area.

(b) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or at an airport located within Class B airspace pursuant to § 91.131(b) of this chapter unless:

(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight training from an instructor authorized to provide training to operate at that airport, and the flight and ground training has been received at the specific airport for which the solo flight is authorized;

(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by an authorized instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight at that airport; and

(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has received the required ground and flight training, and has been found proficient to conduct solo flight operations at that specific airport.

(c) This section does not apply to a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate.

§ 61.96

Applicability and eligibility requirements: General.

(a) This subpart prescribes the requirement for the issuance of recreational pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

(b) To be eligible for a recreational pilot certificate, a person who applies for that certificate must:

(1) Be at least 17 years of age;

(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft;

(3) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who—

(i) Conducted the training or reviewed the applicant's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.97(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(ii) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the required knowledge test.

(4) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.97(b) of this part;

(5) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who—

(i) Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(ii) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the required practical test.

(6) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.99 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;

(7) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) that apply to the aircraft category and class rating;

(8) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating; and

(9) Hold either a student pilot certificate or sport pilot certificate.

§ 61.97

Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to recreational pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Use of the applicable portions of the “Aeronautical Information Manual” and FAA advisory circulars;

(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(5) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;

(6) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(7) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;

(8) Weight and balance computations;

(9) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;

(10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques, if applying for an airplane single-engine rating;

(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and

(12) Preflight action that includes—

(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered.

§ 61.98

Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single-engine airplane rating: (i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Emergency operations; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

(2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and heliport operations;

(iv) Hovering maneuvers;

(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers;

(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;

(viii) Navigation;

(ix) Emergency operations; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

(3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;

(ix) Emergency operations; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

§ 61.99

Aeronautical experience.

(a) A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate must receive and log at least 30 hours of flight time that includes at least—

(1) 15 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in § 61.98 that consists of at least:

(i) Except as provided in § 61.100, 2 hours of flight training en route to an airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains, which includes at least three takeoffs and three landings at the airport located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains; and

(ii) Three hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in the aircraft for the rating sought in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(2) Three hours of solo flying in the aircraft for the rating sought, on the areas of operation listed in § 61.98 that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) The holder of a sport pilot certificate may credit flight training received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating toward the aeronautical experience requirements of this section if the following conditions are met:

(1) The flight training was accomplished in the same category and class of aircraft for which the rating is sought;

(2) The flight instructor with a sport pilot rating was authorized to provide the flight training; and

(3) The flight training included training on areas of operation that are required for both a sport pilot certificate and a recreational pilot certificate.

§ 61.100

Pilots based on small islands.

(a) An applicant located on an island from which the flight training required in § 61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be accomplished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the requirements of that section. However, if other airports that permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show completion of a dual flight between two airports, which must include three landings at the other airport.

(b) An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) of this section and meets all requirements for the issuance of a recreational pilot certificate, except the requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the following limitation, “Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate island).” The limitation may be subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section for another island.

(c) Upon meeting the requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this part, the applicant may have the limitation(s) in paragraph (b) of this section removed.

§ 61.101

Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.

(a) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may:

(1) Carry no more than one passenger; and

(2) Not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees.

(b) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight within 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person has—

(1) Received ground and flight training for takeoff, departure, arrival, and landing procedures at the departure airport;

(2) Received ground and flight training for the area, terrain, and aids to navigation that are in the vicinity of the departure airport;

(3) Been found proficient to operate the aircraft at the departure airport and the area within 50 nautical miles from that airport; and

(4) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook endorsement, which is carried in the person's possession in the aircraft, that permits flight within 50 nautical miles from the departure airport.

(c) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person has—

(1) Received ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the cross-country training requirements of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held;

(2) Been found proficient in cross-country flying; and

(3) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook endorsement, which is carried on the person's possession in the aircraft, that certifies the person has received and been found proficient in the cross-country training requirements of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held.

(d) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, provided that person has—

(1) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation, as appropriate to the aircraft rating held:

(i) The use of radios, communications, navigation system and facilities, and radar services.

(ii) Operations at airports with an operating control tower to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern at an airport with an operating control tower.

(iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91 of this chapter for operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic control clearances;

(2) Been found proficient in those aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this section; and

(3) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook endorsement, which is carried on the person's possession or readily accessible in the aircraft, that certifies the person has received and been found proficient in those aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.

(e) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (i) of this section, a recreational pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft—

(1) That is certificated—

(i) For more than four occupants;

(ii) With more than one powerplant;

(iii) With a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower, except aircraft certificated in the rotorcraft category; or

(iv) With retractable landing gear;

(2) That is classified as a multiengine airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, balloon, powered parachute, or weight-shift-control aircraft;

(3) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire;

(4) For compensation or hire;

(5) In furtherance of a business;

(6) Between sunset and sunrise;

(7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower;

(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;

(9) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles;

(10) Without visual reference to the surface;

(11) On a flight outside the United States, unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted;

(12) To demonstrate that aircraft in flight as an aircraft salesperson to a prospective buyer;

(13) That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a charitable organization; and

(14) That is towing any object.

(f) A recreational pilot may not act as a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when:

(1) Receiving flight training from a person authorized to provide flight training on board an airship; and

(2) No person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.

(g) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate, has logged fewer than 400 flight hours, and has not logged pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the 180 days preceding the flight shall not act as pilot in command of an aircraft until the pilot receives flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor, and the instructor certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in combination with the requirements of §§ 61.56 and 61.57 of this part, at the discretion of the authorized instructor.

(h) A recreational pilot certificate issued under this subpart carries the notation, “Holder does not meet ICAO requirements.”

(i) For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or ratings while under the supervision of an authorized instructor, a recreational pilot may fly as the sole occupant of an aircraft:

(1) For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or class rating;

(2) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic control; or

(3) Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or surface visibility is at least 5 statute miles.

(j) In order to fly solo as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, the recreational pilot must meet the appropriate aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements of § 61.87 for that aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the conditions specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the recreational pilot shall carry the logbook that has been endorsed for each flight by an authorized instructor who:

(1) Has given the recreational pilot training in the make and model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;

(2) Has found that the recreational pilot has met the applicable requirements of § 61.87; and

(3) Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to make solo flights in accordance with the logbook endorsement.

(k) A recreational pilot may act as pilot in command of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), and the operation is conducted consistent with this section and the conditions of § 61.113(i). Where the requirements of this section conflict with § 61.113(i), a recreational pilot must comply with this section.

§ 61.102

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of private pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.103

Eligibility requirements: General.

To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person must:

(a) Be at least 17 years of age for a rating in other than a glider or balloon.

(b) Be at least 16 years of age for a rating in a glider or balloon.

(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the training or reviewed the person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.105(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test.

(e) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.105(b) of this part.

(f) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical test.

(g) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought before applying for the practical test.

(h) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought.

(i) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certificate, sport pilot certificate, or recreational pilot certificate.

§ 61.105

Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who is applying for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Use of the applicable portions of the “Aeronautical Information Manual” and FAA advisory circulars;

(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;

(5) Radio communication procedures;

(6) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;

(9) Weight and balance computations;

(10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;

(11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for the airplane and glider category ratings;

(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and

(13) Preflight action that includes—

(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered.

§ 61.107

Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(x) Emergency operations;

(xi) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110 of this part; and

(xii) Postflight procedures.

(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(x) Emergency operations;

(xi) Multiengine operations;

(xii) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110 of this part; and

(xiii) Postflight procedures.

(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and heliport operations;

(iv) Hovering maneuvers;

(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Emergency operations;

(ix) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110 of this part; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;

(ix) Emergency operations;

(x) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110 of this part; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(5) For a powered-lift category rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and heliport operations;

(iv) Hovering maneuvers;

(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers;

(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;

(viii) Navigation;

(ix) Slow flight and stalls;

(x) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(xi) Emergency operations;

(xii) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110 of this part; and

(xiii) Postflight procedures.

(6) For a glider category rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;

(iv) Launches and landings;

(v) Performance speeds;

(vi) Soaring techniques;

(vii) Performance maneuvers;

(viii) Navigation;

(ix) Slow flight and stalls;

(x) Emergency operations; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(7) For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Emergency operations; and

(ix) Postflight procedures.

(8) For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport operations;

(iv) Launches and landings;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Navigation;

(vii) Emergency operations; and

(viii) Postflight procedures.

(9) For a powered parachute category rating—

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations, as applicable;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110;

(ix) Emergency operations; and

(x) Post-flight procedures.

(10) For a weight-shift-control aircraft category rating—

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations, as applicable;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Night operations, except as provided in § 61.110;

(x) Emergency operations; and

(xi) Post-flight procedures.

§ 61.109

Aeronautical experience.

(a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(1) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a single-engine airplane;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a single-engine airplane that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a single-engine airplane, consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;

(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(b) For an airplane multiengine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(2) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a multiengine airplane that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an airplane consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;

(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(c) For a helicopter rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(3) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a helicopter that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(3) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a helicopter in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a helicopter, consisting of at least—

(i) 3 hours cross-country time;

(ii) One solo cross country flight of 100 nautical miles total distance, with landings at three points, and one segment of the flight being a straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(4) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a gyroplane that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(3) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, consisting of at least—

(i) 3 hours of cross-country time;

(ii) One solo cross country flight of 100 nautical miles total distance, with landings at three points, and one segment of the flight being a straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(5) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a powered-lift that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a powered-lift on the control and maneuvering of a powered-lift solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an airplane or powered-lift consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours cross-country time;

(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(f) For a glider category rating. (1) If the applicant for a private pilot certificate with a glider category rating has not logged at least 40 hours of flight time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 10 hours of flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must include at least—

(i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of operations listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training flights with an authorized instructor in a glider in preparation for the practical test that must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not less than 10 launches and landings being performed.

(2) If the applicant has logged at least 40 hours of flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 3 hours of flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must include at least—

(i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part; and

(ii) 3 training flights with an authorized instructor in a glider in preparation for the practical test that must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(g) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating must log at least:

(1) 25 hours of flight training in airships on the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists of at least:

(i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in an airship;

(ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in an airship that includes:

(A) A cross-country flight of over 25 nautical miles total distance; and

(B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(2) 3 hours of flight training in an airship on the control and maneuvering of an airship solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;

(3) Three hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in an airship in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(4) 5 hours performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship with an authorized instructor.

(h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and balloon class rating must log at least 10 hours of flight training that includes at least six training flights with an authorized instructor in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(8) of this part, that includes—

(1) Gas balloon. If the training is being performed in a gas balloon, at least two flights of 2 hours each that consists of—

(i) At least one training flight with an authorized instructor in a gas balloon in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(ii) At least one flight performing the duties of pilot in command in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor; and

(iii) At least one flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch site.

(2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If the training is being performed in a balloon with an airborne heater, at least—

(i) At least two training flights of 1 hour each with an authorized instructor in a balloon with an airborne heater in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(ii) One solo flight in a balloon with an airborne heater; and

(iii) At least one flight involving a controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above the launch site.

(i) For a powered parachute rating. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute category rating must log at least 25 hours of flight time in a powered parachute that includes at least 10 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor, including 30 takeoffs and landings, and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107 (b)(9) and the training must include at least—

(1) One hour of cross-country flight training in a powered parachute that includes a 1-hour cross-country flight with a landing at an airport at least 25 nautical miles from the airport of departure;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 hours of night flight training in a powered parachute that includes 10 takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(3) Three hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a powered parachute in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(4) Three hours of solo flight time in a powered parachute, consisting of at least—

(i) One solo cross-country flight with a landing at an airport at least 25 nautical miles from the departure airport; and

(ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in a traffic pattern) at an airport; and

(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an airport with an operating control tower.

(j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft rating. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a weight-shift-control rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(10) and the training must include at least—

(1) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a weight-shift-control aircraft;

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 hours of night flight training in a weight-shift-control aircraft that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 75 nautical miles total distance that includes a point of landing that is a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(3) Three hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a weight-shift-control aircraft in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a weight-shift-control aircraft, consisting of at least—

(i) Five hours of solo cross-country time; and

(ii) One solo cross-country flight over 100 nautical miles total distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations; and

(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an airport with an operating control tower.

(k) Permitted credit for use of a full flight simulator or flight training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) of this section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of training in a full flight simulator or flight training device representing the category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be credited toward the flight training time required by this section, if received from an authorized instructor.

(2) A maximum of 5 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight training device representing the category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be credited toward the flight training time required by this section if the training is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, who has satisfactorily completed an approved private pilot course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter, need only have a total of 35 hours of aeronautical experience to meet the requirements of this section.

(l) Permitted credit for flight training received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating. The holder of a sport pilot certificate may credit flight training received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating toward the aeronautical experience requirements of this section if the following conditions are met:

(1) The flight training was accomplished in the same category and class of aircraft for which the rating is sought;

(2) The flight instructor with a sport pilot rating was authorized to provide the flight training; and

(3) The flight training included either—

(i) Training on areas of operation that are required for both a sport pilot certificate and a private pilot certificate; or

(ii) For airplanes with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS, training on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to the flight instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives, provided the training was received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating who holds an endorsement required by § 61.412(c).

§ 61.110

Night flying exceptions.

(a) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (b) of this section, a person is not required to comply with the night flight training requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska.

(b) A person who receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this section:

(1) May be issued a pilot certificate with a limitation “Night flying prohibited”; and

(2) Must comply with the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that period, the certificate will become invalid for use until the person complies with the appropriate night training requirements of this subpart. The person may have the “Night flying prohibited” limitation removed if the person—

(i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart; and

(ii) Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment of the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart.

(c) A person who does not meet the night flying requirements in § 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be issued a private pilot certificate with the limitation “Night flying prohibited.” This limitation may be removed by an examiner if the holder complies with the requirements of § 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate.

§ 61.111

Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an applicant located on an island from which the cross-country flight training required in § 61.109 of this part cannot be accomplished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the requirements of that section.

(b) If other airports that permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show completion of two round-trip solo flights between those two airports that are farthest apart, including a landing at each airport on both flights.

(c) An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section, and meets all requirements for the issuance of a private pilot certificate, except the cross-country training requirements of § 61.109 of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the following limitation, “Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate island).” The limitation may be subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section for another island.

(d) Upon meeting the cross-country training requirements of § 61.109 of this part, the applicant may have the limitation in paragraph (c) of this section removed.

§ 61.113

Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (h) of this section, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.

(b) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if:

(1) The flight is only incidental to that business or employment; and

(2) The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire.

(c) A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees.

(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in § 91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of § 91.146.

(e) A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of:

(1) A local, State, or Federal agency; or

(2) An organization that conducts search and location operations.

(f) A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least 200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer.

(g) A private pilot who meets the requirements of § 61.69 may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle.

(h) A private pilot may act as pilot in command for the purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category under § 21.190 of this chapter, provided that—

(1) The aircraft is a powered parachute or a weight-shift-control aircraft;

(2) The person has at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in the category and class of aircraft flown; and

(3) The person is familiar with the processes and procedures applicable to the conduct of production flight testing, to include operations conducted under a special flight permit and any associated operating limitations.

(i) A private pilot may act as pilot in command or serve as a required flightcrew member of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), and complies with this section and all of the following conditions and limitations:

(1) The aircraft is authorized to carry not more than 7 occupants, has a maximum takeoff weight of not more than 12,500 pounds, is operated with no more than 6 passengers on board, and is not a transport category rotorcraft certified to airworthiness standards under part 29 of this chapter; and

(2) The flight, including each portion of the flight, is not carried out—

(i) At an altitude that is more than 18,000 feet above mean sea level;

(ii) Outside the United States unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted; or

(iii) At an indicated airspeed exceeding 250 knots; and

(3) The pilot has available in his or her logbook—

(i) The completed medical examination checklist required under § 68.7 of this chapter; and

(ii) The certificate of course completion required under § 61.23(c)(3).

§ 61.115

Balloon rating: Limitations.

(a) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne heater:

(1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater; and

(2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.

(b) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:

(1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a gas balloon; and

(2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater.

§ 61.117

Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in command of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.

Except as provided in § 61.113 of this part, no private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as second in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one pilot, nor may that pilot act as second in command of such an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire.

§§ 61.118-61.120

§ 61.121

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of commercial pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.123

Eligibility requirements: General.

To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person must:

(a) Be at least 18 years of age;

(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

(c) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the required ground training or reviewed the person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test that applies to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(d) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.125 of this part;

(e) Receive the required training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical test.

(f) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;

(g) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;

(h) Hold at least a private pilot certificate issued under this part or meet the requirements of § 61.73; and

(i) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

§ 61.125

Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor, or complete a home-study course, on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to commercial pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;

(4) Meteorology to include recognition of critical weather situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;

(5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;

(6) Weight and balance computations;

(7) Use of performance charts;

(8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft performance limitations;

(9) Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic compass for pilotage and dead reckoning;

(10) Use of air navigation facilities;

(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;

(12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems;

(13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations appropriate to the aircraft;

(14) Night and high-altitude operations;

(15) Procedures for operating within the National Airspace System; and

(16) Procedures for flight and ground training for lighter-than-air ratings.

§ 61.127

Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Emergency operations;

(x) High-altitude operations; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Navigation;

(vii) Slow flight and stalls;

(viii) Emergency operations;

(ix) Multiengine operations;

(x) High-altitude operations; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and heliport operations;

(iv) Hovering maneuvers;

(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Emergency operations;

(ix) Special operations; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;

(ix) Emergency operations; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

(5) For a powered-lift category rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and heliport operations;

(iv) Hovering maneuvers;

(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Emergency operations;

(x) High-altitude operations;

(xi) Special operations; and

(xii) Postflight procedures.

(6) For a glider category rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;

(iv) Launches and landings;

(v) Performance speeds;

(vi) Soaring techniques;

(vii) Performance maneuvers;

(viii) Navigation;

(ix) Slow flight and stalls;

(x) Emergency operations; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(7) For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subjects;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport operations;

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(viii) Performance maneuvers;

(ix) Navigation;

(x) Emergency operations; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(8) For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subjects;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport operations;

(vii) Launches and landings;

(viii) Performance maneuvers;

(ix) Navigation;

(x) Emergency operations; and

(xi) Postflight procedures.

§ 61.129

Aeronautical experience.

(a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in airplanes.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and

(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which at least 10 hours must be in airplanes.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(1) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours required on instrument training must be in a single engine airplane;

(ii) 10 hours of training in a complex airplane, a turbine-powered airplane, or a technically advanced airplane (TAA) that meets the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section, or any combination thereof. The airplane must be appropriate to land or sea for the rating sought;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a single engine airplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in a single engine airplane in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(v) Three hours in a single-engine airplane with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a single engine airplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a single engine airplane with an authorized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under paragraph (a)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation listed under § 61.127(b)(1) that include—

(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical miles total distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in Hawaii, the longest segment need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(b) For an airplane multiengine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in airplanes.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and

(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which at least 10 hours must be in airplanes.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours required on instrument training must be in a multiengine airplane;

(ii) 10 hours of training in a multiengine complex or turbine-powered airplane; or for an applicant seeking a multiengine seaplane rating, 10 hours of training in a multiengine seaplane that has flaps and a controllable pitch propeller, including seaplanes equipped with an engine control system consisting of a digital computer and associated accessories for controlling the engine and propeller, such as a full authority digital engine control;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a multiengine airplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in a multiengine airplane in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a multiengine airplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement in paragraph (b)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes at least—

(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical miles total distance with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in Hawaii, the longest segment need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(c) For a helicopter rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating must log at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in helicopters.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 35 hours in helicopters; and

(ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in helicopters.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(3) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Five hours on the control and maneuvering of a helicopter solely by reference to instruments using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. This aeronautical experience may be performed in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or an aviation training device;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a helicopter in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a helicopter in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(iv) Three hours in a helicopter with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a helicopter or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a helicopter with an authorized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under paragraph (c)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation listed under § 61.127(b)(3) that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).

(d) For a gyroplane rating. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating must log at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (of which 5 hours may have been accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a gyroplane) that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 25 hours must be in gyroplanes.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and

(ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in gyroplanes.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) of this part that includes at least—

(i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneuvering of a gyroplane solely by reference to instruments using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. This aeronautical experience may be performed in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or an aviation training device;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a gyroplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iii) Two hours of flight training during nighttime conditions in a gyroplane at an airport, that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern); and

(iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a gyroplane with an authorized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under paragraph (d)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).

(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in a powered-lift.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and

(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which 10 hours must be in a powered-lift.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours required on instrument training must be in a powered-lift;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a powered-lift in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a powered-lift in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a powered-lift or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a powered-lift with an authorized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical miles total distance with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in Hawaii the longest segment need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(f) For a glider rating. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a glider category rating must log at least—

(1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in a glider and that flight time must include at least 100 flights in a glider as pilot in command, including at least—

(i) Three hours of flight training in a glider with an authorized instructor or 10 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include not less than 10 solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this part; or

(2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot in heavier-than-air aircraft and at least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in command, including at least—

(i) Three hours of flight training in a glider or 10 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this part including at least 3 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this part.

(g) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating must log at least 200 hours of flight time as a pilot, which includes at least the following hours:

(1) 50 hours in airships.

(2) Thirty hours of pilot in command flight time in airships or performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship with an authorized instructor aboard, which consists of—

(i) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in airships; and

(ii) 10 hours of night flight time in airships.

(3) Forty hours of instrument time to include—

(i) Instrument training using a view-limiting device for attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems; and

(ii) Twenty hours of instrument flight time, of which 10 hours must be in flight in airships.

(4) 20 hours of flight training in airships on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at least—

(i) Three hours in an airship with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(ii) One hour cross country flight in an airship in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the point of departure; and

(iii) One hour cross country flight in an airship in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the point of departure.

(5) 10 hours of flight training performing the duties of pilot in command with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at least—

(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).

(h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and a balloon class rating must log at least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, which includes at least the following requirements:

(1) 20 hours in balloons;

(2) 10 flights in balloons;

(3) Two flights in balloons as the pilot in command; and

(4) 10 hours of flight training that includes at least 10 training flights with an authorized instructor in balloons on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists of at least—

(i) For a gas balloon—

(A) Two training flights of 2 hours each in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(B) 2 flights performing the duties of pilot in command in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor on the appropriate areas of operation; and

(C) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 5,000 feet above the launch site.

(ii) For a balloon with an airborne heater—

(A) Two training flights of 1 hour each in a balloon with an airborne heater with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(B) Two solo flights in a balloon with an airborne heater on the appropriate areas of operation; and

(C) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch site.

(i) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, an applicant who has not accomplished the training required by this section in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter may:

(i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours toward the total aeronautical experience requirements for an airplane or powered-lift rating, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents that class of airplane or powered-lift category and type, if applicable, appropriate to the rating sought; and

(ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours toward the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section for a helicopter rating, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents a helicopter and type, if applicable, appropriate to the rating sought.

(2) An applicant who has accomplished the training required by this section in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter may:

(i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours toward the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section for an airplane and powered-lift rating, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents that class of airplane or powered-lift category and type, if applicable, appropriate to the rating sought; and

(ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours toward the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section for a helicopter rating, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents a helicopter and type, if applicable, appropriate to the rating sought.

(3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the FAA, an applicant for the commercial pilot certificate with the airplane or powered-lift rating who has completed 190 hours of aeronautical experience is considered to have met the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section, provided the applicant satisfactorily completed an approved commercial pilot course under part 142 of this chapter and the approved course was appropriate to the commercial pilot certificate and aircraft rating sought.

(j) Technically advanced airplane. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a technically advanced airplane must be equipped with an electronically advanced avionics system that includes the following installed components:

(1) An electronic Primary Flight Display (PFD) that includes, at a minimum, an airspeed indicator, turn coordinator, attitude indicator, heading indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator;

(2) An electronic Multifunction Display (MFD) that includes, at a minimum, a moving map using Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation with the aircraft position displayed;

(3) A two axis autopilot integrated with the navigation and heading guidance system; and

(4) The display elements described in paragraphs (j)(1) and (2) of this section must be continuously visible.

§ 61.131

Exceptions to the night flying requirements.

(a) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (b) of this section, a person is not required to comply with the night flight training requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska.

(b) A person who receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this section:

(1) May be issued a pilot certificate with the limitation “night flying prohibited.”

(2) Must comply with the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that period, the certificate will become invalid for use until the person complies with the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart. The person may have the “night flying prohibited” limitation removed if the person—

(i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart; and

(ii) Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment of the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart.

§ 61.133

Commercial pilot privileges and limitations.

(a) Privileges —(1) General. A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft—

(i) Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation; and

(ii) For compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation.

(2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than-air category ratings. A person with a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating may—

(i) For an airship —(A) Give flight and ground training in an airship for the issuance of a certificate or rating;

(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with an airship rating;

(C) Endorse a pilot's logbook for solo operating privileges in an airship;

(D) Act as pilot in command of an airship under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimum prescribed for VFR flight; and

(E) Give flight and ground training and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege or recency-of-experience requirements of this part.

(ii) For a balloon —(A) Give flight and ground training in a balloon for the issuance of a certificate or rating;

(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with a balloon rating;

(C) Endorse a pilot's logbook for solo operating privileges in a balloon; and

(D) Give ground and flight training and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege, or recency-of-experience requirements of this part.

(b) Limitations. (1) A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category or powered-lift category rating and does not hold an instrument rating in the same category and class will be issued a commercial pilot certificate that contains the limitation, “The carriage of passengers for hire in (airplanes) (powered-lifts) on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles or at night is prohibited.” The limitation may be removed when the person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in § 61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same category and class of aircraft listed on the person's commercial pilot certificate.

(2) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne heater—

(i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater.

(ii) The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.

(3) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon—

(i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a gas balloon.

(ii) The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater.

§§ 61.135-61.141

§ 61.151

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of airline transport pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.153

Eligibility requirements: General.

To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person must:

(a) Meet the following age requirements:

(1) For an airline transport pilot certificate obtained under the aeronautical experience requirements of §§ 61.159, 61.161, or 61.163, be at least 23 years of age; or

(2) For an airline transport pilot certificate obtained under the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.160, be at least 21 years of age.

(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft;

(c) Be of good moral character;

(d) Meet at least one of the following requirements:

(1) Holds a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating issued under this part;

(2) Meet the military experience requirements under § 61.73 of this part to qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, and an instrument rating if the person is a rated military pilot or former rated military pilot of an Armed Force of the United States; or

(3) Holds either a foreign airline transport pilot license with instrument privileges, or a foreign commercial pilot license with an instrument rating, that—

(i) Was issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; and

(ii) Contains no geographical limitations.

(e) For an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating, receive a graduation certificate from an authorized training provider certifying completion of the airline transport pilot certification training program specified in § 61.156 before applying for the knowledge test required by paragraph (g) of this section;

(f) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;

(g) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;

(h) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation listed in § 61.157(e) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(i) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

§ 61.155

Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. The knowledge test for an airline transport pilot certificate is based on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (c) of this section that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aircraft type rating. A person who is applying for an additional aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate is not required to pass a knowledge test if that person's airline transport pilot certificate lists the aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate to the type rating sought.

(c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Meteorology, including knowledge of and effects of fronts, frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data;

(3) General system of weather and NOTAM collection, dissemination, interpretation, and use;

(4) Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, abbreviations, and symbols;

(5) National Weather Service functions as they pertain to operations in the National Airspace System;

(6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and avoidance;

(7) Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological conditions in the National Airspace System;

(8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities as they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar operations, and instrument departure and approach procedures;

(9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and computations, and their effect on aircraft performance;

(10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft's flight characteristics and performance in normal and abnormal flight regimes;

(11) Human factors;

(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;

(13) Crew resource management to include crew communication and coordination; and

(14) For an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating, the content of the airline transport pilot certification training program in § 61.156.

§ 61.156

Training requirements: Airplane category—multiengine class or multiengine airplane type rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certificate.

A person who applies for the knowledge test for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating must present a graduation certificate from an authorized training provider under part 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter certifying the applicant has completed the following training in a course approved by the Administrator.

(a) Academic training. The applicant for the knowledge test must receive at least 30 hours of classroom instruction that includes the following:

(1) At least 8 hours of instruction on aerodynamics including high altitude operations;

(2) At least 2 hours of instruction on meteorology, including adverse weather phenomena and weather detection systems; and

(3) At least 14 hours of instruction on air carrier operations, including the following areas:

(i) Physiology;

(ii) Communications;

(iii) Checklist philosophy;

(iv) Operational control;

(v) Minimum equipment list/configuration deviation list;

(vi) Ground operations;

(vii) Turbine engines;

(viii) Transport category aircraft performance;

(ix) Automation, navigation, and flight path warning systems.

(4) At least 6 hours of instruction on leadership, professional development, crew resource management, and safety culture.

(b) FSTD training. The applicant for the knowledge test must receive at least 10 hours of training in a flight simulation training device qualified under part 60 of this chapter that represents a multiengine turbine airplane. The training must include the following:

(1) At least 6 hours of training in a Level C or higher full flight simulator qualified under part 60 of this chapter that represents a multiengine turbine airplane with a maximum takeoff weight of 40,000 pounds or greater. The training must include the following areas:

(i) Low energy states/stalls;

(ii) Upset recovery techniques; and

(iii) Adverse weather conditions, including icing, thunderstorms, and crosswinds with gusts.

(2) The remaining FSTD training may be completed in a Level 4 or higher flight simulation training device. The training must include the following areas:

(i) Navigation including flight management systems; and

(ii) Automation including autoflight.

(c) Deviation authority. The Administrator may issue deviation authority from the weight requirement in paragraph (b)(1) of this section upon a determination that the objectives of the training can be met in an alternative device.

§ 61.157

Flight proficiency.

(a) General. (1) The practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate is given for—

(i) An airplane category and single engine class rating.

(ii) An airplane category and multiengine class rating.

(iii) A rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating.

(iv) A powered-lift category rating.

(v) An aircraft type rating.

(2) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot practical test must meet—

(i) The eligibility requirements of § 61.153; and

(ii) The aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aircraft type rating. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a person who applies for an aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate or applies for a type rating to be concurrently completed with an airline transport pilot certificate:

(1) Must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation under this section that apply to the aircraft type rating;

(2) Must receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor that certifies the applicant completed the training on the areas of operation listed under paragraph (e) of this section that apply to the aircraft type rating; and

(3) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions, except as provided under paragraph (g) of this section.

(c) Exceptions. A person who applies for an aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate or an aircraft type rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certificate, and who is an employee of a certificate holder operating under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, does not need to comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section if the applicant presents a training record that shows completion of that certificate holder's approved training program for the aircraft type rating.

(d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type rating(s) and limitations on a pilot certificate of an applicant who completes an airline transport pilot practical test will be included at the airline transport pilot certification level, provided the applicant passes the practical test in the same category and class of aircraft for which the applicant holds the type rating(s).

(e) Areas of Operation. A practical test will include normal and abnormal procedures, as applicable, within the areas of operation for practical tests for an airplane category and powered-lift category rating. (1) For an airplane category—single engine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Takeoffs and Landings;

(iv) In-flight maneuvers;

(v) Stall Prevention;

(vi) Instrument procedures;

(vii) Emergency operations; and

(viii) Postflight procedures.

(2) For an airplane category—multiengine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Takeoffs and Landings;

(iv) In-flight maneuvers;

(v) Stall Prevention.

(vi) Instrument procedures;

(vii) Emergency operations; and

(viii) Postflight procedures.

(3) For a powered-lift category rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Takeoffs and Departure phase;

(iv) In-flight maneuvers;

(v) Instrument procedures;

(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;

(vii) Emergency operations; and

(viii) Postflight procedures.

(4) For a rotorcraft category—helicopter class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;

(iv) In-flight maneuvers;

(v) Instrument procedures;

(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;

(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;

(viii) Emergency procedures; and

(ix) Postflight procedures.

(f) Proficiency and competency checks conducted under part 121, part 135, or subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful completion of any of the following checks satisfies the flight proficiency requirements of this section for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate and/or the appropriate aircraft rating:

(i) A proficiency check under § 121.441 of this chapter.

(ii) Both a competency check under § 135.293(a)(2) and § 135.293(b) of this chapter and pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under § 135.297 of this chapter.

(iii) Both a competency check under § 91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under § 91.1069 of this chapter.

(2) The checks specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section must be conducted by one of the following:

(i) An FAA Aviation Safety Inspector.

(ii) An Aircrew Program Designee who is authorized to perform proficiency and/or competency checks for the air carrier whose approved training program has been satisfactorily completed by the pilot applicant.

(iii) A Training Center Evaluator with appropriate certification authority who is also authorized to perform the portions of the competency and/or proficiency checks required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section for the air carrier whose approved training program has been satisfactorily completed by the pilot applicant.

(g) Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and procedures. An applicant may add a type rating to an airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft that is not capable of the instrument maneuvers and procedures required on the practical test under the following circumstances—

(1) The rating is limited to “VFR only.”

(2) The type rating is added to an airline transport pilot certificate that has instrument privileges in that category and class of aircraft.

(3) The “VFR only” limitation may be removed for that aircraft type after the applicant:

(i) Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft on the appropriate instrument maneuvers and procedures in § 61.157; or

(ii) Becomes qualified in § 61.73(d) for that type of aircraft.

(h) Multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station. An applicant for a type rating, at the ATP certification level, in a multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that multiengine airplane.

(i) Single engine airplane with a single-pilot station. An applicant for a type rating, at the ATP certification level, in a single engine airplane with a single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that single engine airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that single engine airplane.

(j) Waiver authority. An Examiner who conducts a practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided waiver authority.

§ 61.158

§ 61.159

Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section, a person who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category and class rating must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:

(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time.

(2) 100 hours of night flight time.

(3) 50 hours of flight time in the class of airplane for the rating sought. A maximum of 25 hours of training in a full flight simulator representing the class of airplane for the rating sought may be credited toward the flight time requirement of this paragraph if the training was accomplished as part of an approved training course in parts 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter. A flight training device or aviation training device may not be used to satisfy this requirement.

(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time, in actual or simulated instrument conditions, subject to the following:

(i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant may not receive credit for more than a total of 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a full flight simulator or flight training device.

(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a full flight simulator or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the training was accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(iii) Training in a full flight simulator or flight training device must be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device, representing an airplane.

(5) 250 hours of flight time in an airplane as a pilot in command, or as second in command performing the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, subject to the following:

(i) The flight time requirement must include at least—

(A) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and

(B) 25 hours of night flight time.

(ii) Except for a person who has been removed from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S. military pilot or former U.S. military pilot who meets the requirements of § 61.73(b)(1), or a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation who meets the requirements of § 61.73(c)(1), may credit flight time in a powered-lift aircraft operated in horizontal flight toward the flight time requirement.

(6) Not more than 100 hours of the total aeronautical experience requirements of paragraph (a) of this section or § 61.160 may be obtained in a full flight simulator or flight training device provided the device represents an airplane and the aeronautical experience was accomplished as part of an approved training course in parts 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter.

(b) A person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night takeoff and landing to a full stop for 1 hour of night flight time to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this section; however, not more than 25 hours of night flight time may be credited in this manner.

(c) A commercial pilot may log second-in-command pilot time toward the aeronautical experience requirements of paragraph (a) of this section and the aeronautical experience requirements in § 61.160, provided the pilot is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 135 of this chapter and the second-in-command pilot time is obtained in operations conducted for the certificate holder under part 91 or 135 of this chapter when a second pilot is not required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, and the following requirements are met—

(1) The experience must be accomplished as part of a second-in-command professional development program approved by the Administrator under § 135.99 of this chapter;

(2) The flight operation must be conducted in accordance with the certificate holder's operations specification for the second-in-command professional development program;

(3) The pilot in command of the operation must certify in the pilot's logbook that the second-in-command pilot time was accomplished under this section; and

(4) The pilot time may not be logged as pilot-in-command time even when the pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls and may not be used to meet the aeronautical experience requirements in paragraph (a)(5) of this section.

(d) A commercial pilot may log the following flight engineer flight time toward the 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot required by paragraph (a) of this section and the total time as a pilot required by § 61.160:

(1) Flight-engineer time, provided the time—

(i) Is acquired in an airplane required to have a flight engineer by the airplane's flight manual or type certificate;

(ii) Is acquired while engaged in operations under part 121 of this chapter for which a flight engineer is required;

(iii) Is acquired while the person is participating in a pilot training program approved under part 121 of this chapter; and

(iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour for each 3 hours of flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours.

(2) Flight-engineer time, provided the flight time—

(i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed Forces' flight engineer crewmember in an airplane that requires a flight engineer crewmember by the flight manual;

(ii) Is acquired while the person is participating in a flight engineer crewmember training program for the U.S. Armed Forces; and

(iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each 3 hours of flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours.

(e) An applicant who credits time under paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section and § 61.51(f)(4) is issued an airline transport pilot certificate with the limitation “Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO,” as prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

(f) An applicant is entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under paragraph (e) of this section when the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of having met the ICAO requirements under paragraph (e) of this section and otherwise meets the aeronautical experience requirements of this section.

§ 61.160

Aeronautical experience—airplane category restricted privileges.

(a) Except for a person who has been removed from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S. military pilot or former U.S. military pilot may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 750 hours of total time as a pilot if the pilot presents:

(1) An official Form DD-214 (Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty) indicating that the person was honorably discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces or an official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the pilot is currently serving in the U.S. Armed Forces; and

(2) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the person graduated from a U.S. Armed Forces undergraduate pilot training school and received a rating qualification as a military pilot.

(b) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 1,000 hours of total time as a pilot if the person:

(1) Holds a Bachelor's degree with an aviation major from an institution of higher education, as defined in § 61.1, that has been issued a letter of authorization by the Administrator under § 61.169;

(2) Completes 60 semester credit hours of aviation and aviation-related coursework that has been recognized by the Administrator as coursework designed to improve and enhance the knowledge and skills of a person seeking a career as a professional pilot;

(3) Holds a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and instrument rating if:

(i) The required ground training was completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education; and

(ii) The required flight training was completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education or at a part 141 pilot school that has a training agreement under § 141.26 of this chapter with the institution of higher education; and

(4) Presents official transcripts or other documentation acceptable to the Administrator from the institution of higher education certifying that the graduate has satisfied the requirements in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section.

(c) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 1,250 hours of total time as a pilot if the person:

(1) Holds an Associate's degree with an aviation major from an institution of higher education, as defined in § 61.1, that has been issued a letter of authorization by the Administrator under § 61.169;

(2) Completes at least 30 semester credit hours of aviation and aviation-related coursework that has been recognized by the Administrator as coursework designed to improve and enhance the knowledge and skills of a person seeking a career as a professional pilot;

(3) Holds a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and instrument rating if:

(i) The required ground training was completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education; and

(ii) The required flight training was completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education or at a part 141 pilot school that has a written training agreement under § 141.26 of this chapter with the institution of higher education; and

(4) Presents official transcripts or other documentation acceptable to the Administrator from the institution of higher education certifying that the graduate has satisfied the requirements in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section.

(d) A graduate of an institution of higher education who completes fewer than 60 semester credit hours but at least 30 credit hours and otherwise satisfies the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 1,250 hours of total time as a pilot.

(e) A person who applies for an airline transport pilot certificate under the total flight times listed in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this section must otherwise meet the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159, except that the person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with 200 hours of cross-country flight time.

(f) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating if the person has 1,500 hours total time as a pilot, 200 hours of cross-country flight time, and otherwise meets the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159.

(g) An airline transport pilot certificate obtained under this section is subject to the pilot in command limitations set forth in § 61.167(b) and must contain the following limitation, “Restricted in accordance with 14 CFR 61.167.” The pilot is entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the limitation specified in this paragraph when the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of having met the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 and the age requirement of § 61.153(a)(1).

(h) An applicant who meets the aeronautical experience requirements of paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this section is issued an airline transport pilot certificate with the limitation, “Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO,” as prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation if the applicant does not meet the ICAO requirements contained in Annex 1 “Personnel Licensing” to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. An applicant is entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under this paragraph when the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of having met the ICAO requirements and otherwise meets the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159.

§ 61.161

Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating.

(a) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating, must have at least 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:

(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;

(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of which 15 hours are in helicopters;

(3) 200 hours of flight time in helicopters, which includes at least 75 hours as a pilot in command, or as second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof; and

(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated instrument meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are obtained in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as a pilot in command, or as second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof.

(b) Training in a full flight simulator or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section, subject to the following:

(1) Training in a full flight simulator or a flight training device must be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents a rotorcraft.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, an applicant may receive credit for not more than a total of 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a full flight simulator and flight training device.

(3) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a full flight simulator or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the aeronautical experience is accomplished in an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(c) Flight time logged under § 61.159(c) may be counted toward the 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot required by paragraph (a) of this section and the flight time requirements of paragraphs (a)(1), (2), and (4) of this section, except for the specific helicopter flight time requirements.

(d) An applicant who credits time under paragraph (c) of this section and § 61.51(f)(4) is issued an airline transport pilot certificate with the limitation “Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO,” as prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

(e) An applicant is entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under paragraph (d) of this section when the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of having met the ICAO requirements under paragraph (d) of this section and otherwise meets the aeronautical experience requirements of this section.

§ 61.163

Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category rating.

(a) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:

(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;

(2) 100 hours of night flight time;

(3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a pilot in command, or as a second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, which includes at least—

(i) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and

(ii) 25 hours of night flight time.

(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated instrument conditions, subject to the following:

(i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant may not receive credit for more than a total of 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a flight simulator or flight training device.

(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the training was accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(iii) Training in a flight simulator or flight training device must be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device that represents a powered-lift.

(b) Not more than 100 hours of the total aeronautical experience requirements of paragraph (a) of this section may be obtained in a flight simulator or flight training device that represents a powered-lift, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained in an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

§ 61.165

Additional aircraft category and class ratings.

(a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating. A person applying for an airline transport certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with another aircraft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153 of this part;

(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) of this part;

(3) Comply with the requirements in § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.161 of this part; and

(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(4) of this part.

(b) Airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating. A person applying for an airline transport certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with another aircraft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153 of this part;

(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) of this part;

(3) Comply with the requirements in § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 of this part; and

(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(1) of this part.

(c) Airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating. A person applying for an airline transport certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating who holds an airline transport certificate with another aircraft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153 of this part;

(2) Successfully complete the airline transport pilot certification training program specified in § 61.156;

(3) Pass a knowledge test for an airplane category multiengine class rating or type rating on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c);

(4) Comply with the requirements in § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(5) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 or § 61.160; and

(6) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(2) of this part.

(d) Powered-lift category. A person applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating who holds an airline transport certificate with another aircraft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153 of this part;

(2) Pass a required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) of this part;

(3) Comply with the requirements in § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.163 of this part; and

(5) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(3) of this part.

(e) Additional class rating within the same aircraft category. Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, a person applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with an additional class rating who holds an airline transport certificate in the same aircraft category must—

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153, except paragraph (g) of that section;

(2) Comply with the requirements in § 61.157(b) of this part, if applicable;

(3) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of subpart G of this part; and

(4) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e) appropriate to the aircraft rating sought.

(f) Adding a multiengine class rating to an airline transport pilot certificate with a single engine class rating. A person applying to add a multiengine class rating, or a multiengine class rating concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating, to an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category single engine class rating must—

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153;

(2) Pass a required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c), as applicable to multiengine airplanes;

(3) Comply with the requirements in § 61.157(b), if applicable;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159; and

(5) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(2).

(g) Category class ratings for the operation of aircraft with experimental certificates. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section, a person holding an airline transport certificate may apply for a category and class rating limited to a specific make and model of experimental aircraft, provided—

(1) The person has logged at least 5 hours flight time while acting as pilot in command in the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft that has been issued an experimental certificate;

(2) The person has received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has determined that he or she is proficient to act as pilot in command of the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft for which application is made; and

(3) The flight time specified in paragraph (g)(1) of this section must be logged between September 1, 2004 and August 31, 2005.

§ 61.167

Airline transport pilot privileges and limitations.

(a) Privileges. (1) A person who holds an airline transport pilot certificate is entitled to the same privileges as a person who holds a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating.

(2) A person who holds an airline transport pilot certificate and has met the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 or § 61.161, and the age requirements of § 61.153(a)(1) of this part may instruct—

(i) Other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft of the category, class, and type, as applicable, for which the airline transport pilot is rated and endorse the logbook or other training record of the person to whom training has been given;

(ii) In flight simulators, and flight training devices representing the aircraft referenced in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, when instructing under the provisions of this section and endorse the logbook or other training record of the person to whom training has been given;

(iii) Only as provided in this section, except that an airline transport pilot who also holds a flight instructor certificate can exercise the instructor privileges under subpart H of this part for which he or she is rated; and

(iv) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft has functioning dual controls, when instructing under the provisions of this section.

(3) Excluding briefings and debriefings, an airline transport pilot may not instruct in aircraft, flight simulators, and flight training devices under this section—

(i) For more than 8 hours in any 24-consecutive-hour period; or

(ii) For more than 36 hours in any 7-consecutive-day period.

(4) An airline transport pilot may not instruct in Category II or Category III operations unless he or she has been trained and successfully tested under Category II or Category III operations, as applicable.

(b) Limitations. A person who holds an airline transport pilot certificate and has not satisfied the age requirement of § 61.153(a)(1) and the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.159 may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command in operations conducted under part 121, § 91.1053(a)(2)(i), or § 135.243(a)(1) of this chapter, or

(2) Serve as second in command in flag or supplemental operations in part 121 of this chapter requiring three or more pilots.

§ 61.169

Letters of authorization for institutions of higher education.

(a) An institution of higher education that is accredited, as defined in § 61.1, may apply for a letter of authorization for the purpose of certifying its graduates for an airline transport pilot certificate under the academic and aeronautical experience requirements in § 61.160. The application must be in a form and manner acceptable to the Administrator.

(b) An institution of higher education must comply with the provisions of the letter of authorization and may not certify a graduate unless it determines that the graduate has satisfied the requirements of § 61.160, as appropriate.

(c) The Administrator may rescind or amend a letter of authorization if the Administrator determines that the institution of higher education is not complying or is unable to comply with the provisions of the letter of authorization.

§§ 61.170-69.171

§ 61.181

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of flight instructor certificates and ratings (except for flight instructor certificates with a sport pilot rating), the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations on those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.183

Eligibility requirements.

To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate or rating a person must:

(a) Be at least 18 years of age;

(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's flight instructor certificate as are necessary;

(c) Hold either a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with:

(1) An aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; and

(2) An instrument rating, or privileges on that person's pilot certificate that are appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought, if applying for—

(i) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating;

(ii) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating;

(iii) A flight instructor certificate with a powered-lift rating; or

(iv) A flight instructor certificate with an instrument rating.

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor on the fundamentals of instructing listed in § 61.185 of this part appropriate to the required knowledge test;

(e) Pass a knowledge test on the areas listed in § 61.185(a)(1) of this part, unless the applicant:

(1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part;

(2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or

(3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.

(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that are appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;

(g) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in § 61.187(b) of this part, appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;

(h) Pass the required practical test that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought in an:

(1) Aircraft that is representative of the category and class of aircraft for the aircraft rating sought; or

(2) Flight simulator or approved flight training device that is representative of the category and class of aircraft for the rating sought, and used in accordance with a course at a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(i) Accomplish the following for a flight instructor certificate with an airplane or a glider rating:

(1) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor indicating that the applicant is competent and possesses instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures after providing the applicant with flight training in those training areas in an airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins; and

(2) Demonstrate instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures. However, upon presentation of the endorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) of this section an examiner may accept that endorsement as satisfactory evidence of instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures for the practical test, provided that the practical test is not a retest as a result of the applicant failing the previous test for deficiencies in the knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures. If the retest is a result of deficiencies in the ability of an applicant to demonstrate knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures, the examiner must test the person on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional procedures in an airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins;

(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; and

(k) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to the flight instructor rating sought.

§ 61.185

Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) A person who is applying for a flight instructor certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the fundamentals of instructing, including:

(i) The learning process;

(ii) Elements of effective teaching;

(iii) Student evaluation and testing;

(iv) Course development;

(v) Lesson planning; and

(vi) Classroom training techniques.

(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas for a recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificate applicable to the aircraft category for which flight instructor privileges are sought; and

(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas for the instrument rating applicable to the category for which instrument flight instructor privileges are sought.

(b) The following applicants do not need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section:

(1) The holder of a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part;

(2) The holder of a current teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or

(3) A person employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.

§ 61.187

Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who is applying for a flight instructor certificate must receive and log flight and ground training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in this section that apply to the flight instructor rating sought. The applicant's logbook must contain an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is proficient to pass a practical test on those areas of operation.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight;

(ix) Performance maneuvers;

(x) Ground reference maneuvers;

(xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;

(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(xiii) Emergency operations; and

(xiv) Postflight procedures.

(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight;

(ix) Performance maneuvers;

(x) Ground reference maneuvers;

(xi) Slow flight and stalls;

(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(xiii) Emergency operations;

(xiv) Multiengine operations; and

(xv) Postflight procedures.

(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport and heliport operations;

(vii) Hovering maneuvers;

(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(ix) Fundamentals of flight;

(x) Performance maneuvers;

(xi) Emergency operations;

(xii) Special operations; and

(xiii) Postflight procedures.

(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport operations;

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight;

(ix) Performance maneuvers;

(x) Flight at slow airspeeds;

(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(xii) Emergency operations; and

(xiii) Postflight procedures.

(5) For a powered-lift category rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport and heliport operations;

(vii) Hovering maneuvers;

(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(ix) Fundamentals of flight;

(x) Performance maneuvers;

(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(xii) Slow flight and stalls;

(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(xiv) Emergency operations;

(xv) Special operations; and

(xvi) Postflight procedures.

(6) For a glider category rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport and gliderport operations;

(vii) Launches and landings;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight;

(ix) Performance speeds;

(x) Soaring techniques;

(xi) Performance maneuvers;

(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;

(xiii) Emergency operations; and

(xiv) Postflight procedures.

(7) For an instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft category and class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;

(iii) Preflight preparation;

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;

(v) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;

(vi) Flight by reference to instruments;

(vii) Navigation aids;

(viii) Instrument approach procedures;

(ix) Emergency operations; and

(x) Postflight procedures.

(c) The flight training required by this section may be accomplished:

(1) In an aircraft that is representative of the category and class of aircraft for the rating sought; or

(2) In a flight simulator or flight training device representative of the category and class of aircraft for the rating sought, and used in accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

§ 61.189

Flight instructor records.

(a) A flight instructor must sign the logbook of each person to whom that instructor has given flight training or ground training.

(b) A flight instructor must maintain a record in a logbook or a separate document that contains the following:

(1) The name of each person whose logbook that instructor has endorsed for solo flight privileges, and the date of the endorsement; and

(2) The name of each person that instructor has endorsed for a knowledge test or practical test, and the record shall also indicate the kind of test, the date, and the results.

(c) Each flight instructor must retain the records required by this section for at least 3 years.

§ 61.191

Additional flight instructor ratings.

(a) A person who applies for an additional flight instructor rating on a flight instructor certificate must meet the eligibility requirements listed in § 61.183 of this part that apply to the flight instructor rating sought.

(b) A person who applies for an additional rating on a flight instructor certificate is not required to pass the knowledge test on the areas listed in § 61.185(a)(1) of this part.

§ 61.193

Flight instructor privileges.

(a) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is authorized within the limitations of that person's flight instructor certificate and ratings to conduct ground training, flight training, certain checking events, and to issue endorsements related to:

(1) A student pilot certificate;

(2) A pilot certificate;

(3) A flight instructor certificate;

(4) A ground instructor certificate;

(5) An aircraft rating;

(6) An instrument rating;

(7) A flight review, operating privilege, or recency of experience requirement of this part, or training to maintain or improve the skills of a certificated pilot;

(8) A practical test; and

(9) A knowledge test.

(b) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is authorized, in a form and manner acceptable to the Administrator, to:

(1) Accept an application for a student pilot certificate or, for an applicant who holds a pilot certificate (other than a student pilot certificate) issued under part 61 of this chapter and meets the flight review requirements specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating;

(2) Verify the identity of the applicant; and

(3) Verify that an applicant for a student pilot certificate meets the eligibility requirements in § 61.83 or an applicant for a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating meets the eligibility requirements in § 107.61 of this chapter.

(c) The privileges authorized in this section do not permit a person who holds a flight instructor certificate to conduct operations that would otherwise require an air carrier or operating certificate or specific authorization from the Administrator.

§ 61.195

Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.

A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is subject to the following limitations:

(a) Hours of training. In any 24-consecutive-hour period, a flight instructor may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training.

(b) Aircraft ratings. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a flight instructor may not conduct flight training in any aircraft unless the flight instructor:

(1) Holds a flight instructor certificate with the applicable category and class rating;

(2) Holds a pilot certificate with the applicable category and class rating; and

(3) Meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section, if applicable.

(c) Instrument rating. A flight instructor may conduct instrument training for the issuance of an instrument rating, a type rating not limited to VFR, or the instrument training required for commercial pilot and airline transport pilot certificates if the following requirements are met:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the flight instructor must hold an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft used for the instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and—

(i) Meet the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; or

(ii) Hold a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class ratings for the aircraft in which the instrument training is conducted provided the pilot receiving instrument training holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft in which the instrument training is being conducted.

(2) If the flight instructor is conducting the instrument training in a multiengine airplane, the flight instructor must hold an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft used for the instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate and meet the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.

(d) Limitations on endorsements. A flight instructor may not endorse a:

(1) Student pilot's logbook for solo flight privileges, unless that flight instructor has—

(i) Given that student the flight training required for solo flight privileges required by this part; and

(ii) Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the flight safely under known circumstances, subject to any limitations listed in the student's logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the safety of the flight.

(2) Student pilot's logbook for a solo cross-country flight, unless that flight instructor has determined the student's flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures are adequate for the proposed flight under the existing conditions and within any limitations listed in the logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the safety of the flight;

(3) Student pilot's logbook for solo flight in a Class B airspace area or at an airport within Class B airspace unless that flight instructor has—

(i) Given that student ground and flight training in that Class B airspace or at that airport; and

(ii) Determined that the student is proficient to operate the aircraft safely.

(4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, unless that flight instructor has—

(i) Given that pilot the ground and flight training required by this part; and

(ii) Determined that the recreational pilot is proficient to operate the aircraft safely.

(5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless that instructor has conducted a review of that pilot in accordance with the requirements of § 61.56(a) of this part; or

(6) Logbook of a pilot for an instrument proficiency check, unless that instructor has tested that pilot in accordance with the requirements of § 61.57(d) of this part.

(e) Training in an aircraft that requires a type rating. A flight instructor may not give flight instruction, including instrument training, in an aircraft that requires the pilot in command to hold a type rating unless the flight instructor holds a type rating for that aircraft on his or her pilot certificate.

(f) Training received in a multiengine airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift. A flight instructor may not give training required for the issuance of a certificate or rating in a multiengine airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift unless that flight instructor has at least 5 flight hours of pilot-in-command time in the specific make and model of multiengine airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift, as appropriate.

(g) Position in aircraft and required pilot stations for providing flight training. (1) A flight instructor must perform all training from in an aircraft that complies with the requirements of § 91.109 of this chapter.

(2) A flight instructor who provides flight training for a pilot certificate or rating issued under this part must provide that flight training in an aircraft that meets the following requirements—

(i) The aircraft must have at least two pilot stations and be of the same category, class, and type, if appropriate, that applies to the pilot certificate or rating sought.

(ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre-solo flight training must have been provided in an aircraft that has two pilot stations and is of the same category, class, and type, if appropriate.

(h) Qualifications to provide ground or flight training to initial flight instructor applicants —(1) Ground training. The ground training provided to an initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must be given by an authorized instructor who—

(i) Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate with the appropriate rating, has held that certificate for at least 24 calendar months, and has given at least 40 hours of ground training; or

(ii) Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate with the appropriate rating, and has given at least 100 hours of ground training in an FAA-approved course.

(2) Flight training. A flight instructor who provides flight training to an initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must meet the eligibility requirements prescribed in § 61.183; hold the appropriate flight instructor certificate and rating; meet the requirements of the part under which the flight training is provided; and meet one of the following requirements—

(i) Have held a flight instructor certificate for at least 24 calendar months; and

(A) For training in preparation for an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, have given at least 200 hours of flight training as a flight instructor; or

(B) For training in preparation for a glider rating, have given at least 80 hours of flight training as a flight instructor;

(ii) Have trained and endorsed, during the preceding 24 calendar months, at least five applicants for a practical test for a pilot certificate or rating, and at least 80 percent of all applicants endorsed in that period passed that test on their first attempt; or

(iii) After completing the flight training requirements in paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) or (B) of this section, as appropriate, have graduated from an FAA-approved flight instructor enhanced qualification training program that satisfies the requirements specified in paragraph (h)(3) of this section.

(3) Flight instructor enhanced qualification training program. A flight instructor enhanced qualification training program must be approved and conducted under part 141 or 142 of this chapter, and meet the following requirements-

(i) The ground training must include at least 25 hours of instruction that includes the following subjects:

(A) Flight instructor responsibilities, functions, lesson planning, and risk management, including how to instruct an initial flight instructor applicant on these subjects.

(B) Teaching methods, procedures, and techniques applicable to instructing an initial flight instructor applicant.

(C) Methods of proper evaluation of an initial flight instructor applicant to detect improper and insufficient transfer of instructional knowledge, training, and performance of the initial flight instructor applicant.

(D) Corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.

(ii) The flight training must include at least 10 hours of training that includes the following areas:

(A) Scenario-based training to develop the flight instructor's ability to instruct an initial flight instructor applicant how to satisfactorily perform the procedures and maneuvers while giving effective flight training.

(B) Instructional knowledge and proficiency to teach an initial flight instructor applicant in abnormal and emergency procedures, which must include stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures, if applicable to the category and class of aircraft used in the flight instructor enhanced qualification training program.

(C) Risk management and potential results of improper, untimely, or non-execution of safety measures critical to flight training.

(D) Methods of proper evaluation of an initial flight instructor applicant to detect improper and insufficient transfer of instructional knowledge, training, and performance of the initial flight instructor applicant.

(E) Corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.

(F) Methods to detect personal characteristics of an initial flight instructor applicant that could adversely affect safety.

(iii) Each flight instructor enrolled in the flight instructor enhanced qualification training program must satisfactorily complete an end-of-course written test specific to the ground training subjects in paragraph (h)(3)(i) of this section and an end-of-course instructional proficiency flight test specific to the flight training areas in paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section.

(iv) A full flight simulator or flight training device may be used to meet the flight training requirements of paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section. The FFS or FTD must be—

(A) Qualified and maintained in accordance with part 60 of this chapter, or a previously qualified device as permitted in accordance with § 60.17 of this chapter;

(B) Approved by the Administrator pursuant to § 61.4(a); and

(C) Used in accordance with the part under which the FAA-approved course is conducted.

(v) A maximum of 5 hours of training received in an advanced aviation training device may be used to meet the flight training requirements of paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section for part 141 flight instructor enhanced qualification training programs. The advanced aviation training device must be-

(A) Approved by the Administrator pursuant to § 61.4(c); and

(B) Used in accordance with part 141 of this chapter.

(vi) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve, as an instructor of the flight instructor enhanced qualification training program unless the instructor holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate and meets one of the following qualifications:

(A) Serves as a chief instructor or assistant chief instructor in a part 141 pilot school;

(B) Serves as a training center program manager or assistant training center program manager of a part 142 training center; or

(C) Meets the qualifications of an assistant chief instructor, pursuant to § 141.36(d).

(vii) A part 141 pilot school or part 142 training center must issue a graduation certificate to each flight instructor who successfully completes the flight instructor enhanced qualification training program.

(i) Prohibition against self-endorsements. A flight instructor shall not make any self-endorsement for a certificate, rating, flight review, authorization, operating privilege, practical test, or knowledge test that is required by this part.

(j) Additional qualifications required to give training in Category II or Category III operations. A flight instructor may not give training in Category II or Category III operations unless the flight instructor has been trained and tested in Category II or Category III operations, pursuant to § 61.67 or § 61.68 of this part, as applicable.

(k) Training for night vision goggle operations. A flight instructor may not conduct training for night vision goggle operations unless the flight instructor:

(1) Has a pilot and flight instructor certificate with the applicable category and class rating for the training;

(2) If appropriate, has a type rating on his or her pilot certificate for the aircraft;

(3) Is pilot in command qualified for night vision goggle operations, in accordance with § 61.31(k);

(4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle operations as the sole manipulator of the controls;

(5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle operations as the sole manipulator of the controls in the category and class, and type of aircraft, if aircraft class and type is appropriate, that the training will be given in;

(6) Is qualified to act as pilot in command in night vision goggle operations under § 61.57(f) or (g); and

(7) Has a logbook endorsement from an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a person who is authorized by the FAA to provide that logbook endorsement that states the flight instructor is authorized to perform the night vision goggle pilot in command qualification and recent flight experience requirements under § 61.31(k) and § 61.57(f) and (g).

(l) Training on control and maneuvering an aircraft solely by reference to the instruments. A flight instructor may conduct flight training on control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to the flight instruments, provided the flight instructor—

(1) Holds a flight instructor certificate with the applicable category and class rating; or

(2) Holds an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft used for the training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and holds a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class ratings for the aircraft in which the training is conducted provided the pilot receiving the training holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is being conducted.

§ 61.197

Recent experience requirements for flight instructor certification.

(a) A person may exercise the privileges of the person's flight instructor certificate only if, within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person has satisfied one of the recent experience requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section. The 24 calendar month period during which the flight instructor must establish recent experience shall start from one of the following—

(1) The month the FAA issued the flight instructor certificate;

(2) The month the recent experience requirements of paragraph (b) of this section are accomplished; or

(3) The last month of the flight instructor's current recent experience period provided the recent experience requirements of paragraph (b) of this section are accomplished within the 3 calendar months preceding the last month of the certificate holder's current recent experience period.

(b) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate may establish recent experience by satisfying one of the following requirements—

(1) Passing a practical test for—

(i) One of the ratings listed on the flight instructor certificate; or

(ii) An additional flight instructor rating; or

(2) Satisfactorily completing one of the following recent experience requirements, and submitting documentation of such in a form and manner acceptable to the Administrator—

(i) During the preceding 24 calendar months, the flight instructor has endorsed at least 5 applicants for a practical test for a certificate or rating and at least 80 percent of all applicants endorsed passed that test on the first attempt.

(ii) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, the flight instructor has served as a company check pilot, chief flight instructor, company check airman, or flight instructor in a part 121 or 135 operation, or in a position involving the regular evaluation of pilots.

(iii) Within the preceding 3 calendar months, the person has successfully completed an approved flight instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or flight training, or a combination of both.

(iv) Within the preceding 24 calendar months from the month of application, the flight instructor passed an official U.S. Armed Forces military instructor pilot or pilot examiner proficiency check in an aircraft for which the military instructor already holds a rating or in an aircraft for an additional rating.

(v) Within the preceding 24 calendar months from the month of application, the flight instructor has served as a flight instructor in an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program, provided the flight instructor meets the following requirements—

(A) Holds a flight instructor certificate and meets the appropriate flight instructor recent experience requirements of this part;

(B) Has satisfactorily completed at least one phase of an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program in the preceding 12 calendar months; and

(C) Has conducted at least 15 flight activities recognized under the FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program, during which the flight instructor evaluated at least 5 different pilots and has made the necessary endorsements in the logbooks of each pilot for each activity.

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, a person who fails to establish recent experience in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section during the 24 calendar month period specified in paragraph (a) of this section may not exercise flight instructor privileges until those privileges are reinstated in accordance with § 61.199.

(d) The practical test required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device if the test is accomplished pursuant to an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(e) A person who holds an unexpired flight instructor certificate issued before December 1, 2024, may renew that certificate by establishing recent experience in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section prior to the month of expiration on that person's flight instructor certificate. Except as provided in § 61.40, if that person fails to establish recent experience prior to the expiration of that person's flight instructor certificate, that person may not exercise flight instructor privileges until those privileges are reinstated in accordance with § 61.199.

(f) A person who qualifies for the relief prescribed in § 61.40 may establish recent experience in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section, provided the requirements of § 61.40 are met.

§ 61.199

Reinstatement of flight instructor privileges.

(a) Flight instructor privileges. The holder of a flight instructor certificate who has not complied with the flight instructor recent experience requirements of § 61.197 may reinstate their flight instructor privileges by filing a completed and signed application with the FAA and satisfactorily completing one of the following reinstatement requirements:

(1) If 3 calendar months or less have passed since the last month of the flight instructor's recent experience period, the flight instructor may successfully complete an approved flight instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or flight training, or a combination of both, or satisfy one of the requirements specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.

(2) If more than 3 calendar months have passed since the last month of the flight instructor's recent experience period, the flight instructor must satisfactorily complete one of the following:

(i) A flight instructor certification practical test, as prescribed by § 61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on the flight instructor certificate; or

(ii) A flight instructor certification practical test for an additional rating.

(3) For military instructor pilots and pilot examiners, provide a record showing that, within the preceding 6 calendar months from the date of application for reinstatement, the person—

(i) Passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot examiner proficiency check; or

(ii) Completed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot examiner training course and received an additional aircraft qualification as a military instructor pilot or pilot examiner that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought.

(b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate is no longer valid and may not be exchanged for a similar rating or a flight instructor certificate.

(2) The holder of a flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate may be issued a flight instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only if the person passes the required knowledge and practical test prescribed in this subpart for the issuance of the current flight instructor certificate and rating.

§ 61.201

§ 61.211

Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of ground instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.213

Eligibility requirements.

(a) To be eligible for a ground instructor certificate or rating a person must:

(1) Be at least 18 years of age;

(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's ground instructor certificate as are necessary;

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, pass a knowledge test on the fundamentals of instructing to include—

(i) The learning process;

(ii) Elements of effective teaching;

(iii) Student evaluation and testing;

(iv) Course development;

(v) Lesson planning; and

(vi) Classroom training techniques.

(4) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas in—

(i) For a basic ground instructor rating §§ 61.97, 61.105, and 61.309;

(ii) For an advanced ground instructor rating §§ 61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155, and 61.309; and

(iii) For an instrument ground instructor rating, § 61.65.

(b) The knowledge test specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not required if the applicant:

(1) Holds a ground instructor certificate or flight instructor certificate issued under this part;

(2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or

(3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.

§ 61.215

Ground instructor privileges.

(a) A person who holds a basic ground instructor rating is authorized to provide—

(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or associated ratings under this part;

(2) Ground training required for a sport pilot, recreational pilot, and private pilot flight review; and

(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or private pilot certificate under this part.

(b) A person who holds an advanced ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:

(1) Ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of any certificate or rating under this part except for the aeronautical knowledge areas required for an instrument rating.

(2) The ground training required for any flight review except for the training required for an instrument rating.

(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance of any certificate or rating under this part except for an instrument rating.

(c) A person who holds an instrument ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:

(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this part;

(2) Ground training required for an instrument proficiency check; and

(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this part.

(d) A person who holds a ground instructor certificate is authorized, within the limitations of the ratings on the ground instructor certificate, to endorse the logbook or other training record of a person to whom the holder has provided the training or recommendation specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section.

(e) Ground training provided to an initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate may only be provided by an authorized instructor in accordance with § 61.195(h)(1).

§ 61.217

Recent experience requirements.

The holder of a ground instructor certificate may not perform the duties of a ground instructor unless the person can show that one of the following occurred during the preceding 12 calendar months:

(a) Employment or activity as a ground instructor giving pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor training;

(b) Employment or activity as a flight instructor giving pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor ground or flight training;

(c) Completion of an approved flight instructor refresher course and receipt of a graduation certificate for that course; or

(d) An endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person has demonstrated knowledge in the subject areas prescribed under § 61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4), as appropriate.

§ 61.301

What is the purpose of this subpart and to whom does it apply?

(a) This subpart prescribes the following requirements that apply to a sport pilot certificate:

(1) Eligibility.

(2) Aeronautical knowledge.

(3) Flight proficiency.

(4) Aeronautical experience.

(5) Endorsements.

(6) Privileges and limits.

(b) Other provisions of this part apply to the logging of flight time and testing.

(c) This subpart applies to applicants for, and holders of, sport pilot certificates. It also applies to holders of recreational pilot certificates and higher, as provided in § 61.303.

§ 61.303

If I want to operate a light-sport aircraft, what operating limits and endorsement requirements in this subpart must I comply with?

(a) Use the following table to determine what operating limits and endorsement requirements in this subpart, if any, apply to you when you operate a light-sport aircraft. The medical certificate specified in this table must be in compliance with § 61.2 in regards to currency and validity. If you hold a recreational pilot certificate, but not a medical certificate, you must comply with cross country requirements in § 61.101 (c), even if your flight does not exceed 50 nautical miles from your departure airport. You must also comply with requirements in other subparts of this part that apply to your certificate and the operation you conduct.

(b) A person using a U.S. driver's license to meet the requirements of this paragraph must—

(1) Comply with each restriction and limitation imposed by that person's U.S. driver's license and any judicial or administrative order applying to the operation of a motor vehicle;

(2) Have been found eligible for the issuance of at least a third-class airman medical certificate at the time of his or her most recent application (if the person has applied for a medical certificate);

(3) Not have had his or her most recently issued medical certificate (if the person has held a medical certificate) suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and

(4) Not know or have reason to know of any medical condition that would make that person unable to operate a light-sport aircraft in a safe manner.

§ 61.305

What are the age and language requirements for a sport pilot certificate?

(a) To be eligible for a sport pilot certificate you must:

(1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 years old if you are applying to operate a glider or balloon).

(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. If you cannot read, speak, write, and understand English because of medical reasons, the FAA may place limits on your certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of light-sport aircraft.

§ 61.307

What tests do I have to take to obtain a sport pilot certificate?

To obtain a sport pilot certificate, you must pass the following tests:

(a) Knowledge test. You must pass a knowledge test on the applicable aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.309. Before you may take the knowledge test for a sport pilot certificate, you must receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who trained you or reviewed and evaluated your home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.309 certifying you are prepared for the test.

(b) Practical test. You must pass a practical test on the applicable areas of operation listed in §§ 61.309 and 61.311. Before you may take the practical test for a sport pilot certificate, you must receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who provided you with flight training on the areas of operation specified in §§ 61.309 and 61.311 in preparation for the practical test. This endorsement certifies that you meet the applicable aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements and are prepared for the practical test.

§ 61.309

What aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

To apply for a sport pilot certificate you must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the following aeronautical knowledge areas:

(a) Applicable regulations of this chapter that relate to sport pilot privileges, limits, and flight operations.

(b) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board.

(c) Use of the applicable portions of the aeronautical information manual and FAA advisory circulars.

(d) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems, as appropriate.

(e) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts.

(f) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence.

(g) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance.

(h) Weight and balance computations.

(i) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems.

(j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques, as applicable.

(k) Aeronautical decision making and risk management.

(l) Preflight actions that include—

(1) How to get information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(2) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or if you encounter delays.

§ 61.311

What flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

To apply for a sport pilot certificate you must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the following areas of operation, as appropriate, for airplane single-engine land or sea, glider, gyroplane, airship, balloon, powered parachute land or sea, and weight-shift-control aircraft land or sea privileges:

(a) Preflight preparation.

(b) Preflight procedures.

(c) Airport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as applicable.

(d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, and go-arounds.

(e) Performance maneuvers, and for gliders, performance speeds.

(f) Ground reference maneuvers (not applicable to gliders and balloons).

(g) Soaring techniques (applicable only to gliders).

(h) Navigation.

(i) Slow flight (not applicable to lighter-than-air aircraft and powered parachutes).

(j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-than-air aircraft, gyroplanes, and powered parachutes).

(k) Emergency operations.

(l) Post-flight procedures.

§ 61.313

What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

Use the following table to determine the aeronautical experience you must have to apply for a sport pilot certificate:

§ 61.315

What are the privileges and limits of my sport pilot certificate?

(a) If you hold a sport pilot certificate you may act as pilot in command of a light-sport aircraft, except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.

(b) You may share the operating expenses of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees. You must pay at least half the operating expenses of the flight.

(c) You may not act as pilot in command of a light-sport aircraft:

(1) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire.

(2) For compensation or hire.

(3) In furtherance of a business.

(4) While carrying more than one passenger.

(5) At night.

(6) In Class A airspace.

(7) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower unless you have met the requirements specified in § 61.325.

(8) Outside the United States, unless you have prior authorization from the country in which you seek to operate. Your sport pilot certificate carries the limit “Holder does not meet ICAO requirements.”

(9) To demonstrate the aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer if you are an aircraft salesperson.

(10) In a passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a charitable organization.

(11) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher.

(12) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles.

(13) Without visual reference to the surface.

(14) If the aircraft:

(i) Has a V H greater than 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the requirements of § 61.327(b).

(ii) Has a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the requirements of § 61.327(a) or have logged flight time as pilot in command of an airplane with a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010.

(15) Contrary to any operating limitation placed on the airworthiness certificate of the aircraft being flown.

(16) Contrary to any limit on your pilot certificate or airman medical certificate, or any other limit or endorsement from an authorized instructor.

(17) Contrary to any restriction or limitation on your U.S. driver's license or any restriction or limitation imposed by judicial or administrative order when using your driver's license to satisfy a requirement of this part.

(18) While towing any object.

(19) As a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted.

§ 61.317

Is my sport pilot certificate issued with aircraft category and class ratings?

Your sport pilot certificate does not list aircraft category and class ratings. When you successfully pass the practical test for a sport pilot certificate, regardless of the light-sport aircraft privileges you seek, the FAA will issue you a sport pilot certificate without any category and class ratings. The FAA will provide you with a logbook endorsement for the category and class of aircraft in which you are authorized to act as pilot in command.

§ 61.319

§ 61.321

How do I obtain privileges to operate an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft?

If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek to operate an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft, you must—

(a) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who trained you on the applicable aeronautical knowledge areas specified in § 61.309 and areas of operation specified in § 61.311. The endorsement certifies you have met the aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency requirements for the additional light-sport aircraft privilege you seek;

(b) Successfully complete a proficiency check from an authorized instructor, other than the instructor who trained you, consisting of the tasks in the appropriate areas of operation contained in the applicable Practical Test Standards (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) as listed in appendix A of this part for the additional light-sport aircraft privilege you seek;

(c) Complete an application for those privileges on a form and in a manner acceptable to the FAA and present this application to the authorized instructor who conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this section; and

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from the instructor who conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this section certifying you are proficient in the applicable areas of operation and aeronautical knowledge areas, and that you are authorized for the additional category and class light-sport aircraft privilege.

§ 61.323

§ 61.325

How do I obtain privileges to operate a light-sport aircraft at an airport within, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or in other airspace with an airport having an operational control tower?

If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek privileges to operate a light-sport aircraft in Class B, C, or D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, you must receive and log ground and flight training. The authorized instructor who provides this training must provide a logbook endorsement that certifies you are proficient in the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation:

(a) The use of radios, communications, navigation system/facilities, and radar services.

(b) Operations at airports with an operating control tower to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern, at an airport with an operating control tower.

(c) Applicable flight rules of part 91 of this chapter for operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic control clearances.

§ 61.327

** Are there specific endorsement requirements to operate a light-sport aircraft based on V **

(a) Except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section, if you hold a sport pilot certificate and you seek to operate a light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS you must—

(1) Receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that has a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and

(2) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who provided the training specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section certifying that you are proficient in the operation of light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS.

(b) If you hold a sport pilot certificate and you seek to operate a light-sport aircraft that has a V H greater than 87 knots CAS you must—

(1) Receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft that has a V H greater than 87 knots CAS; and

(2) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who provided the training specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section certifying that you are proficient in the operation of light-sport aircraft with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS.

(c) The training and endorsements required by paragraph (a) of this section are not required if you have logged flight time as pilot in command of an airplane with a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS prior to April 2, 2010.

§ 61.401

What is the purpose of this subpart?

(a) This part prescribes the following requirements that apply to a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating:

(1) Eligibility.

(2) Aeronautical knowledge.

(3) Flight proficiency.

(4) Endorsements.

(5) Privileges and limits.

(b) Other provisions of this part apply to the logging of flight time and testing.

§ 61.403

What are the age, language, and pilot certificate requirements for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating you must:

(a) Be at least 18 years old.

(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. If you cannot read, speak, write, and understand English because of medical reasons, the FAA may place limits on your certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of light-sport aircraft.

(c) Hold at least a sport pilot certificate with category and class ratings or privileges, as applicable, that are appropriate to the flight instructor privileges sought.

§ 61.405

What tests do I have to take to obtain a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

To obtain a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating you must pass the following tests:

(a) Knowledge test. Before you take a knowledge test, you must receive a logbook endorsement certifying you are prepared for the test from an authorized instructor who trained you or evaluated your home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.407. You must pass knowledge tests on—

(1) The fundamentals of instructing listed in § 61.407(a), unless you meet the requirements of § 61.407(c); and

(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas for a sport pilot certificate applicable to the aircraft category and class for which flight instructor privileges are sought.

(b) Practical test. (1) Before you take the practical test, you must—

(i) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who provided you with flight training on the areas of operation specified in § 61.409 that apply to the category and class of aircraft privileges you seek. This endorsement certifies you meet the applicable aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements and are prepared for the practical test;

(ii) If you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an airplane or glider, receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor indicating that you are competent and possess instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures after you have received flight training in those training areas in an airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins;

(2) You must pass a practical test—

(i) On the areas of operation listed in § 61.409 that are appropriate to the category and class of aircraft privileges you seek;

(ii) In an aircraft representative of the category and class of aircraft for the privileges you seek;

(iii) In which you demonstrate that you are able to teach stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures if you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an airplane or glider. If you have not failed a practical test based on deficiencies in your ability to demonstrate knowledge or skill in these areas and you provide the endorsement required by paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, an examiner may accept the endorsement instead of the demonstration required by this paragraph. If you are taking a test because you previously failed a test based on not meeting the requirements of this paragraph, you must pass a practical test on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional competency and proficiency in the applicable category and class of aircraft that is certificated for spins.

§ 61.407

What aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

(a) Except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section you must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the fundamentals of instruction that includes:

(1) The learning process.

(2) Elements of effective teaching.

(3) Student evaluation and testing.

(4) Course development.

(5) Lesson planning.

(6) Classroom training techniques.

(b) You must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to a sport pilot certificate for the aircraft category and class in which you seek flight instructor privileges.

(c) You do not have to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section if you—

(1) Hold a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part;

(2) Hold a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality; or

(3) Are employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.

§ 61.409

What flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

You must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the following areas of operation for the aircraft category and class in which you seek flight instructor privileges:

(a) Technical subject areas.

(b) Preflight preparation.

(c) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight.

(d) Preflight procedures.

(e) Airport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as applicable.

(f) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, and go-arounds.

(g) Fundamentals of flight.

(h) Performance maneuvers and for gliders, performance speeds.

(i) Ground reference maneuvers (except for gliders and lighter-than-air).

(j) Soaring techniques.

(k) Slow flight (not applicable to lighter-than-air and powered parachutes).

(l) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-than-air, powered parachutes, and gyroplanes).

(m) Spins (applicable to airplanes and gliders).

(n) Emergency operations.

(o) Tumble entry and avoidance techniques (applicable to weight-shift-control aircraft).

(p) Post-flight procedures.

§ 61.411

What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

Use the following table to determine the experience you must have for each aircraft category and class:

§ 61.412

** Do I need additional training to provide instruction on control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to the instruments in a light-sport aircraft based on V **

To provide flight training under § 61.93(e)(12) on control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to the flight instruments for the purpose of issuing a solo cross-country endorsement under § 61.93(c)(1) to a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate, a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating must:

(a) Hold an endorsement required by § 61.327(b);

(b) Receive and log a minimum of 1 hour of ground training and 3 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS or in a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device that replicates an airplane with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS; and

(c) Receive a one-time endorsement in his or her logbook from an instructor authorized under subpart H of this part who certifies that the person is proficient in providing training on control and maneuvering solely by reference to the flight instruments in an airplane with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS. This flight training must include straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio navigation aids, and ATC directives.

§ 61.413

What are the privileges of my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

(a) If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, you are authorized, within the limits of your certificate and rating, to conduct ground training, flight training, certain checking events, and to issue endorsements related to:

(1) A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate;

(2) A sport pilot certificate;

(3) A flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating;

(4) A powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft rating;

(5) Sport pilot privileges;

(6) A flight review or operating privilege for a sport pilot, or training to maintain or improve the skills of a sport pilot;

(7) A practical test for a sport pilot certificate, a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft rating or a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating;

(8) A knowledge test for a sport pilot certificate, a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft rating or a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating; and

(9) A proficiency check for an additional category or class privilege for a sport pilot certificate or a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.

(b) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating is authorized, in a form and manner acceptable to the Administrator, to:

(1) Accept an application for a student pilot certificate or, for an applicant who holds a pilot certificate (other than a student pilot certificate) issued under part 61 of this chapter and meets the flight review requirements specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating;

(2) Verify the identity of the applicant; and

(3) Verify that an applicant for a student pilot certificate meets the eligibility requirements in § 61.83.

(c) The privileges authorized in this section do not permit a person who holds a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating to conduct operations that would otherwise require an air carrier or operating certificate or specific authorization from the Administrator.

§ 61.415

What are the limits of a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, you may only provide flight training in a light-sport aircraft and are subject to the following limits:

(a) You may not provide ground or flight training in any aircraft for which you do not hold:

(1) A sport pilot certificate with applicable category and class privileges or a pilot certificate with the applicable category and class rating; and

(2) Applicable category and class privileges for your flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.

(b) You may not provide ground or flight training for a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft rating unless you hold:

(1) At least a private pilot certificate with the applicable category and class rating; and

(2) Applicable category and class privileges for your flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.

(c) You may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training in any 24-consecutive-hour period.

(d) You may not endorse a:

(1) Student pilot's logbook for solo flight privileges, unless you have—

(i) Given that student the flight training required for solo flight privileges required by this part; and

(ii) Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the flight safely under known circumstances, subject to any limitations listed in the student's logbook that you consider necessary for the safety of the flight.

(2) Student pilot's logbook for a solo cross-country flight, unless you have determined the student's flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures are adequate for the proposed flight under the existing conditions and within any limitations listed in the logbook that you consider necessary for the safety of the flight.

(3) Student pilot's logbook for solo flight in Class B, C, and D airspace areas, at an airport within Class B, C, or D airspace and to from, through or on an airport having an operational control tower, unless you have—

(i) Given that student ground and flight training in that airspace or at that airport; and

(ii) Determined that the student is proficient to operate the aircraft safely.

(4) Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless you have conducted a review of that pilot in accordance with the requirements of § 61.56.

(e) You may not provide training to operate a light-sport aircraft in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, unless you have the endorsement specified in § 61.325, or are otherwise authorized to conduct operations in this airspace and at these airports.

(f) You may not provide training in a light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS unless you have the endorsement specified in § 61.327 (a), or are otherwise authorized to operate that light-sport aircraft.

(g) You may not provide training in a light-sport aircraft with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS unless you have the endorsement specified in § 61.327 (b), or are otherwise authorized to operate that light-sport aircraft.

(h) You may not provide training on the control and maneuvering of an aircraft solely by reference to the instruments in a light sport airplane with a V h greater than 87 knots CAS unless you meet the requirements in § 61.412.

(i) You must perform all training in an aircraft that complies with the requirements of § 91.109 of this chapter.

(j) If you provide flight training for a certificate, rating or privilege, you must provide that flight training in an aircraft that meets the following:

(1) The aircraft must have at least two pilot stations and be of the same category and class appropriate to the certificate, rating or privilege sought.

(2) For single place aircraft, pre-solo flight training must be provided in an aircraft that has two pilot stations and is of the same category and class appropriate to the certificate, rating, or privilege sought.

§ 61.417

Will my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating list aircraft category and class ratings?

Your flight instructor certificate does not list aircraft category and class ratings. When you successfully pass the practical test for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, regardless of the light-sport aircraft privileges you seek, the FAA will issue you a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating without any category and class ratings. The FAA will provide you with a logbook endorsement for the category and class of light-sport aircraft you are authorized to provide training in.

§ 61.419

How do I obtain privileges to provide training in an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft?

If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating and seek to provide training in an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft you must—

(a) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who trained you on the applicable areas of operation specified in § 61.409 certifying you have met the aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency requirements for the additional category and class flight instructor privilege you seek;

(b) Successfully complete a proficiency check from an authorized instructor, other than the instructor who trained you, consisting of the tasks in the appropriate areas of operation contained in the applicable Practical Test Standards (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) as listed in appendix A of this part for the additional category and class flight instructor privilege you seek;

(c) Complete an application for those privileges on a form and in a manner acceptable to the FAA and present this application to the authorized instructor who conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this section; and

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from the instructor who conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this section certifying you are proficient in the areas of operation and authorized for the additional category and class flight instructor privilege.

§ 61.421

May I give myself an endorsement?

No. If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, you may not give yourself an endorsement for any certificate, privilege, rating, flight review, authorization, practical test, knowledge test, or proficiency check required by this part.

§ 61.423

What are the recordkeeping requirements for a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating?

(a) As a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating you must:

(1) Sign the logbook of each person to whom you have given flight training or ground training.

(2) Keep a record of the name, date, and type of endorsement for:

(i) Each person whose logbook you have endorsed for solo flight privileges.

(ii) Each person for whom you have provided an endorsement for a knowledge test, practical test, or proficiency check, and the record must indicate the kind of test or check, and the results.

(iii) Each person whose logbook you have endorsed as proficient to operate—

(A) An additional category or class of light-sport aircraft;

(B) In Class B, C, and D airspace; at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace; and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower;

(C) A light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a V H less than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and

(D) A light-sport aircraft with a V H greater than 87 knots CAS.

(iv) Each person whose logbook you have endorsed as proficient to provide flight training in an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft.

(b) Within 10 days after providing an endorsement for a person to operate or provide training in an additional category and class of light-sport aircraft you must—

(1) Complete, sign, and submit to the FAA the application presented to you to obtain those privileges; and

(2) Retain a copy of the form.

(c) You must keep the records listed in this section for 3 years. You may keep these records in a logbook or a separate document.

§ 61.425

How do I establish recent experience for my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

(a) If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating issued after December 1, 2024, you must establish recent experience in accordance with § 61.197.

(b) If you hold an unexpired flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating issued before December 1, 2024, you must renew your certificate by establishing recent experience in accordance with § 61.197 prior to the month of expiration on your flight instructor certificate. If you fail to establish recent experience prior to the expiration of your flight instructor certificate, you may not exercise flight instructor privileges until you reinstate those privileges in accordance with § 61.427.

§ 61.427

How do I reinstate my flight instructor privileges if I fail to establish recent experience for my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

If you fail to establish recent experience for your flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, you must reinstate your flight instructor privileges by satisfactorily completing one of the following reinstatement requirements:

(a) If 3 calendar months or less have passed since the last month of your recent experience period, you must successfully complete an approved flight instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or flight training, or a combination of both, or satisfy the requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section.

(b) If more than 3 calendar months have passed since the last month of the flight instructor's recent experience period, you must pass a practical test as prescribed in § 61.405(b) or § 61.183(h) for one of the ratings listed on your flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating. The FAA will reinstate any privilege authorized by that flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.

§ 61.429

May I exercise the privileges of a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor certificate with another rating?

If you hold a flight instructor certificate, a commercial pilot certificate with an airship rating, or a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating issued under this part, and you seek to exercise the privileges of a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, you may do so without any further showing of proficiency, subject to the following limits:

(a) You are limited to the aircraft category and class ratings listed on your flight instructor certificate, commercial pilot certificate with an airship rating, or commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating, as appropriate, when exercising your flight instructor privileges and the privileges specified in § 61.413.

(b) You must comply with the limits specified in § 61.415 and the recordkeeping requirements of § 61.423.

(c) If you want to exercise the privileges of your flight instructor certificate in a category or class of light-sport aircraft for which you are not currently rated, you must meet all applicable requirements to provide training in an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft specified in § 61.419.

CCAR-61 原文

CCAR-61

来源: 官方全文

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https://www.gov.cn/ 首頁 > 國務院公報 > 2014年第27號 中國民用航空局令 第 224 號 《民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員合格審定規則》（CCAR-61-R4）已經2014年6月16日中國民用航空局局務會議通過，現予公佈，自2014年9月1日起施行。 局 長 李家祥 2014年7月10日 民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員 合 格 審 定 規 則 1996年8月1日發佈， 2002年10月21日第1次修訂 2004年12月16日第2次修訂 2006年10月30日第3次修訂 2014年7月10日第4次修訂 目 錄 A章 總則 第61.1條 目的和依據 第61.3條 適用範圍 第61.5條 機構與職責 第61.7條 定義 第61.9條 執照、合格證和等級的要求 第61.11條 飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器的鑒定和批准 第61.13條 按本規則頒發的執照和等級 第61.15條 涉及酒精或者藥物的違禁行為 第61.17條 接受酒精、藥物檢驗或者提供檢驗結果 第61.19條 臨時執照 第61.21條 執照的有效期 第61.23條 執照的更新和重新辦理 第61.25條 體檢合格證的要求 第61.27條 航空器等級限制和附加訓練要求 第61.29條 語言能力要求和無線電通信資格 B章 一般規定 第61.31條 執照和等級的申請與審批 第61.33條 考試的一般程序 第61.35條 理論考試和語言能力考試的准考條件和通過成績 第61.37條 理論考試和語言能力考試中禁止的行為 第61.39條 實踐考試的准考條件 第61.41條 從軍方和境外飛行教員處接受的飛行訓練 第61.43條 實踐考試的一般要求 第61.45條 實踐考試必需的航空器和設備 第61.47條 實踐考試中考試員的地位 第61.49條 考試不合格後的再次考試 第61.51條 飛行經歷記錄本 第61.53條 身體缺陷期間的限制 第61.55條 副駕駛資格要求 第61.56條 接受檢查 第61.57條 定期檢查 第61.59條 熟練檢查 第61.61條 機長近期飛行經歷要求 第61.63條 禁止提供虛假材料 第61.65條 變更姓名或者地址 第61.67條 自願放棄或者更換執照 第61.69條 補發執照 C章 增加等級和特殊規定 第61.81條 增加航空器等級 第61.83條 儀錶等級要求 第61.87條 牽引滑翔機的航空器機長經歷和訓練要求 第61.89條 按其他規章批准的訓練大綱完成訓練的人員 第61.91條 對具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員的特殊規定 第61.93條 外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人申請按本規則頒發駕駛員執照 第61.95條 依據外國或香港、澳門特別行政區駕駛員執照頒發認可函 D章 學生駕駛員執照 第61.101條 適用範圍 第61.103條 資格要求 第61.105條 學生駕駛員單飛要求 第61.107條 一般限制 第61.109條 轉場單飛要求 E章 運動駕駛員執照 第61.111條 適用範圍 第61.113條 資格要求 第61.115條 航空知識要求 第61.117條 飛行技能要求 第61.119條 運動駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.120條 運動駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 F章 私用駕駛員執照 第61.121條 適用範圍 第61.123條 資格要求 第61.125條 航空知識要求 第61.127條 飛行技能要求 第61.129條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.131條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.133條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.135條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.137條 私用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 G章 商用駕駛員執照 第61.151條 適用範圍 第61.153條 資格要求 第61.155條 航空知識要求 第61.157條 飛行技能要求 第61.159條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.161條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.165條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.166條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.171條 夜間飛行限制 第61.173條 商用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 H章 飛機類別多人制機組駕駛員執照 第61.174條 適用範圍 第61.175條 資格要求 第61.176條 航空知識要求 第61.177條 飛行技能要求 第61.178條 飛行經歷要求 第61.179條 多人制機組駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 I章 航線運輸駕駛員執照 第61.181條 適用範圍 第61.183條 資格要求 第61.185條 航空知識要求 第61.187條 飛行技能要求 第61.189條 飛機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.191條 直升機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.193條 傾轉旋翼機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.195條 增加類別和級別的要求 第61.197條 航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 J章 飛行教員等級 第61.201條 適用範圍 第61.203條 資格要求 第61.204條 其他要求 第61.205條 知識要求 第61.207條 飛行教學能力 第61.209條 飛行教員的教學記錄 第61.211條 增加教員等級的要求 第61.213條 飛行教員的權利 第61.215條 飛行教員的限制 第61.217條 教員等級的更新 第61.219條 教員等級過期後的重新辦理 K章 地面教員執照 第61.231條 適用範圍 第61.233條 資格要求 第61.235條 地面教員的權利 第61.237條 近期經歷要求 第61.238條 地面教員執照的更新 第61.239條 地面教員執照過期後的重新辦理 L章 法律責任 第61.241條 涉及酒精或藥物的違禁行為的處罰 第61.243條 拒絕接受酒精、藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果的處罰 第61.245條 理論考試中的作弊或其他禁止的行為的處罰 第61.247條 提供虛假材料的處罰 第61.249條 對其他違章行為的處罰 第61.251條 受到刑事處罰後執照的處理 M章 附則 第61.281條 施行日期和廢止的規章 第61.283條 執照有效期、原飛行教員執照的換發 附件A 語言能力評定標準 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第一次修訂的説明 《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第二次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第三次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第四次修訂的説明 A章 總 則 第61.1條 目的和依據 為了規範民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員的合格審定工作，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》制定本規則。 第61.3條 適用範圍 （a）本規則適用於中國民用航空局（以下簡稱民航局）和民用航空地區管理局（以下簡稱地區管理局）及地區管理局派出機構（上述所有機構以下統稱局方）對民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員執照的頒發與管理。 （b）民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員執照與等級的申請和權利行使應當遵守本規則的規定。 第61.5條 機構與職責 （a）民航局飛行標準職能部門統一管理民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員合格審定工作，負責全國民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員的執照和等級的頒發與管理工作。 （b）地區管理局及其派出機構的飛行標準職能部門根據民航局飛行標準職能部門的規定，具體負責本地區民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員執照和等級的頒發與管理工作。 第61.7條 定義 本規則使用的術語定義如下： （a）機長，是指在飛行時間內負責航空器的運行和安全的駕駛員。 （b）副駕駛，是指在飛行時間內除機長以外的、在駕駛崗位執勤的持有執照的駕駛員，但不包括在航空器上僅接受飛行訓練的駕駛員。 （c）訓練時間，是指受訓人在飛行中、地面上、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上從授權教員處接受訓練的時間。 （d）飛行時間，是指航空器為準備起飛而借助自身動力開始移動時起，到飛行結束停止移動時止的總時間。對於直升機是指，從直升機的旋翼開始轉動時起到直升機飛行結束停止移動及旋翼停止轉動為止的總時間。對於滑翔機是指，不論拖曳與否，從滑翔機為了起飛而開始移動時起到飛行結束停止移動時為止佔用的飛行總時間。 （e）儀錶飛行時間，是指駕駛員僅參照儀錶而不借助外部參照點駕駛航空器的時間。 （f）飛行經歷時間，是指為符合航空人員執照、等級、定期檢查或近期飛行經歷要求中的訓練和飛行時間要求，在航空器、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上所獲得的在座飛行時間，這些時間應當是作為飛行機組必需成員的時間，或在航空器、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上從授權教員處接受訓練或作為授權教員在駕駛員座位上提供教學的時間。 （g）單飛時間，是指學生駕駛員作為航空器唯一乘員的飛行時間。 （h）轉場時間，是指在滿足下列條件的飛行中所取得的飛行時間： （1）在航空器中實施； （2）含有一個非出發地點的著陸點； （3）使用了地標領航、推測領航、電子導航設備、無線電設備或其他導航系統航行至著陸地點。 （i）航空器，是指由空氣的反作用而不是由空氣對地面發生的反作用在大氣中取得支承的任何機器。 （j）飛機，是指動力驅動的重於空氣的一種航空器，其飛行升力主要由給定飛行條件下保持不變的翼面上的空氣動力反作用取得。在本規則中，飛機類別不包括本條（q）定義的初級飛機。 （k）直升機，是指一種重於空氣的航空器，其飛行升力主要由在垂直軸上一個或幾個動力驅動的旋翼上的空氣反作用取得。 （l）自轉旋翼機，是指一種旋翼機，其旋翼僅在起動時有動力驅動，在該旋翼機運動時旋翼不是靠發動機驅動的，而是靠空氣的作用力推動旋轉。這種旋翼機的推進方式通常是使用獨立於旋翼系統的常規螺旋槳。 （m）滑翔機，是指一種重於空氣的航空器，其飛行升力主要由在給定飛行條件下保持不變的翼面上的空氣動力反作用取得，通常無自身動力驅動，或者雖然有動力，但在自由飛行階段不使用自身動力。 （n）自由氣球，是指無發動機驅動的輕於空氣航空器，靠氣體浮力或由機載加熱器産生的熱空氣浮力維持飛行。 （o）飛艇，是指一種最大充氣體積超過4600立方米、動力驅動能夠操縱的輕於空氣航空器。 （p）小型飛艇，是指一種最大充氣體積不超過4600立方米、動力驅動能夠操縱的輕於空氣航空器。 （q）初級飛機，是指除下述飛機以外經審定合格的小型固定翼航空器： （1）按照CCAR-23部審定為正常類、實用類、特技類或通勤類飛機； （2）按照CCAR-25部審定為運輸類飛機。 （r）傾轉旋翼機，是指重於空氣的航空器，能夠垂直起飛、垂直著陸和低速飛行，主要依靠以發動機為動力的升空裝置或發動機推力在這些飛行狀態期間升空，並且依靠非旋轉翼型在水平飛行時升空。 （s）授權教員，是指下列人員： （1）持有按本規則頒發的現行有效地面教員執照，並依據其地面教員執照上規定的權利和限制執行地面教學的人員； （2）持有按本規則頒發的具有教員等級的駕駛員執照，並依據其教員等級上規定的權利和限制執行地面教學或者飛行教學的人員。 （t）考試員，是指由局方授權實施本規則要求的航空人員執照或者等級的定期檢查、熟練檢查、教員更新檢查、實踐考試或者理論考試的人員。考試員應當是局方的監察員或者是按照中國民用航空規章《民用航空飛行標準委任代表和委任單位代表規定》（CCAR-183FS）委任的駕駛考試員或者經局方批准的檢查人員。 （u）理論考試，是指航空理論方面的考試，該考試是頒發航空人員執照或者等級所要求的，可以通過筆試或者計算機考試來實施。 （v）實踐考試，是指為取得航空人員執照或者等級進行的操作方面的考試，該考試通過申請人在飛行中、飛行模擬機中或者飛行訓練器中回答問題並演示操作動作的方式進行。 （w）飛行機組成員，是指在飛行值勤期內對航空器運行負有必不可少的職責並持有執照的機組成員。 （x）飛行模擬機，是指用於駕駛員飛行訓練的航空器飛行模擬機。它是按特定機型、型號以及系列的航空器座艙一比一對應複製的，它包括表現航空器在地面和空中運行所必需的設備和支持這些設備運行的計算機程序、提供座艙外景像的視景系統以及能夠提供動感的運動系統（提示效果至少等價于三自由度運動系統産生的動感效果），並且最低滿足A級模擬機的鑒定性能標準。 （y）飛行訓練器，是指用於駕駛員飛行訓練的航空器飛行訓練器。是在有機殼的封閉式座艙內或無機殼的開放式座艙內對飛行儀錶、設備、系統控制板、開關和控制器一比一對應複製的，包括用於表現航空器在地面和空中運行所必需的設備和支持這些設備運行的計算機編程，但不要求提供産生動感的運動系統和座艙外景像的視景系統。 （z）等級，是指填在執照上或與執照有關並成為執照一部分的授權，説明關於此種執照的特殊條件、權利或限制。 （aa）威脅，是指超出飛行機組影響能力之外發生的事件或差錯，它增加了運行複雜性並且應當加以管理以保障安全余度。 （ab）威脅管理，是指查出威脅並且採取對策予以回應，從而減輕或消除威脅的後果，降低出現差錯的概率或航空器非理想狀態的過程。 （ac）人的行為，是指影響航空運行的安全和效率的人的能力與局限性。 （ad）差錯，是指飛行機組的一項行動或不行動，導致偏離組織或飛行機組的意圖或期待。 （ae）差錯管理，是指查出差錯並且採取對策予以回應，從而減輕或消除差錯的後果，降低再次出現差錯的概率或航空器非理想狀態的過程。 （af）商業航空運輸運行，是指航空器為取酬或收費而從事旅客、貨物或郵件運輸的運行。 （ag）複雜飛機，是指具有可收放起落架、襟翼和可變距螺旋槳的飛機。 （ah）國家航空器，是指用於執行軍事、海關、警察飛行任務的航空器。 第61.9條 執照、合格證和等級的要求 （a）駕駛員執照： （1）在中國進行國籍登記（以下簡稱為“登記”）的航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員的駕駛員，應當持有按本規則頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照，並且在行使相應權利時隨身攜帶該執照。當中國登記的航空器在外國境內運行時，可以使用該航空器運行所在國頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照。 （2）在中國境內運行的外國登記的航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員的駕駛員，應當持有按本規則頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照，或持有由航空器登記國頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照，並且在行使相應權利時隨身攜帶該執照。 （b）體檢合格證： （1）持有按本規則頒發或認可的執照擔任航空器飛行機組必需成員的駕駛員，應當持有按中國民用航空規章《民用航空人員體檢合格證管理規則》（CCAR-67FS）頒發或認可的有效體檢合格證，並且在行使駕駛員執照上的權利時隨身攜帶該合格證； （2）在外國境內使用該國頒發的駕駛員執照運行中國登記的航空器時，可以持有頒發該執照要求的現行有效的體格檢查證明。 （c）帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照： （1）持有按本規則頒發的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照的人員應當隨身攜帶該執照或局方可接受的其他文件，方能行使飛行教員權利。 （2）除本條（c）（3）規定的情況外，未具有合適飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照持有人駕駛員不得從事下列活動： （i）向準備獲取單飛和轉場單飛資格的人員提供必需的訓練； （ii）簽字推薦申請人獲取駕駛員執照或飛行教員等級所必需的實踐考試； （iii）簽署駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本，證明該駕駛員已接受過的任何訓練； （iv）在學生駕駛員執照或飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，授予其單飛權利。 （3）在下列情況下，不需要持有按本規則頒發的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照： （i）在本條（c）（2）（iii）中，由根據本規則第61.41條授權的飛行教員提供的訓練； （ii）在本條（c）（2）（i）、（c）（2）（ii）和（c）（2）（iii）中，由地面教員執照持有人按照該執照上的權利提供的訓練。 （d）地面教員執照： （1）持有按本規則頒發的地面教員執照的人員應當隨身攜帶該執照，方能行使該執照所賦予的權利。 （2）除本條（d）（3）規定的情況外，未持有按本規則頒發並具有合適等級地面教員執照的人員不得從事下列活動： （i）向準備獲取單飛和轉場單飛資格的人員提供必需的地面訓練； （ii）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發駕駛員、飛行教員等級或地面教員執照所必需的理論考試； （iii）簽署駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本，證明該駕駛員已接受過的任何地面訓練。 （3）在下列情況下，不需要持有按本規則頒發的地面教員執照： （i）由按本規則頒發的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照持有人按照該執照上的權利提供的訓練； （ii）運動駕駛員執照訓練； （iii）由局方批准的人員按照中國民用航空規章《大型飛機公共航空運輸承運人運行合格審定規則》（CCAR-121）、《小型航空器商業運輸運營人運行合格審定規則》（CCAR-135）或者《飛行訓練中心合格審定規則》（CCAR-142）的訓練大綱實施的訓練； （iv）在本條（d）（2）（iii）中，由根據本規則第61.41條授權的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員提供的訓練。 （e）儀錶等級： 在儀錶飛行規則（IFR）條件下或在低於目視飛行規則（VFR）規定的最低標準的氣象條件下擔任航空器的機長，應當符合下列要求之一： （1）持有私用或商用駕駛員執照，並具有適合於所飛航空器的類別、級別、型別（如適用）和儀錶等級； （2）持有多人制機組駕駛員執照或航線運輸駕駛員執照，並具有適合於所飛航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如適用）； （3）對於滑翔機機長，持有附帶滑翔機類別等級和飛機儀錶等級的駕駛員執照。 （f）年齡限制： 駕駛員應當遵守相應運行規章對駕駛員年齡的限制。 （g）證件檢查： 持有本規則所要求的航空人員執照、體檢合格證或者其他有關證件的人員，在局方檢查時，應當出示相關證件原件。 第61.11條 飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器的鑒定和批准 （a）為滿足本規則的訓練、考試或者檢查要求而使用的飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當經局方鑒定合格，並經局方批准用於： （1）擬進行的訓練、考試和檢查； （2）每個特定的動作、程序或者機組職能； （3）對於飛行訓練器，模擬特定類別和級別的航空器、特定型別航空器、某一型別特定衍生型航空器或一組航空器。 （b）局方可以批准飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器之外的其他設備，用於某些特殊用途。 第61.13條 按本規則頒發的執照和等級 （a）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請執照要求的申請人頒發下列相應的執照： （1）學生駕駛員執照； （2）運動駕駛員執照； （3）私用駕駛員執照； （4）商用駕駛員執照； （5）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （6）航線運輸駕駛員執照； （7）地面教員執照。 （b）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其私用駕駛員執照、商用駕駛員執照和航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）航空器類別等級： （i）飛機； （ii）直升機； （iii）飛艇； （iv）傾轉旋翼機。 （2）航空器級別等級： （i）飛機級別等級： （A）單發陸地； （B）多發陸地； （C）單發水上； （D）多發水上。 （3）航空器型別等級： （i）審定為最大起飛全重在5,700千克以上的飛機； （ii）審定為最大起飛全重在3,180千克以上的直升機和傾轉旋翼機； （iii）渦輪噴氣動力的飛機； （iv）局方通過型號合格審定程序確定需要型別等級的其他航空器。 （4）儀錶等級（僅用於私用和商用駕駛員執照）： （i）儀錶－飛機； （ii）儀錶－直升機； （iii）儀錶－飛艇； （iv）儀錶－傾轉旋翼機。 （5）教員等級（僅用於商用和航線運輸駕駛員執照）： （i）基礎教員： （A）單發飛機； （B）多發飛機； （C）直升機； （D）飛艇； （E）傾轉旋翼機。 （ii）儀錶教員： （A）儀錶-飛機； （B）儀錶-直升機； （C）儀錶－飛艇； （D）儀錶－傾轉旋翼機。 （iii）型別教員。 （c）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其多人制機組駕駛員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）航空器類別等級： （i）飛機。 （2）航空器級別等級： （i）多發陸地。 （3）航空器型別等級（僅限副駕駛）。 （d）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其運動駕駛員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）航空器類別等級： （i）初級飛機； （ii）自轉旋翼機； （iii）滑翔機； （iv）自由氣球； （v）小型飛艇。 （2）航空器級別等級： （i）初級飛機級別等級： （A）陸地； （B）水上。 （3）教員等級： （i）運動教員： （A）初級飛機； （B）自轉旋翼機； （C）滑翔機； （D）自由氣球； （E）小型飛艇。 （e）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其地面教員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）地面教員執照種類： （i）初級； （ii）高級； （iii）儀錶。 （2）航空器類別等級： （i）飛機； （ii）直升機； （iii）飛艇； （iv）傾轉旋翼機。 第61.15條 涉及酒精或者藥物的違禁行為 駕駛員執照持有人在飲用任何含酒精飲料之後的8小時之內或處在酒精作用之下，血液中酒精含量等於或者大於0.04%，或受到任何藥物影響損及工作能力時，不得擔任機組成員。 第61.17條 接受酒精、藥物檢驗或者提供檢驗結果 駕駛員執照持有人應當按照局方的要求接受酒精或者藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果。 第61.19條 臨時執照 （a）局方可以為下列申請人頒發有效期不超過120天的駕駛員臨時執照，臨時執照在有效期內具有和正式執照同等的權利和責任： （1）已經審定合格的執照申請人，在等待頒發執照期間； （2）在執照上更改姓名的申請人，在等待更改執照期間； （3）因執照遺失或損壞而申請補發執照的申請人，在等待補發執照期間。 （b）在出現下列情況之一時，按本條（a）頒發的臨時執照失效： （1）臨時執照上簽注的日期期滿； （2）收到所申請的執照； （3）收到撤銷臨時執照的通知。 第61.21條 執照的有效期 （a）執照持有人在執照有效期滿後不得繼續行使該執照所賦予的權利。 （b）學生駕駛員執照在頒發月份之後第24個日曆月結束時有效期滿。 （c）除學生駕駛員執照外，按本規則頒發的其他駕駛員執照有效期限為6年，且僅當執照持有人滿足本規則和有關中國民用航空運行規章的相應訓練與檢查要求、並符合飛行安全記錄要求時，方可行使其執照所賦予的相應權利。依據外國駕駛員執照頒發的認可證書的持有人，僅當該認可證書所依據的外國駕駛員執照和體檢合格證有效時，方可行使該認可證書所賦予的權利。 （d）地面教員執照的有效期限為6年。 第61.23條 執照的更新和重新辦理 （a）執照持有人應在執照有效期期滿前3個月內向局方申請重新頒發執照。對於駕駛員執照持有人，應出示最近一次有效的熟練檢查或定期檢查記錄；對於地面教員執照持有人，應出示近期經歷的證明。 （b）執照在有效期內因等級或備註發生變化重新頒發時，其有效期自重新頒發之日起計算。 （c）執照過期的申請人須重新通過相應的理論及實踐考試，方可申請重新頒發。 第61.25條 體檢合格證的要求 （a）駕駛員應當滿足下列關於持有體檢合格證的要求： （1）行使航線運輸駕駛員執照和多人制機組駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的I級體檢合格證。 （2）行使飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機商用駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的I級體檢合格證。 （3）行使下列權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證： （i）私用駕駛員執照所賦予的權利； （ii）學生駕駛員執照所賦予的權利； （iii）飛艇駕駛員執照所賦予的權利。 （4）行使運動駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的體檢合格證；對於在境外行使自由氣球或滑翔機類別等級的運動駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證。 （b）下列情形下，駕駛員可以不持有體檢合格證： （1）行使地面教員執照所賦予的權利； （2）作為飛行教員、考試員或者檢查員在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上進行的為取得執照或等級的訓練、考試或者檢查； （3）在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上接受為取得執照或等級的訓練、考試或檢查。 第61.27條 航空器等級限制和附加訓練要求 （a）擔任下列航空器的機長應當持有適合該航空器的型別等級： （1）審定為最大起飛全重在5,700千克以上的飛機； （2）審定為最大起飛全重在3,180千克以上的直升機和傾轉旋翼機； （3）渦輪噴氣動力的飛機； （4）局方通過型號合格審定程序確定需要型別等級的其他航空器。 （b）批准信代替型別等級： （1）在下列條件下，局方可以使用批准信允許沒有相應型別等級的人員操作本條（a）要求型別等級的航空器進行一次飛行或者一組飛行： （i）該批准信僅限于在調機飛行、訓練飛行、駕駛員執照或者等級的實踐考試中使用，批准的有效期限不超過60天。經申請人證明，在其批准期滿之前，未達到完成該次或該組飛行目的的，局方可以批准增加不多於60天的期限。 （ii）經申請人證明，該次飛行或者該組飛行遵守本條（a）的規定是不可行的。 （iii）局方認為通過批准信上所作的運行限制可以達到同等的安全水平。 （2）按照本條（b）（1）批准的運行應當遵守下列限制： （i）該次飛行或該組飛行不得以取酬為目的，但在訓練或實踐考試中所收取的航空器使用費用除外； （ii）只能載運本次飛行必需的飛行機組成員。 （c）類別、級別和型別等級的要求： （1）在載運人員或實施取酬運行的航空器上擔任機長或為取酬而擔任航空器機長的駕駛員，應當持有適合該航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如果該航空器要求級別或者型別等級）。 （2）在本條（c）（1）規定運行範圍以外擔任航空器機長的，應當符合下列條件之一： （i）持有適合該航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如果該航空器要求級別或者型別等級）； （ii）在授權教員的監視下，接受適用於該航空器的以取得駕駛員執照或者等級為目的的訓練； （iii）已經接受了本規則要求的適用於該航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如果該航空器要求級別或型別等級）的訓練，並且授權教員已在該駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其單飛。 （3）持有飛機類別單發陸地或多發陸地級別等級的駕駛員可以行使附帶陸地等級的初級飛機執照所賦予的權利；持有飛機類別單發水上或多發水上級別等級的駕駛員可以行使附帶水上等級的初級飛機執照所賦予的權利；持有飛艇類別等級的駕駛員可以行使附帶小型飛艇等級的運動駕駛員執照所賦予的權利。 （d）駕駛高空運行的增壓飛機所要求的附加訓練： （1）在實用升限或最大使用高度（以低者為準）高於平均海平面（MSL）7,600米（25,000英尺）的增壓飛機上擔任機組成員的駕駛員，應當完成本款規定的地面和飛行訓練，並且由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本或訓練記錄上簽字，證明其已經完成了附加訓練。這些訓練包括： （i）地面訓練：包括高空空氣動力學和氣象學；呼吸作用；缺氧的後果、症狀、原因及其他高空疾病；沒有補充氧氣時能保持清醒的時間；長時間使用補充氧氣的後果；氣體膨脹和形成氣泡的原因、後果；消除氣體膨脹、氣泡形成和其他高空疾病的預防措施；釋壓的物理現象和結果；以及高空飛行其他生理學方面的知識。 （ii）飛行訓練：在增壓飛機上或者在能代表增壓飛機的經批准的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上進行這種訓練，應當包括在7,600米（25,000英尺）以上正常巡航飛行時的操作；模擬緊急釋壓時合適的應急程序（無需實際使飛機釋壓）；以及緊急下降程序。 （2）駕駛員提供文件證明，其在增壓飛機或者在能代表增壓飛機的經批准的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上，完成了下列檢查之一，則不必進行本條（d）（1）要求的訓練： （i）完成了由軍方執行的機長檢查； （ii）按CCAR-121完成了機長或副駕駛熟練檢查。 （e）駕駛後三點飛機所要求的附加訓練： 在後三點飛機上擔任機長的駕駛員，應當已經接受了後三點飛機的飛行訓練。駕駛後三點飛機的附加訓練應當包括正常起飛與著陸、側風起飛與著陸、三點式著陸和復飛程序，廠家不推薦三點式著陸的可以不包括三點式著陸訓練。 （f）駕駛複雜飛機所要求的附加訓練： 在複雜飛機上擔任機長的駕駛員，應當在複雜飛機上或者在代表複雜飛機的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上，得到授權教員提供的地面和飛行訓練，該教員認為其已經熟悉該飛機的系統和操作，並在飛行經歷記錄本上作出訓練記錄和證明其合格于駕駛複雜飛機的簽字。 （g）本條的等級限制不適用於下列人員： （1）學生駕駛員執照的持有人； （2）在航空器取得型號合格證之前，按試驗或特許飛行證實施飛行期間，操作該航空器的駕駛員執照持有人； （3）正在接受局方實踐考試的申請人。 （h）對於操縱有特殊要求的航空器應遵守局方的附加要求。 第61.29條 語言能力要求和無線電通信資格 （a）按照本規則取得駕駛員執照的人員通過了局方組織或認可的漢語語言能力4級或4級以上測試的，在執照上簽注相應的等級，方可在使用漢語進行通信的飛行中進行無線電陸空通信。2014年12月31日之前已獲得執照的中國籍駕駛員，等同於獲得漢語語言能力6級。 （b）按照本規則取得駕駛員執照的人員通過了局方組織或認可的英語語言能力3級或3級以上測試的，在執照上簽注相應的等級。 （1）在2008年3月4日以前頒發的執照上已取得英語無線電陸空通信簽注的，等同於英語語言能力3級。 （2）除經局方批准外，按照本規則取得的飛機、直升機、飛艇和傾轉旋翼機駕駛員執照持有人在使用英語通信前，其執照上應當具有英語語言能力4級或4級以上的等級簽注。對於執照上簽注的英語語言能力低於6級的，還應當定期通過英語語言能力等級測試。 （c）執照上簽注了語言能力4級以上的人員，具有相應語言的無線電通信資格。 B章 一般規定 第61.31條 執照和等級的申請與審批 （a）符合本規則規定條件的申請人，應當向民航局指定管轄權的地區管理局提交申請執照或等級的申請，申請人對其申請材料實質內容的真實性負責，並按規定交納相應的費用。 （1）在遞交申請時，申請人還應當提交下述材料： （i）身份證明； （ii）學歷證明（如要求）； （iii）理論考試合格證明（如要求）； （iv）體檢合格證明； （v）原執照（如要求）； （vi）飛行經歷記錄本（如要求）； （vii）實踐考試合格證明（如要求）； （viii）對於按照本規則第61.91條具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員，還應當提交具有航空經歷記錄的技術檔案資料證明或等效文件； （ix）對於按照本規則第61.93條具有境外航空器駕駛員經歷的人員，還應當提交境外駕駛員執照的複印件或掃描件； （x）因違反本規章規定受到處罰的，自處罰之日起已滿3年的證明。 （2）申請的受理、審查、批准： （i）對於申請材料不齊全或者不符合格式要求的，地區管理局應當在收到申請之後的5個工作日內一次性書面通知申請人需要補正的全部內容。逾期不通知即視為在收到申請書之日起即為受理。申請人按照地區管理局的通知提交全部補正材料的，地區管理局應當受理申請。地區管理局不予受理申請，應當書面通知申請人。 （ii）地區管理局受理申請後，應當在20個工作日內對申請人的申請材料完成審查。在地區管理局對申請材料的實質內容按照本規則相應規定進行核實時，申請人應當及時回答地區管理局提出的問題。由於申請人不能及時回答問題所延誤的時間不記入前述20個工作日的期限。 （iii）地區管理局經審查認為申請人符合本規則相應規定的，頒發駕駛員臨時執照、地面教員執照或者學生駕駛員執照；經審查認為不符合所列條件，有權拒絕為其頒發所申請的執照，並且以不予批准通知書通知申請人。地區管理局在作出前述決定之前，應當告知申請人享有申請行政復議或者提起行政訴訟的權利。 （iv）對於已為申請人頒發臨時執照的情況，地區管理局將全部審查資料複印件或掃描件連同臨時執照複印件或掃描件上報民航局飛行標準職能部門進行最終審核。民航局在接到地區管理局報送來的申請人臨時執照複印件或掃描件和全部資料後，在20個工作日內完成最終審查，作出最終決定。如果未發現問題，將為申請人頒發正式執照；如果發現不符合本規則要求，將頒發不予批准通知書，通知地區管理局和申請人，説明不予頒發執照的原因，同時臨時執照作廢。民航局在作出前述決定之前，應當告知申請人享有申請行政復議或者提起行政訴訟的權利。 （b）經局方批准，申請人可以取得相應的執照或等級。批准的航空器類別、級別、型別或者其他等級由局方簽注在申請人的執照上。 （c）由於飛行訓練或者實踐考試中所用航空器的特性，申請人不能完成規定的駕駛員操作動作，因此未能完全符合本規則規定的飛行技能要求，但符合所申請執照或者等級的所有其他要求的，局方可以向其頒發簽注有相應限制的執照或者等級。 （d）所持體檢合格證上有特殊限制的申請人在行使執照所賦予的權利時應受到相應限制。 （e）執照被暫扣的，暫扣期內不得申請本規則規定的任何執照和等級。 （f）執照被吊銷的，自吊銷之日起3年內不得申請本規則規定的任何執照和等級，再次申請時原飛行經歷視為無效。 第61.33條 考試的一般程序 按本規則規定進行的各項考試，應當由局方指定人員主持，並在指定的時間和地點進行。 第61.35條 理論考試和語言能力考試的准考條件和通過成績 （a）理論考試和語言能力考試的申請人應當符合下列條件： （1）出示本人的居民身份證、護照或者其他局方認可的合法證件，以及本人已經獲得的按本規則頒發的或境外頒發的駕駛員執照； （2）理論考試的申請人還應出示由授權教員簽字的證明，表明其已完成本規則對於所申請執照或者等級要求的地面訓練或自學課程。 （b）理論考試和語言能力考試的通過成績由局方確定。 第61.37條 理論考試和語言能力考試中禁止的行為 在理論考試和語言能力考試過程中，申請人不得有下列行為： （a）以任何形式複製或保存考試試題； （b）交給其他申請人或從其他申請人那裏得到考試試題的任一部分或其複印件或掃描件； （c）幫助他人或者接受他人的幫助； （d）代替他人或由他人代替參加部分或者全部考試； （e）使用未經局方批准的材料或者其他輔助物品； （f）破壞考場設施； （g）故意引起、助長或者參與本條禁止的行為。 第61.39條 實踐考試的准考條件 （a）申請人參加按本規則頒發執照或者等級所要求的實踐考試，應當符合下列規定： （1）在接受實踐考試前24個日曆月內已通過了必需的理論考試，並出示局方給予的理論考試成績單； （2）已經完成了必需的訓練並獲得了本規則規定的相應飛行經歷； （3）持有局方頒發的有效體檢合格證； （4）符合頒發所申請執照或等級的年齡限制； （5）具有授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上的簽字，證明該授權教員在申請日期之前的60天內，已對申請人進行了準備實踐考試的飛行教學，並且認為該申請人有能力通過考試； （6）持有填寫完整並有本人簽字的申請表。 （b）對於航線運輸駕駛員執照或者在航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加等級的申請人，如果在實踐考試前已被CCAR-121的合格證持有人持續雇傭擔任飛行機組成員，並且完成所申請執照和等級相對應的經批准訓練大綱規定的訓練，則該申請人可以偏離本條（a）（1）的規定，持超過（a）（1）規定期限的理論考試成績單參加相應的實踐考試。 （c）申請人沒有在一天內完成申請執照或等級實踐考試的全部科目，所有剩餘的考試科目應當在申請人開始考試之日起的60個日曆日內完成，沒有在該60個日曆日內完成的，申請人應當重新參加全部實踐考試，包括重新完成已經完成的科目。 第61.41條 從軍方和境外飛行教員處接受的飛行訓練 （a）執照或者等級申請人從下列兩處接受的飛行訓練可以用於滿足按本規則頒發執照或等級所要求的條件： （1）按照中國或者《國際民用航空公約》其他締約國武裝部隊訓練軍隊駕駛員的訓練大綱進行的飛行訓練； （2）《國際民用航空公約》其他締約國的頒發執照當局授權的飛行教員所給予的飛行訓練，並且這種飛行訓練是在中國境外進行的。 （b）提供本條（a）所述飛行訓練的飛行教員對飛行訓練受訓人的簽字僅表明其已向該受訓人提供了訓練。 第61.43條 實踐考試的一般要求 （a）判斷執照或者等級申請人的操作能力應當依據下列標準： （1）按照經批准的實踐考試標準，安全完成相應執照或者等級規定的所有動作和程序； （2）熟練準確地操縱航空器，具有控制航空器的能力； （3）具有良好的判斷力； （4）能靈活應用航空知識； （5）如果航空器型號合格審定為單駕駛員操縱，則應當演示其具有單駕駛員的獨立操作能力。 （b）如果申請人未能按照本條（a）完成任一必需的駕駛員操作，則該申請人實踐考試為不合格。在申請人合格完成任一駕駛員操作之前，該申請人不得取得所申請的執照或等級。 （c）由於惡劣的天氣條件、航空器適航性或其他影響飛行安全的情況發生時，考試員或者申請人可以隨時中斷考試。如果實踐考試中斷，在符合下列規定時，局方可以承認申請人已經完成併合格的操作： （1）申請人在中斷實踐考試後60天內通過剩下的實踐考試； （2）申請人在繼續考試時應當出示中斷考試證明。 （d）申請人在一個或者多個操作上不合格，則該實踐考試應判定為不合格。 第61.45條 實踐考試必需的航空器和設備 （a）總則： 除獲准在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上完成的飛行科目外，申請本規則規定的執照或者等級的申請人，應當為實踐考試提供在中國登記的與所申請執照或者等級相對應的同樣類別、級別和型別（如適用）的航空器。該航空器應當具有標準適航證，但經實施考試的考試員同意，也可以提供中國登記的具有其他適航證的航空器，或外國登記的由登記國審定合格的適用航空器。 （b）除具有操縱裝置外，用於實踐考試的航空器還應當符合下列要求： （1）具有完成實踐考試中每項必需的操作所用的設備； （2）實踐考試必需的任一操作沒有禁止使用該設備的運行限制； （3）除本條（e）規定外，至少在兩個駕駛員座位上有足夠的視野，使得每個駕駛員都能夠安全操作該航空器； （4）當有額外的活動座椅提供給考試員使用時，該座位應當具有足夠的駕駛艙內外視野，以便於考試員評價申請人的表現。 （c）必需的操縱裝置： 除自由氣球和小型飛艇外，按本條規定提供給駕駛員用於實踐考試的航空器應當具有易於為兩個駕駛員觸摸到並以正常方式操作的發動機功率操縱裝置和飛行操縱裝置，考試員在考慮了所有因素後認為沒有這些裝置實踐考試也能安全進行的除外；對於具有諸如前輪轉彎操縱裝置、剎車、燃油選擇器、發動機空氣流量控制器等其他操縱裝置的航空器，雖然這些裝置對於兩名駕駛員不是都能輕易地觸摸到和以正常方式操作的，但是如果該航空器適航證要求配備有一名以上駕駛員，或者考試員認為這種情況並不影響實踐考試安全時，也可以使用這種航空器。 （d）模擬儀錶飛行設備： 申請的實踐考試如果涉及到僅參照儀錶進行操作的飛行動作，申請人應當提供： （1）適用於所申請等級操作的機載設備； （2）局方認可的隔斷申請人對航空器外部進行目視參照的設備，但不能妨礙考試員觀察航空器外部的目視參照物。 （e）單操縱裝置航空器： 符合下列條件時，實踐考試可以在裝有單操縱裝置的航空器上進行： （1）考試員同意進行考試； （2）考試不涉及儀錶技能的演示； （3）考試員所在位置（在地面或者在航空器上）可以觀察到申請人操作的熟練程度。 第61.47條 實踐考試中考試員的地位 （a）考試員代表局方對申請人實施按本規則頒發執照和等級的實踐考試，考試員的職責是觀察申請人是否具備完成實踐考試要求的各項操作的能力。 （b）考試員在實踐考試期間不是該航空器的機長，但是如果需要，經預先安排並經考試員本人同意，方可擔任該次飛行的機長。 （c）無論在實踐考試期間使用何種型號的航空器，申請人和考試員及考試員批准的其他乘員都不受本規則關於載運旅客條件的限制。 第61.49條 考試不合格後的再次考試 （a）未通過理論考試或者實踐考試的申請人符合下列規定可以申請再次考試： （1）接受了授權教員提供的補充訓練，並且該教員認為申請人有能力通過考試； （2）同時得到向申請人提供補充訓練的授權教員的簽字批准。 （b）帶有飛機或者滑翔機類別等級的飛行教員等級申請人，由於在失速識別、螺旋進入、螺旋或者螺旋改出方面教學缺乏熟練性而未通過實踐考試的，則該申請人應當符合下列規定： （1）再次考試之前符合本條（a）的要求； （2）再次考試時使用與所申請等級相適應的類別的航空器，並且該航空器是對螺旋審定合格的； （3）再次考試期間，向考試員滿意地演示了在失速識別、螺旋進入、螺旋和螺旋改出方面教學的熟練性。 第61.51條 飛行經歷記錄本 （a）訓練時間和航空經歷： 駕駛員應當以局方可接受的方式將下列訓練時間和航空經歷如實地記錄在飛行經歷記錄本中： （1）用於滿足本規則中執照、等級或定期檢查要求的訓練時間和航空經歷； （2）滿足本規則近期飛行經歷要求的航空經歷。 （b）駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上填寫的每次飛行或者課程記錄應當包括下列內容： （1）一般項目： （i）日期； （ii）總飛行經歷時間； （iii）航空器的起飛和著陸地點、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器訓練課程中所模擬的起飛、著陸地點； （iv）航空器、飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備的型號和標識。 （2）駕駛員經歷或者訓練的種類： （i）單飛； （ii）機長； （iii）副駕駛； （iv）接受授權教員的飛行和地面訓練； （v）在飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准的訓練設備上接受授權教員的訓練。 （3）飛行條件： （i）晝間或者夜間； （ii）實際儀錶； （iii）在飛行中、飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備中模擬儀錶條件。 （c）在駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上記錄的下列飛行經歷時間可用於申請按本規則頒發的執照或等級，或者用於滿足本規則的近期飛行經歷要求： （1）單飛時間： 學生駕駛員作為航空器上唯一乘員時的飛行時間才可以記作單飛時間。但是經局方批准，學生駕駛員在需要一名以上飛行機組成員的飛艇上行使機長職權的飛行時間也可以記作單飛時間。 （2）機長飛行經歷時間： （i）在已取得等級的航空器上作為操縱裝置的唯一操縱者的飛行時間，但接受授權教員教學的飛行時間除外；作為航空器唯一乘員時的飛行時間；在型號合格審定為或者相應的運行規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任機長時的飛行時間；作為持有商用駕駛員執照、航線運輸駕駛員執照或多人制機組駕駛員執照的駕駛員在型號合格審定為或者相應的運行規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上作為副駕駛在機長監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間。 （ii）擔任授權教員的全部飛行時間可以記作機長飛行經歷時間。 （iii）學生駕駛員只能將單飛時間記作機長飛行經歷時間；已持有單發飛機私用駕駛員執照在授權教員的監視下，履行多發飛機機長職責的時間。 （3）副駕駛飛行經歷時間： （i）按照本規則或者相應的運行規章審定合格的副駕駛，在型號合格審定為或者相應的運行規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任副駕駛的時間，記作副駕駛飛行經歷時間； （ii）在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入為取得更高級別駕駛員執照所需的總飛行時間。 （4）儀錶飛行經歷時間： （i）駕駛員可將在實際或者模擬儀錶飛行條件下，僅參照儀錶操作航空器的時間，記作儀錶飛行經歷時間； （ii）授權教員可將在實際儀錶氣象條件下執行儀錶飛行教學期間的時間記作儀錶飛行經歷時間； （iii）每次記錄應當包括完成每次儀錶進近的地點和類型； （iv）為滿足申請執照或等級以及儀錶近期經歷的要求，在授權教員的監視下，在飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備上模擬儀錶飛行的時間可記作儀錶飛行經歷時間。 （5）飛行訓練時間： 在航空器、飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備上接受授權教員的飛行訓練的時間可記作飛行訓練時間，包括科目和時長，該時間應當有實施訓練的授權教員簽字證明。 （d）出示飛行經歷記錄本： （1）在局方授權的檢查人員要求檢驗時，駕駛員應當出示其飛行經歷記錄本。 （2）學生駕駛員在所有轉場單飛中應當攜帶學生駕駛員執照（如適用）和飛行經歷記錄本。 （3）除了機長以外其他所有類別的駕駛員的飛行經歷時間需要簽字證明。 （4）非飛行經歷時間不得填入飛行經歷記錄本。 第61.53條 身體缺陷期間的限制 駕駛員已知身體有缺陷或者已知身體缺陷加重，不符合現行體檢合格證標準時，不得擔任機長或者飛行機組的其他必需成員。 第61.55條 副駕駛資格要求 （a）在要求型別等級的航空器上擔任副駕駛的駕駛員，應當符合下列規定： （1）至少持有商用駕駛員執照或多人制機組駕駛員執照（對於私用飛行，可以僅持有私用駕駛員執照），並具有相應的航空器類別、級別等級和相應型別等級（僅限副駕駛）。 （2）對於在儀錶飛行規則（IFR）條件下實施的飛行，應當具有適用於所飛航空器的儀錶等級。 （3）在所飛型別航空器或者相應的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上完成了地面和飛行訓練，並符合下列規定： （i）熟悉該型別航空器的發動機、設備和系統操作程序，性能和限制，正常、非正常和應急操作程序，經批准的飛行手冊，以及標牌與標誌； （ii）能獨立操縱航空器完成起飛、著陸，在航空器上作為飛行操縱裝置的唯一操縱者至少完成3次起飛和3次全停著陸； （iii）在一台發動機停車的情況下履行機長職責並完成發動機停車後的處置程序和機動動作； （iv）完成機組資源管理訓練； （v）經考試員檢查合格。 （b）在不要求型別等級的航空器上擔任副駕駛的駕駛員，應持有相應的航空器類別、級別等級和儀錶等級（如適用）的駕駛員執照。 第61.56條 接受檢查 航空人員應當接受局方定期或者不定期的檢查和考核；經檢查、考核合格的，方可繼續擔任其執照載明的工作。 第61.57條 定期檢查 （a）除學生駕駛員執照外，按本規則頒發的駕駛員執照的持有人，應當在行使權利前24個日曆月內針對其取得的每個航空器類別、級別和型別等級（如適用）通過由考試員實施的定期檢查，並在其執照記錄欄中簽注，否則不得行使執照上相應等級的權利。 （b）定期檢查應當包括至少1小時的理論檢查和至少1小時的飛行檢查，理論檢查可以採用筆試或者口試的方式；飛行檢查由考試員在航空器或者相應的飛行模擬機上實施。定期檢查應當包括以下內容： （1）一般運行和飛行規則，以及該駕駛員安全行使其執照所賦予的權利所應掌握的航空理論知識； （2）能夠證明該駕駛員有能力安全行使其執照權利所必需的動作和程序。 （c）下列檢查或者考試可以代替本條要求的定期檢查： （1）按照本規則實施的執照和等級實踐考試； （2）按照本規則第61.59條 或CCAR-121部規定完成的熟練檢查； （3）滑翔機類別運動駕駛員執照持有人可以用至少三次教學飛行代替定期檢查中要求的1小時飛行檢查，且每次飛行應達到起落航線的高度。 第61.59條 熟練檢查 （a）對於商業運行，擔任機長或者在型號合格審定要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任副駕駛的駕駛員，應當針對所飛航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如適用），在前12個日曆月內完成熟練檢查。 （b）熟練檢查由考試員在航空器或相應的飛行模擬機上實施。對於通過熟練檢查的駕駛員，由考試員在其執照記錄欄中簽注。檢查內容應符合下列要求： （1）對於機長，相應航空器類別、級別和型別等級（如適用）實踐考試所要求的動作和程序； （2）對於副駕駛，本規則61.55（a）（3）要求的內容。 （c）下列檢查或者考試可以代替本條要求的熟練檢查： （1）按照本規則實施的執照和等級實踐考試； （2）按照CCAR-121部規定完成的熟練檢查。 （d）對於商業運行，在本條（a）規定的期限內未進行熟練檢查或檢查不合格的駕駛員，只有重新通過相應航空器等級的實踐考試，方可擔任機長或在型號合格審定要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任副駕駛。 （e）駕駛員執照持有人在按本條（a）規定到期的那個月之前或之後一個日曆月內完成了熟練檢查，都認為是在到期的那個月完成的。 第61.61條 機長近期飛行經歷要求 （a）一般經歷要求： （1）在載運旅客的航空器或型號合格審定要求配備一名以上飛行機組成員的航空器上擔任機長的駕駛員，在該次飛行前90天內，在同一類別、級別和型別（如適用）的航空器上，作為飛行操縱裝置的唯一操縱者，應當至少完成3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （2）為了滿足本條（a）（1）的要求，駕駛員可以在沒有載運旅客的航空器上，在晝間目視飛行規則或晝間儀錶飛行規則條件下擔任機長完成飛行。 （3）本條（a）（1）要求的起飛和著陸可以在經局方批准的飛行模擬機上完成。 （b）夜間起飛和著陸經歷要求： （1）在夜間（日落後1小時至日出前1小時）擔任載運旅客的航空器機長的駕駛員，在該次飛行前90天內，在同一類別、級別、型別（如適用）的航空器上，作為飛行操縱裝置的唯一操縱者，應當至少在夜間完成3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （2）本條（b）（1）要求的起飛和著陸可以在經局方批准的飛行模擬機上完成。 （c）儀錶經歷要求： （1）在儀錶飛行規則或在低於目視飛行規則規定的最低標準氣象條件下擔任機長的駕駛員，在該次飛行前6個日曆月內，在相應類別航空器或相應的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上，應當在實際或模擬儀錶條件下完成至少6次儀錶進近，並完成等待程序和使用導航系統截獲並跟蹤航道的飛行。擔任滑翔機機長的，應當至少記錄有3小時儀錶飛行時間。 （2）不符合本條（c）（1）近期儀錶經歷要求的駕駛員，不得在儀錶飛行規則或低於目視飛行規則規定的最低標準氣象條件下擔任機長，只有在相應的航空器上通過由考試員實施的儀錶熟練檢查後，方可擔任機長。儀錶熟練檢查的內容由考試員從儀錶等級實踐考試的內容中選取。儀錶熟練檢查的部分或全部內容可在相應的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上實施。 （d）對於滿足CCAR-121中第121.461和121.465條 或者CCAR-135中第135.249條規定的駕駛員，視為滿足本條近期飛行經歷要求。 第61.63條 禁止提供虛假材料 禁止任何人實施下列行為： （a）在申請按本規則頒發或補發執照、等級或者此類其他證件的申請書上作出任何欺騙性或虛假的陳述； （b）在要求保存、填寫或使用的任何飛行經歷記錄本、記錄或成績單中填入任何欺騙性的或者虛假的內容； （c）以任何形式偽造按本規則頒發的執照或者等級證件； （d）以任何形式篡改按本規則頒發的執照或者等級證件。 第61.65條 變更姓名或者地址 （a）在按本規則頒發的執照上更改姓名，應當向局方提交書面申請，申請書應當附有該申請人現行執照、身份證和證實這種改變的其他文件。 （b）已變更永久通信地址的按本規則頒發的執照持有人，應當自變更之日起30天內通知局方。 第61.67條 自願放棄或者更換執照 按本規則頒發的執照持有人可以自願放棄所持執照、申請換發較低權限種類的執照或者取消某些等級的執照，但應當向局方提交具有本人簽字表明自願放棄原執照或等級的聲明。如自願放棄所持執照，再次申請執照時，原飛行經歷視為無效。 第61.69條 補發執照 按本規則頒發的執照遺失或者損壞後，申請人可以向局方申請補發，申請應當寫明遺失或者損壞執照的持有人姓名、永久通信地址、郵政編碼、出生地和出生日期、身份證號碼，以及該執照的級別、編號、頒發日期和附加的等級。 C章 增加等級和特殊規定 第61.81條 增加航空器等級 （a）在駕駛員執照上增加航空器等級，申請人應當符合本條（b）到（d）的相應條件。但是在航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加航空器等級，應當按照本規則I章 的規定執行。 （b）在駕駛員執照上增加類別等級，申請人應當符合下列規定： （1）完成了相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）要求的訓練，符合本規則規定的相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）的航空經歷要求； （2）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）的航空知識方面是合格的； （3）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）的飛行技能方面是合格的； （4）通過了相應執照類別等級和執照種類要求的理論考試； （5）通過了相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）要求的實踐考試。 （c）在駕駛員執照上增加級別等級，申請人應當滿足下列要求： （1）完成了相應執照級別等級要求的訓練，滿足本規則相應執照級別等級的航空經歷要求； （2）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照級別等級的航空知識方面是合格的； （3）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照級別等級的飛行技能方面是合格的； （4）通過了相應執照級別等級要求的理論考試，但是持有飛機或初級飛機類別的申請人在同種執照的同類別等級中增加級別等級，不需要參加理論考試。 （5）通過了相應執照級別等級要求的實踐考試。 （d）在駕駛員執照上增加型別等級或者在增加航空器類別等級或級別等級的同時增加型別等級的申請人應當滿足下列要求： （1）持有或者同時取得適合於所申請類別、級別或型別等級的儀錶等級。 （2）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照的類別、級別和型別等級的航空知識方面是合格的。 （3）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在航線運輸駕駛員執照對相應航空器類別、級別和型別等級要求的飛行技能方面是合格的。 （4）通過了航線運輸駕駛員執照對相應航空器類別、級別和型別等級要求的實踐考試。 （5）實踐考試應當在實際或者模擬儀錶條件下執行，但是如果該航空器型號審定為不能在儀錶飛行規則下運行，或者申請人沒有完成儀錶等級訓練，因而實踐考試沒有在儀錶條件進行，則該申請人只能獲得帶有“僅限于VFR”限制的型別等級。“僅限于VFR”限制可以在通過實際或者模擬儀錶條件下的實踐考試後撤銷。當頒發儀錶等級給持有一個或者多個型別等級的人員時，在此人沒有演示其儀錶能力的每一個航空器型別等級上都應註明“僅限于VFR”限制。 （6）如果申請人在增加航空器類別等級或者級別等級的同時增加型別等級，則應當按照本條（b）或（c）要求通過相應的理論考試。 （7）參加CCAR-121部或CCAR-135部運行的駕駛員只需要符合本條（d）（1）、（d）（4）和（d）（5）的規定，但是應當由運行合格證持有人簽字證明其已經完成了合格證持有人依據經批准訓練大綱實施的訓練。 （e）對於飛機，本條（b）、（c）和（d）規定的各項操作應當在與所申請的增加等級為同一類別、級別和型別的飛機上進行。但是在下列情況下，可以按照相應要求使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行： （1）滿足下列條件之一的申請人，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替飛機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪噴氣飛機一個型別等級，申請在渦輪噴氣飛機上增加另一個型別等級； （ii）持有渦輪螺旋槳飛機一個型別等級，申請在渦輪螺旋槳飛機上增加另一個型別等級； （iii）至少具有2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在與所申請型別等級相同級別的渦輪動力飛機上獲得的； （iv）至少具有500小時飛行經歷時間是在與所申請等級飛機同一型別的飛機上獲得的； （v）至少具有1,000小時飛行經歷時間是在至少兩個不同型別的飛機上獲得的。 （2）不符合本條（e）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在飛機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 （f）對於直升機，本條（b）、（c）和（d）規定的各項操作應當在與所申請的增加等級是同一型別的直升機上進行。但是在下列情況下，可以按照相應要求使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行： （1）滿足下列條件之一的申請人，在申請渦輪動力直升機的型別等級時，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替直升機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪動力直升機一個型別等級，申請在渦輪動力直升機上增加另一個型別等級； （ii）至少具有2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在渦輪動力直升機上獲得的； （iii）至少具有500小時飛行經歷時間是在同一型別的直升機上獲得的； （iv）至少具有1,000小時飛行經歷時間是在至少兩個不同型別的渦輪動力直升機上獲得的。 （2）不符合本條（f）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在直升機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 第61.83條 儀錶等級要求 （a）在駕駛員執照上增加儀錶等級，申請人應當符合下列規定： （1）應當至少持有現行私用駕駛員執照，該執照應當帶有適用於所申請儀錶等級的飛機、直升機、飛艇或傾轉旋翼機等級。 （2）完成並記錄了授權教員提供的本條（b）中適用於所申請儀錶等級的航空知識方面的地面訓練。 （3）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其可以參加增加儀錶等級所要求的理論考試。 （4）完成並記錄了授權教員提供的適用於所申請儀錶等級的、本條（c）或者（d）飛行技能方面的飛行訓練。 （5）滿足本條（d）的飛行經歷要求。 （6）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其可以參加增加儀錶等級所要求的實踐考試。 （7）應當通過本條（b）所要求相關航空知識的理論考試。申請人持有某一類別航空器的儀錶等級的除外。 （8）應當通過本條（c）或（d）所要求相關飛行技能的實踐考試。 （b）航空知識： 儀錶等級理論考試的申請人，應當已接受授權教員提供的地面訓練，內容至少包括適用於所申請等級的下列航空知識： （1）中國民用航空規章中有關儀錶飛行規則（IFR）運行的規定、空中交通管制系統與程序、有關的航行資料和通告； （2）適用於儀錶飛行規則（IFR）運行的無線電領航，使用無線電導航設備進行儀錶飛行規則（IFR）航行和進近，儀錶飛行規則（IFR）航圖和儀錶進近圖的使用； （3）航空氣象報告和預報的獲得與使用，以及根據這些信息和對天氣情況的觀測，預測天氣趨勢的要點，危險天氣的識別和風切變的避讓； （4）在儀錶氣象條件下，安全有效地操作航空器； （5）機組資源管理，包括機組通信、協調和判斷與決斷的作出； （6）與航空器儀錶飛行有關的威脅與差錯管理的知識。 （c）儀錶等級實踐考試的申請人，應當在相應的航空器或者飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上接受授權教員提供的下列儀錶飛行技能訓練： （1）僅按儀錶操作航空器並準確完成各項機動飛行； （2）使用無線電導航設備進行儀錶飛行規則（IFR）航行，包括遵守空中交通管制指令和程序； （3）使用無線電導航設備進近至局方公佈的最低標準； （4）在模擬或者實際的儀錶飛行規則（IFR）條件下，在中國民用航路或者空中交通管制（ATC）指定航線上的轉場飛行； （5）模擬的緊急情況，包括設備或儀錶故障、失去通信聯絡以及失去進近條件後的復飛程序以及到非計劃的備降機場備降； （6）具有識別並且管理威脅與差錯的能力。 （d）儀錶等級的申請人應當符合下列飛行經歷要求： （1）至少50小時擔任機長的轉場飛行，其中至少10小時是在所申請儀錶等級的航空器上獲得的。 （2）40小時的實際或者模擬儀錶時間，其中可以包括不超過20小時的在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上由授權教員提供儀錶訓練的時間。該時間包括： （i）在所申請儀錶等級的航空器類別上，授權教員提供的至少15小時儀錶飛行訓練； （ii）在實踐考試日期之前60天內，授權教員提供的至少3小時準備考試的儀錶飛行訓練； （iii）對於飛機儀錶等級，在飛機上至少完成一次總距離不少於470千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近； （iv）對於直升機儀錶等級，在直升機上至少完成一次總距離不少於200千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近； （v）對於飛艇儀錶等級，在飛艇上至少完成一次總距離不少於45千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近； （vi）對於傾轉旋翼機儀錶等級，在傾轉旋翼機上至少完成一次總距離不少於200千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近。 第61.87條 牽引滑翔機的航空器機長經歷和訓練要求 （a）在牽引滑翔機的航空器上擔任機長，應當符合下列規定： （1）至少持有帶動力航空器類別等級的私用駕駛員執照。 （2）已經在用於牽引滑翔機的航空器類別、級別和型別（如適用）上記錄了至少100小時的機長時間。 （3）授權教員在該駕駛員的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其已在滑翔機上接受了地面和飛行訓練，熟悉安全牽引滑翔機所必需的知識，包括： （i）安全牽引滑翔機的基本技術和程序，包括空速限制； （ii）應急程序； （iii）使用的信號； （iv）最大坡度。 （4）在一名滿足本條（b）要求的駕駛員陪同下，在牽引滑翔機的航空器上作為操縱裝置的唯一操縱者完成至少3次牽引飛行，或模擬滑翔機牽引飛行程序，並獲得陪同駕駛員在其飛行經歷記錄本上的簽字證明。 （5）在前12個日曆月內，至少符合下列條件之一： （i）在符合本條（b）要求的駕駛員陪同下，完成至少3次實際或者模擬滑翔機牽引； （ii）作為被航空器牽引的滑翔機機長，完成至少3次飛行。 （b）本條（a）（4）要求的陪同駕駛員，在擔任陪同駕駛員之前，應當已經滿足本條（a）的要求，並記錄了在牽引滑翔機的航空器上擔任機長的至少10次飛行。但是對於僅持有私用駕駛員執照的駕駛員，還應當滿足記錄了至少100小時在有動力航空器上擔任機長的時間，或者至少200小時在有動力和無動力航空器上擔任機長的時間。 第61.89條 按其他規章批准的訓練大綱完成訓練的人員 （a）在經局方按照CCAR-141或CCAR-142審定合格的訓練機構中按經批准的有關執照、等級訓練大綱完成地面和飛行訓練的人員，向局方出示其完成訓練證明的，視為該申請人符合相應執照或者等級的飛行經歷、航空知識和飛行技能的要求。但是，該執照、等級申請人應當通過本規則規定的理論考試並在訓練結束後60天內通過實踐考試。 （b）按照CCAR-121或CCAR-135中對機長的要求，完成經批准的訓練大綱中所要求訓練的駕駛員，在訓練結束後60天之內通過實踐考試的，視為其滿足本規則第61.187條 中的相應飛行技能要求。 第61.91條 對具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員的特殊規定 （a）具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員可以按本條要求申請頒發私用或商用駕駛員執照和等級。 （b）具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員出示具有航空經歷記錄的技術檔案資料或等效文件，局方可以承認其航空經歷，用於滿足按本規則頒發相應執照和等級的航空經歷要求。 （c）滿足下列要求的具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的申請人，局方可以為其頒發私用駕駛員執照： （1）除要求的相應考試和簽字證明外，滿足本規則第61.123條資格要求。 （2）出示有關技術檔案資料或等效文件，證明其滿足本規則第61.129至61.135條一個航空器等級的航空經歷要求。 （3）申請執照和等級前24個日曆月內仍在飛行的，應當通過本規則61.123（g）要求的理論考試；申請執照和等級前24個日曆月內已不參加飛行的，還應當通過本規則61.123（j）要求的實踐考試。 （d）滿足下列要求的具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的申請人，局方可以為其頒發商用駕駛員執照： （1）除要求的考試和簽字證明外，滿足本規則第61.153條資格要求； （2）出示有關技術檔案資料或等效文件，證明其滿足本規則第61.159至61.166條一個航空器等級的航空經歷要求； （3）申請執照和等級前12個日曆月內仍在飛行的，應當通過本規則61.153（g）要求的理論考試； （4）申請執照和等級前12個日曆月內已不參加飛行的，應當通過本規則61.153（g）和（j）要求的理論考試和實踐考試。 （e）對於按本條（c）、（d）頒發的執照，按（c）或（d）審定合格或經考試合格的航空器等級，局方可以簽注在相應的執照上。原國家航空器駕駛員申請航空器等級按下列規定辦理： （1）原單發飛機和殲擊機駕駛員，可以申請飛機類別單發陸地等級； （2）含轟炸機、運輸機在內的原多發飛機駕駛員，可申請飛機類別多發陸地等級； （3）原運輸飛機駕駛員所飛機型符合本規則頒髮型別等級要求的，該駕駛員可以申請相應的型別等級，但需通過該型別等級的實踐考試； （4）原直升機駕駛員可以申請直升機類別等級和型別等級，但需通過該型別等級的實踐考試； （5）未在本條（e）款中列明的其他航空器由局方確定其相應的轉換等級和辦理方法。 （f）具有複雜氣象標準的原國家航空器駕駛員，符合本規則61.83（d）航空經歷要求的，可以申請在其駕駛員執照上增加儀錶等級，但應當通過本規則第61.83條要求的理論考試和實踐考試。 第61.93條 外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人申請按本規則頒發駕駛員執照 （a）外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人可以申請按本規則頒發的駕駛員執照和等級。申請人的外國駕駛員執照如果是國際民航公約締約國或香港、澳門特別行政區頒發的，並且沒有不符合國際民航組織標準的簽注，則可以作為滿足所申請執照和等級飛行經歷要求的證明，並認為其具有參加相應理論考試和實踐考試的資格。該申請人不需符合所申請執照資格要求中有關申請人應當持有某種執照的規定，以及有關申請人應當具有授權教員推薦其參加理論考試和實踐考試的簽字的規定。除此以外，申請人應當滿足本規則對其所申請執照的其他要求，包括通過相應的理論考試和實踐考試。但是，對於符合（b）條件的私用駕駛員執照的申請人無需滿足上述要求。 （b）外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人申請按本規則頒發私用駕駛員執照和等級時，只要符合以下條件，局方可以為其頒發私用駕駛員執照和等級： （1）持有現行有效的外國或香港、澳門特別行政區私用、商用或航線運輸駕駛員執照，沒有不符合國際民航組織標準的簽注。 （2）持有中國頒發或者認可的體檢合格證。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。如果申請人因某種原因不能完全滿足本要求，局方應當在該申請人的執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）通過民用航空規章有關駕駛員權利與限制、空中交通規則和一般運行規則等部分的理論考試。 （c）按本條（b）頒發的執照上應當註明所依據的原執照編號和頒發地。原執照上的航空器等級和儀錶等級，以及按本規則規定在考試後頒發的等級，局方可以簽注在該執照上。該執照的持有人可以行使本規則私用駕駛員執照的權利，但應當遵守執照上簽注的限制。當其原執照被暫扣或吊銷時，不得行使中國私用駕駛員執照的權利。 （d）因國內訓練能力不足等原因，經局方批准，運營人可在境外經批准或認可的飛行訓練機構完成部分人員的執照或等級訓練，此類人員在通過本規則要求的民用航空規章有關駕駛員權利與限制、空中交通規則和一般運行規則等部分的理論考試後，可以持訓練機構所在地民航當局頒發的駕駛員執照和等級，申請換發本規則中相應的駕駛員執照和等級。 （e）外國或香港、澳門特別行政區頒發的含有初級飛機、自轉旋翼機、滑翔機、自由氣球或小型飛艇等級的駕駛員執照持有人，通過理論考試和實踐考試後可申請按本規則頒發的相應等級的運動駕駛員執照。 第61.95條 依據外國或香港、澳門特別行政區駕駛員執照頒發認可函 （a）外國或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人可以按本條申請頒發認可函。 （b）申請人在申請按本規則頒發的認可函時，應向局方提供以下材料： （1）《國際民用航空公約》締約國或香港、澳門特別行政區頒發的現行有效駕駛員執照和相應等級； （2）申請運行的種類和時間。 （c）經審查合格後，局方可向申請人頒發執照認可函。 （d）按本條頒發的認可函包含以下內容： （1）申請人的原執照編號和執照頒發機構。 （2）有效期。按本條頒發的認可函有效期不超過下列任何一項： （i）除被暫扣或吊銷外，自簽發之日起24個日曆月； （ii）申請人參加運行的航空器租期期滿之日； （iii）申請人雇用合同期滿之日。 （e）認可函的運行權利和限制： 按本條規定頒發的駕駛員執照認可函的持有人： （1）具有原執照上和本規則相對應的等級的權利，並可以在中國登記的相應的民用航空器上擔任駕駛員； （2）其權利受局方在其認可函上簽注的限制； （3）在中國登記的航空器上，行使其認可函上的權利時，應當遵守其認可函和原駕駛員執照上的限制和約束； （4）原執照被暫扣，吊銷或失效時，認可函同時失效。 （f）按本條頒發的認可函僅在作為該認可函頒發依據的外國或香港、澳門特別行政區駕駛員執照由持有人隨身攜帶時，方為有效。 D章 學生駕駛員執照 第61.101條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發學生駕駛員執照的條件、該執照的用途以及執照持有人應當遵守的一般運行規則與限制。申請運動駕駛員執照的學生駕駛員，無需辦理學生駕駛員執照，但須遵守本章對學生駕駛員的單飛要求及一般限制。 第61.103條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發學生駕駛員執照： （a）年滿16周歲。 （b）5年內無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）持有局方頒發的現行有效Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證。 為取得運動駕駛員執照的學生駕駛員應符合下列條件： （a）年滿16周歲，但僅申請操作滑翔機或自由氣球的為年滿14周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，應申請學生駕駛員執照，並由局方在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）持有局方頒發的現行有效體檢合格證。 第61.105條 學生駕駛員單飛要求 （a）學生駕駛員應當滿足本條要求方可操縱航空器單飛。 （b）學生駕駛員應當通過由授權教員實施的理論考試，證明其具有要求的航空知識。理論考試應當包括下列內容： （1）本規則和一般運行規則中的適用部分； （2）單飛所用機場的空中交通規則和程序； （3）所用航空器的飛行特性和運行限制。 （c）在被批准實施單飛前，學生駕駛員應當已經接受並記錄了單飛所用航空器的適用動作與程序的飛行訓練，並經授權教員在該型號或類似航空器上檢查，認為該駕駛員熟練掌握了這些動作與程序，能夠安全實施單飛。單飛前至少應當完成下列動作與程序的飛行訓練： （1）對於飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）正常和不同阻力形態下作帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）從不同高度和功率組合進入失速，並在開始失速時改出，以及從完全失速中改出； （xi）設備故障和應急程序； （xii）參照地面的機動飛行； （xiii）模擬發動機故障進近至著陸區域； （xiv）復飛； （xv）對單發飛機，側滑修正目測並著陸。 （2）對於直升機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）以各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參考地面的機動飛行； （xii）進近至著陸區域； （xiii）懸停和懸停轉彎； （xiv）復飛； （xv）模擬應急程序，包括自轉下降至恢復功率懸停； （xvi）快速減速； （xvii）模擬單發失效進近並著陸（對多發直升機）。 （3）對於飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參照地面的機動飛行； （xii）裝配、壓艙配平，控制副氣囊的壓力及過熱； （xiii）以正靜平衡和以負靜平衡著陸。 （4）對於傾轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）從不同高度和功率組合進入失速，並在開始失速時改出，以及從完全失速中改出； （xi）設備故障和應急程序； （xii）參照地面的機動飛行； （xiii）模擬發動機故障進近至著陸區域； （xiv）復飛； （xv）進近至著陸區域； （xvi）懸停和懸停轉彎； （xvii）模擬單發失效進近並著陸（對多發傾轉旋翼機）。 （5）對於初級飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）正常和不同阻力形態下作帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）從不同高度和功率組合進入失速，並在開始失速時改出，以及從完全失速中改出； （xi）設備故障和應急程序； （xii）參照地面的機動飛行； （xiii）模擬發動機故障進近至著陸區域； （xiv）復飛； （xv）側滑修正目測並著陸。 （6）對於自轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）以各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參考地面的機動飛行； （xii）進近至著陸區域； （xiii）帶動力和模擬關閉動力的快速下降，並從這些飛行狀態中改出； （xiv）復飛； （xv）模擬應急程序，包括模擬關閉動力著陸和模擬起飛期間動力裝置失效。 （7）對於滑翔機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置（如適用）的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行（如適用）； （iii）正常和側風起飛； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的轉彎（如適用）； （v）機場起落航線，包括加入程序； （vi）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （vii）使用高阻和低阻形態作帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （viii）以各種空速飛行； （ix）設備故障和應急程序； （x）參照地面的機動飛行（如適用）； （xi）牽引索的檢查、信號和脫鉤程序（如適用）； （xii）飛機牽引、地面牽引、自身動力或自行彈射起飛程序； （xiii）滑翔機拆卸和組裝程序； （xiv）失速進入、失速和失速改出； （xv）直線滑翔、轉彎和盤旋； （xvi）正常和側風著陸； （xvii）側滑修正目測並著陸； （xviii）利用上升氣流的程序和技術； （xix）應急操作，包括牽引索斷裂程序。 （8）對於自由氣球的學生駕駛員： （i）組裝程序； （ii）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統的檢查； （iii）上升和下降； （iv）著陸和恢復程序； （v）設備故障和應急程序； （vi）相應的熱空氣或氣源、配重、活門、放氣門和裂幅的使用； （vii）模擬緊急情況下，放氣門或裂幅的使用； （viii）風對上升和進近角度的影響； （ix）障礙物觀測和避讓技術。 （9）對於小型飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參照地面的機動飛行； （xii）裝配、壓艙配平，控制副氣囊的壓力及過熱； （xiii）以正靜平衡和以負靜平衡著陸。 （d）學生駕駛員在操作航空器單飛之前，應當符合下列規定： （1）在學生駕駛員執照上，有授權教員針對其所飛型號航空器的簽字批准； （2）在其飛行經歷記錄本上，有授權教員的簽字，證明其在單飛日期之前90天內接受了所飛型號航空器的訓練。 （e）學生駕駛員在夜間操作航空器單飛前應當符合下列規定： （1）已經接受了夜間飛行訓練，包括在擬實施單飛的機場進行的夜間起飛、進近、著陸和復飛訓練； （2）已經接受了在擬實施單飛的機場附近進行的夜間航行訓練； （3）在其飛行經歷記錄本上，有授權教員的簽字，證明其在夜間單飛日期之前90天內接受了所飛型號航空器的訓練。 （f）授權教員在批准學生駕駛員每次單飛時，應當遵守下列規定： （1）在單飛所用型號航空器上，已向該駕駛員提供了訓練； （2）認為該駕駛員已熟練掌握本條規定的動作和程序； （3）認為該駕駛員已熟悉所飛型號航空器； （4）確認學生駕駛員執照已經由提供飛行訓練的授權教員針對所飛型號航空器簽署； （5）在該學生駕駛員的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字批准其在所飛型號航空器上單飛，或者確認授權教員的簽字是在90天的有效期內做出的。 第61.107條 一般限制 （a）學生駕駛員不得從事下列行為： （1）在載運旅客的航空器上擔任機長； （2）以取酬為目的在載運貨物的航空器上擔任機長； （3）為獲取酬金而擔任航空器機長； （4）在空中或地面能見度白天小于5千米、夜間小于8千米的飛行中擔任航空器機長； （5）在不能目視參照地標的飛行中擔任航空器機長； （6）在違背授權教員對於該駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本中簽注的限制的情況下擔任航空器機長。 （b）學生駕駛員不得在航空器型號合格審定或實施該飛行所依據的規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的任何航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員，但在飛艇或小型飛艇上接受授權教員的飛行教學，並且該航空器上除飛行機組必需成員外沒有任何其他人員時除外。 第61.109條 轉場單飛要求 （a）學生駕駛員在實施轉場單飛或距起飛機場超過50千米的單飛前，應當遵守本條轉場單飛的規定。 （b）申請轉場單飛的學生駕駛員應當符合下列規定： （1）在轉場單飛所用航空器上，已經接受了授權教員提供的地面和飛行訓練； （2）經授權教員檢查證明其已熟練掌握了本條要求的相應航空器轉場飛行的動作與程序； （3）已經在轉場單飛所用航空器上，合格完成了本規則第61.105條規定的動作與程序； （4）遵守本條（c）要求的授權教員在簽字時註明的任何限制。 （c）學生駕駛員在實施轉場飛行前應當具有下列簽字批准： （1）除運動駕駛員執照申請人外，由提供訓練的授權教員在其學生駕駛員執照上作出轉場單飛的簽字批准，並註明所飛航空器類別。 （2）由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上對所飛型號航空器作出轉場單飛的簽字批准。 （3）在每次轉場單飛前，由授權教員按本條（d）規定評估其轉場計劃並在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字批准。該簽字批准應當詳細説明所飛航空器的廠家和型號；證明該駕駛員做好了飛行計劃和準備，能夠安全實施轉場單飛。 （d）授權教員在批准學生駕駛員每次轉場單飛時，應當遵守下列規定： （1）確認該駕駛員的轉場計劃是正確的； （2）評估天氣實況和預報，確定本次飛行能夠按照目視飛行規則完成； （3）確認該駕駛員技術熟練，能夠安全實施本次飛行； （4）確認該駕駛員對所飛航空器具有合適的轉場單飛簽字批准； （5）確認該駕駛員的單飛簽字批准對所飛航空器是現行有效的。 （e）學生駕駛員除完成本規則第61.105條要求的單飛前飛行訓練動作與程序外，在轉場單飛前還應當完成下列相應航空器的轉場飛行動作與程序的訓練： （1）對於飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序，包括在短小和鬆軟機場上起飛、進近與著陸； （xi）最大上升角和最大上升率上升； （xii）只參考飛行儀錶操縱航空器飛行，包括平直飛行、轉彎、下降、爬升以及無線電助航設備和空中交通管制指令的使用； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （2）對於直升機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）起飛、進近和著陸程序； （xi）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （3）對於飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）上升、下降飛行和控制高度時的氣體壓力控制； （xi）只參考飛行儀錶操縱飛艇； （xii）有利於轉場飛行的天氣和上升氣流的識別； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （4）對於傾轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序； （xi）只參考飛行儀錶操縱航空器飛行，包括平直飛行、轉彎、下降、爬升以及無線電助航設備和空中交通管制指令的使用。 （5）對於初級飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序，包括在短小和鬆軟機場上起飛、進近與著陸； （xi）最大上升角和最大上升率上升； （xii）只參考飛行儀錶操縱航空器飛行，包括平直飛行、轉彎、下降、爬升以及無線電助航設備和空中交通管制指令的使用； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （6）對於自轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序，包括在短小和鬆軟機場上起飛、進近與著陸； （xi）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （7）對於滑翔機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）從離地至少600米的高度，不使用高度表完成著陸； （x）識別有利於轉場滑翔、上升、下降飛行的天氣和上升氣流狀態，以及控制高度。 （8）對於小型飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）上升、下降飛行和控制高度時的氣體壓力控制； （xi）只參考飛行儀錶操縱飛艇； （xii）有利於轉場飛行的天氣和上升氣流的識別； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 E章 運動駕駛員執照 第61.111條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發運動駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.113條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發運動駕駛員執照： （a）年滿17周歲，但僅申請操作滑翔機或自由氣球的為年滿16周歲。 （b）5年內無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有初中或者初中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的現行有效體檢合格證。 （f）完成了本規則第61.115條要求的相應航空器等級的航空知識訓練，並由提供訓練或者評審其自學情況的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的理論考試。 （g）通過了本規則第61.115條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （h）完成了本規則第61.117條要求的相應航空器等級的飛行技能訓練，並由提供訓練的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的實踐考試。 （i）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本規則第61.119條適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （j）通過了本規則第61.117條適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行技能的實踐考試。 （k）符合本規則對所申請航空器等級的相應條款要求。 第61.115條 航空知識要求 申請人應當接受並記錄授權教員提供的地面訓練，完成下列與所申請航空器等級相應的地面訓練科目或者自學課程： （a）航空法規： 與運動駕駛員權利、限制和飛行運行有關的中國民用航空規章。 （b）初級飛機、飛艇、自轉旋翼機、滑翔機、自由氣球的一般知識： （1）動力裝置、系統和儀錶的工作原理及其功能； （2）有關類別航空器和動力裝置的使用限制，飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料； （3）對於自轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）； （4）對於飛艇，氣體的物理特性與實際應用。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及重量分佈對飛行特性的影響、重量和平衡計算； （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據的使用與實際運用； （3）相應航空器安全有效的運行，包括飛行活動高密度機場的飛行、防撞、避免尾流顛簸以及無線電通信程序，夜間運行。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： 包括識別臨界天氣狀況，避讓風切變，獲得氣象資料的程序以及航空天氣報告和預報的使用。 （f）領航： 包括航圖和磁羅盤的使用，地標和推測領航，目視飛行規則（VFR）飛行，航行設施的使用及機載領航設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理。 （2）高度表撥正程序。 （3）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼及縮略語》的使用。 （4）適當的預防程序和應急程序，包括為避讓危險天氣、尾流和其他運行危險所採取的行動。 （5）對於自轉旋翼機（如適用），帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （6）對於初級飛機和滑翔機類別等級，還要求失速識別、螺旋進入與改出技術。 （7）對於滑翔機，不同的牽引起飛方法與相關程序。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 適用於目視飛行規則運行的通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.117條 飛行技能要求 申請人應當至少在下列操作上接受並記錄了授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器等級的地面和飛行訓練。 （a）對於初級飛機類別等級： （1）飛機的組裝、拆卸和油料配置； （2）飛行前準備，包括重量和平衡計算，起飛前檢查，發動機的使用； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，包括在管制機場操作，無線電通信，防撞措施及避免尾流顛簸； （4）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （5）以臨界小速度飛行，判斷並改出從直線飛行和從轉彎中進入的臨界失速及失速； （6）起飛、著陸和復飛，包括正常、側風、短小和鬆軟跑道的起飛與著陸，以及最大性能起飛和著陸； （7）使用地標領航和推測領航的轉場飛行； （8）水上操作（如適用）； （9）應急操作，包括模擬的航空器系統和設備故障； （10）高度50米以下機動飛行的規則和方法； （11）關閉發動機或者模擬關閉發動機後的轉彎、下滑和著陸的操縱方法。 （b）對於自轉旋翼機類別等級： （1）飛行前操作，包括起飛前檢查，自轉旋翼機勤務、重量和平衡計算、動力裝置和航空器各系統的使用； （2）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （3）以臨界小速度機動飛行，對小速度大下降率狀態的判斷和改出； （4）機場和起落航線的運行，包括防撞措施、空中交通管製程序和無線電通信程序； （5）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備轉場飛行； （6）應急程序，包括最大性能起飛和著陸。 （c）對於滑翔機類別等級： （1）飛行前操作，包括安裝、拆卸以及起飛前檢查； （2）所使用的牽引起飛方式的技術和程序，包括適當的空速限制、應急程序和使用的信號； （3）起落航線運行，防撞措施和程序； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱滑翔機； （5）在整個飛行包線內飛行； （6）識別並從臨界失速、失速、螺旋和急盤旋下降中改出； （7）正常和側風牽引起飛、進近和著陸； （8）使用目視參考和推測領航進行轉場飛行； （9）應急程序。 （d）對於小型飛艇類別等級： （1）地面操作，包括係留、裝配和飛行前準備； （2）正常起飛、著陸與復飛，雙向無線電通信和防撞措施； （3）平直飛行、上升、轉彎和下降； （4）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （5）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備航行； （6）模擬的應急情況，包括設備、氣體活門故障和發動機失去功率。 （e）對於自由氣球類別等級： （1）飛行前操作，包括自由氣球組裝、索具調整、充氣、係留和檢查； （2）氣球放飛和上升技術與程序，包括適當的限制、應急程序和所用信號； （3）防撞措施； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱自由氣球； （5）快速下降的識別和改出； （6）使用目視參考和推測領航飛行； （7）進近到著陸，包括地面操縱； （8）應急程序。 第61.119條 運動駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）初級飛機類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人應當在有動力的航空器上有至少30小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.117條飛行技能要求在相應級別的初級飛機或飛機上由授權教員提供的至少15小時帶飛訓練（其中可以包括不多於2小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和5小時在相應級別的初級飛機上的單飛時間。 （1）由授權教員提供的帶飛訓練至少包括： （i）2小時轉場飛行訓練。 （ii）3小時的初級飛機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （iii）2小時為初級飛機實踐考試作準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （2）5小時初級飛機上的單飛時間，至少包括3次起飛、3次全停著陸和1次總距離至少為120千米（65海裏）的轉場單飛。 （b）自轉旋翼機類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人應當在有動力的航空器上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.117條的飛行技能要求，在自轉旋翼機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時帶飛訓練（其中可以包括不多於2小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和5小時自轉旋翼機單飛時間。 （1）由授權教員提供的帶飛訓練至少包括： （i）2小時轉場飛行訓練。 （ii）3小時的自轉旋翼機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （iii）2小時為自轉旋翼機實踐考試作準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （2）5小時自轉旋翼機上的單飛時間，至少包括3次起飛、3次全停著陸和一次總距離至少為50千米的轉場單飛。 （c）滑翔機類別等級運動駕駛員執照申請人： （1）如果在重於空氣航空器上作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間不足40小時，則申請人應當按照本規則61.117的飛行技能要求在滑翔機上完成至少10小時飛行時間，該時間應當至少包括： （i）20次滑翔機飛行，包括在滑翔機上由授權教員提供的、為實踐考試作準備的至少3次飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （ii）2小時滑翔機單飛，其中應當完成至少10次起飛和著陸。 （2）如果在重於空氣航空器上作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間不少於40小時，則申請人應當按照本規則61.117的飛行技能要求在滑翔機上完成至少3小時飛行時間。該時間應當至少包括： （i）10次滑翔機單飛； （ii）在滑翔機上由授權教員提供的、為實踐考試作準備的3次飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （3）在滑翔機上擔任機長的駕駛員應當完成下列相應附加訓練： （i）使用地面牽引程序。該駕駛員已經完成地面牽引程序及其操作的地面和飛行訓練，並得到授權教員的簽字，證明其能夠合格進行地面牽引程序及其操作。 （ii）使用空中牽引程序。該駕駛員已經完成空中牽引程序及其操作的地面和飛行訓練，並得到授權教員的簽字，證明其能夠合格進行空中牽引程序及其操作。 （iii）使用自行起飛程序。該駕駛員已經完成自行起飛程序及其操作的地面和飛行訓練，並得到授權教員的簽字，證明其能夠合格進行自行起飛程序及其操作。 （d）小型飛艇類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人按照本規則61.117條的飛行技能要求在小型飛艇或自由氣球上接受至少20小時的飛行訓練（其中在小型飛艇上的帶飛訓練時間至少為10小時），該飛行訓練內容應至少包括： （1）3小時轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時小型飛艇夜間飛行訓練，包括5次起飛和5次全停著陸。如不滿足本要求，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）2小時為小型飛艇實踐考試作準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）5小時在小型飛艇上履行機長職責的時間。 （e）自由氣球類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人應當完成至少16小時作為自由氣球駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，至少包括8次氣球放飛和上升，其中一次為上升至高於起飛點600米的飛行，以及一次單飛。 第61.120條 運動駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）運動駕駛員執照持有人可以在相應類別和級別等級的航空器上擔任機長。 （b）如滑翔機載運乘客，運動駕駛員執照持有人在取得滑翔機類別等級後，應當再建立不少於10小時的飛行經歷時間。 （c）以取酬為目的在經營性運行的航空器上擔任機長，或為獲取酬金在航空器上擔任機長，運動駕駛員執照持有人應具有不少於35小時的飛行經歷時間，其中20小時作為本類別和級別（如適用）航空器駕駛員的飛行經歷時間。 （d）未滿18周歲的運動駕駛員執照持有人，不得在以取酬為目的的航空器上擔任機長。 （e）運動駕駛員執照持有人不得從事商業航空運輸運行。 （f）運動駕駛員執照持有人禁止在自由氣球上實施夜間飛行。 F章 私用駕駛員執照 第61.121條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發私用駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.123條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發私用駕駛員執照： （a）年滿17周歲。 （b）5年內無犯罪記錄； （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有初中或者初中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的現行有效Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證。 （f）完成了本規則第61.125條要求的相應航空器等級的航空知識訓練，並由提供訓練或者評審其自學情況的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的理論考試。 （g）通過了本規則第61.125條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （h）完成了本規則第61.127條要求的相應航空器等級的飛行技能訓練，並由提供訓練的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的實踐考試。 （i）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本章中適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （j）通過了本規則第61.127條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 （k）符合本規則對所申請航空器類別和級別等級的相應條款要求。 第61.125條 航空知識要求 申請人應當接受並記錄授權教員提供的地面訓練，完成下列與所申請航空器等級相應的地面訓練科目或者自學課程： （a）航空法規： 與私用駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；高度表撥正程序；相應的空中交通服務措施和程序。 （b）飛機、飛艇、直升機和傾轉旋翼機類航空器的一般知識： （1）動力裝置、系統和儀錶的工作原理及其功能。 （2）有關類別航空器和動力裝置的使用限制；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料。 （3）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）。 （4）對於飛艇，氣體的物理特性與實際應用。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及重量分佈對飛行特性的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據的使用與實際運用。 （3）適合於按照目視飛行規則私人運行的飛行前準備和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；位置報告程序；高度表撥正程序；交通密集區的運行。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： 初級航空氣象學的應用；氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法；危險氣象條件。 （f）領航： 空中領航和推測領航技術的實踐；航圖的使用。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理。 （2）高度表撥正程序。 （3）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼及縮略語》的使用。 （4）適當的預防程序和應急程序，包括為避讓危險天氣、尾流和其他運行危險所採取的行動。 （5）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機（如適用），帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 適用於目視飛行規則運行的通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.127條 飛行技能要求 申請人應當至少在下列操作上接受並記錄了授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器等級的地面和飛行訓練： （a）對於飛機類別等級： （1）威脅和差錯的識別和管理； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡計算，起飛前檢查，飛機勤務和發動機使用； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，包括在管制機場操作、無線電通信、防撞措施及避免尾流顛簸； （4）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （5）臨界小速度飛行，判斷並改出從直線飛行和從轉彎中進入的臨界失速及失速； （6）臨界大速度飛行，急盤旋下降的識別和改出； （7）正常及側風起飛、著陸和復飛； （8）最大性能（短跑道和越障）起飛，短跑道著陸； （9）僅參照儀錶飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎； （10）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備的轉場飛行； （11）夜間飛行，包括起飛、著陸和目視飛行規則（VFR）航行； （12）多發或者水上飛機的操作（如適用）； （13）應急操作，包括模擬的航空器系統和設備故障； （14）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （b）對於直升機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的計算、起飛前檢查、直升機勤務和發動機使用； （3）懸停、空中飛移和參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （4）機場和起落航線的運行，包括無線電通信、防撞措施和避免尾流顛簸； （5）從渦環的初始階段中改出，在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術； （6）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備的轉場飛行； （7）起飛、著陸和復飛，包括正常、有風和傾斜地面的起飛和著陸； （8）以所需最小動力起飛和著陸，最大性能起飛和著陸，受限制區域內的運行，快速減速； （9）夜間飛行，包括起飛、著陸和目視飛行規則（VFR）航行； （10）模擬的應急程序，包括航空器和設備故障，在多發直升機上以一台發動機失去功率進近到懸停或著陸，或者在單發直升機上自轉進近並著陸； （11）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （c）對於飛艇類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、飛艇的檢查和勤務； （3）參照地面的機動飛行； （4）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序； （5）起飛技術和程序，包括相應的限制、應急程序和使用的信號； （6）參照外部目視參考操縱飛艇； （7）起飛、降落和復飛； （8）最大性能（越障）起飛； （9）僅參照儀錶的飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎； （10）使用目視參考、推測領航和無線電導航設備進行導航和轉場飛行； （11）應急操作（識別漏氣現象），包括模擬的飛艇設備故障； （12）通信程序和用語。 （d）對於傾轉旋翼機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯。 （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、傾轉旋翼機的檢查和勤務。 （3）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序。 （4）參照外部目視參考操縱傾轉旋翼機。 （5）地面機動和試車；懸停、滑跑與上升；正常、無風和傾斜地面的懸停和滑跑進近與著陸。 （6）以最小的必需動力起飛和著陸；最大性能起飛和著陸技術；限制區域內的運行；快停。 （7）僅參照儀錶飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎。 （8）在渦環的初始階段改出；在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術。 （9）使用目視參考、推測領航和有條件時使用無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，包括一次至少1小時的飛行。 （10）應急操作，包括模擬的傾轉旋翼機設備故障；動力轉換為自轉和自轉下降（如適用）；傳動裝置和互連式傳動軸故障（如適用）。 （11）按照空中交通服務程序飛往、飛離和飛越管制機場。 （12）通信程序和用語。 第61.129條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛機類別單發級別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.127（a）的飛行技能要求，在單發飛機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練（其中可以包括不多於2.5小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （1）3小時單發飛機轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時的單發飛機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸，以及一次總飛行距離超過180千米的轉場飛行。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）至少3小時單發飛機儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （4）3小時為單發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （5）10小時單發飛機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為270千米的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為90千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （b）飛機類別多發級別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.127（a）的飛行技能要求，在多發飛機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練（其中可以包括不多於2.5小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （1）3小時多發飛機轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時多發飛機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸，以及一次總飛行距離超過180千米的轉場飛行。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）至少3小時多發飛機儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （4）3小時為多發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （5）10小時多發飛機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為270千米的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為90千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （c）持有直升機、傾轉旋翼機、滑翔機和初級飛機等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算10小時，計入本條（a）款或（b）款要求的飛行經歷時間；持有飛機類別等級的執照持有人，其原飛行經歷可以折算20小時，計入本條（a）款或（b）款要求的飛行經歷時間，其中最多可以包括10小時飛行訓練時間。 第61.131條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）直升機類別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在直升機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.127（b）的飛行技能要求，在直升機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練（其中可以包括不多於2.5小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （1）3小時直升機轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時直升機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行，以及一次總飛行距離超過90千米的轉場飛行。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）3小時為直升機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）10小時直升機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為180千米的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為60千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 （b）持有飛機、傾轉旋翼機、自轉旋翼機等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算10小時，計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間。 第61.133條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛艇類別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛艇上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括： （1）按照本規則61.127（c）的飛行技能要求，在飛艇上接受至少25小時的飛行訓練，包括： （i）3小時飛艇轉場飛行訓練，其中一次轉場飛行總距離至少為45千米（25海裏）。 （ii）3小時飛艇夜間飛行訓練，包括5次起飛和5次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。如不滿足本要求，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （2）3小時飛艇儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （3）3小時為飛艇實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）5小時在飛艇上履行機長職責的時間。 （b）持有小型飛艇等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算15小時，計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間。 第61.135條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）傾轉旋翼機類別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在傾轉旋翼機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括： （1）按照本規則61.127（d）的飛行技能要求，在傾轉旋翼機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （i）3小時傾轉旋翼機轉場飛行訓練。 （ii）3小時傾轉旋翼機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和10次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行，以及一次總飛行距離超過180千米的轉場飛行。如不滿足本要求，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （2）3小時傾轉旋翼機儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （3）3小時為傾轉旋翼機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）10小時傾轉旋翼機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為270千米（150海裏）的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為90千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 （b）持有飛機或直升機等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算10小時，計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間。 第61.137條 私用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）私用駕駛員執照持有人可以不以取酬為目的在非經營性運行的相應航空器上擔任機長或者副駕駛。 （b）私用駕駛員執照持有人不得以取酬為目的在經營性運行的航空器上擔任機長或副駕駛，也不得為獲取酬金而在航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員。 G章 商用駕駛員執照 第61.151條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發商用駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.153條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發商用駕駛員執照： （a）年滿18周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有高中或者高中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的有效I級體檢合格證。 （f）完成了本規則第61.155條要求的相應航空器等級的航空知識訓練，並由提供訓練或評審其自學情況的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的理論考試。 （g）通過了本規則第61.155條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （h）完成了本規則第61.157條要求的相應航空器等級的飛行技能訓練，並由提供訓練的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的實踐考試。 （i）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本章中適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （j）通過了本規則第61.157條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 （k）至少持有按本規則頒發的私用駕駛員執照，或滿足本規則第61.91條 或61.93條 要求。 （l）出現本規則第61.173條（c）款（1）（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿3年。 （m）符合本規則對所申請航空器類別和級別等級的相應條款要求。 第61.155條 航空知識要求 申請人應當接受並記錄授權教員提供的地面訓練，完成下列與所申請航空器等級相應的地面訓練科目或自學課程： （a）航空法： 與商用駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；相應的空中交通服務措施和程序。 （b）飛機、飛艇、直升機和傾轉旋翼機類航空器的一般知識： （1）動力裝置、系統和儀錶的工作原理及其功能； （2）有關類別航空器和動力裝置的使用限制；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料； （3）相應的航空器設備和系統的使用及可用性檢查； （4）適合於航空器機體、系統和動力裝置的維修程序； （5）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）； （6）對於飛艇，氣體的物理特性與實際應用。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及重量分佈對航空器操縱、飛行特性和性能的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據的使用與實際運用。 （3）適合於按照目視飛行規則商用運行的飛行前準備和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；高度表撥正程序。 （4）對於飛艇、直升機和傾轉旋翼機，外挂載荷對操縱的影響。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： （1）航空氣象報告、圖表和預報的判讀與使用；飛行前和飛行中氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法。 （2）航空氣象學；有關地區影響航空的氣象要素的氣候學；氣壓系統的移動、鋒面結構和影響起飛、航路和著陸條件的重要天氣現象的起源與特徵。 （3）積冰的原因、識別和影響；通過鋒區的程序；繞過危險天氣。 （f）領航： （1）空中領航，包括航圖、儀錶和導航設備的使用；對相應導航系統的原理和特性的理解；機載設備的操作。 （2）對於飛艇： （i）操縱和導航所必需的航空電子設備和儀錶的使用、限制和可服務性； （ii）起飛、航路、進近和降落階段的飛行所用導航系統的使用、精確度和可靠性，無線電導航設施的識別； （iii）自主式和參照外部導航系統的原理和特性，機載設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理。 （2）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼及縮略語》的使用。 （3）高度表撥正程序。 （4）相關的預防和應急程序。 （5）載運貨物時的操作程序；與危險物品有關的潛在危險。 （6）旅客安全簡介的要求和做法，包括上、下航空器時應遵守的預防措施。 （7）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機（如適用），帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （h）飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 適用於目視飛行規則運行的通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的措施。 第61.157條 飛行技能要求 申請人應當至少在下列操作上接受並記錄了授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器等級的地面和飛行訓練： （a）對於飛機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡計算、起飛前檢查和飛機勤務工作； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，防撞措施和程序； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱飛機； （5）臨界小速度飛行，判斷並改出從帶油門和不帶油門進入的臨界失速和失速； （6）臨界大速度飛行，識別並改出急盤旋下降；螺旋進入、保持和改出，大坡度盤旋、急盤旋下降、急上升轉彎和懶8字； （7）正常及側風起飛和著陸； （8）最大性能（短跑道和越障）起飛，短跑道著陸； （9）僅參考儀錶作機動飛行並從不正常姿態中改出； （10）多發級別或型別等級的不對稱動力飛行（如適用）； （11）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，改航備降程序； （12）應急程序，包括失去功率或設備故障的處理，飛行中失火，以及多發飛機失去部分功率後的程序； （13）多發或水上飛機的操作（如適用）； （14）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （b）對於直升機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡計算、起飛前檢查和直升機勤務工作； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，防撞措施和程序； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱直升機； （5）在渦環的初始階段改出，在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術； （6）地面機動，空中飛移，懸停，正常、有風及傾斜地面的起飛和著陸，大下滑角進近； （7）以所需最小動力起飛和著陸，最大性能起飛和著陸，受限制區域內的運行，快速減速； （8）無地面效應的懸停，外挂載荷運行（如適用），高高度飛行； （9）僅參考儀錶作機動飛行並從不正常狀態中改出； （10）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，改航備降程序； （11）模擬的應急程序，包括發動機、部件或系統故障，在多發直升機上以一台發動機失去功率進近到懸停或著陸，或在單發直升機上自轉下降到著陸； （12）多發直升機的操作（如適用）； （13）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （c）對於飛艇類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、飛艇的檢查和勤務； （3）參照地面的機動飛行； （4）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序； （5）起飛技術和程序，包括相應的限制、應急程序和使用的信號； （6）參照外部目視參考操縱飛艇； （7）起飛、降落和復飛； （8）最大性能（越障）起飛； （9）僅參照儀錶的飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎； （10）使用目視參考、推測領航和無線電導航設備進行導航和轉場飛行； （11）應急操作（識別漏氣現象），包括模擬的飛艇設備故障； （12）通信程序和用語。 （d）對於傾轉旋翼機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯。 （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、傾轉旋翼機的檢查和勤務工作。 （3）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序。 （4）參照外部目視參考操縱傾轉旋翼機。 （5）在渦環的初始階段改出；在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術。 （6）地面機動和試車；懸停、滑跑與上升；正常、無風及傾斜地面的懸停和滑跑進近到著陸；大下滑角進近。 （7）以所需最小動力起飛和著陸；最大性能起飛和著陸技術；受限制區域內的運行；快停。 （8）無地面效應的懸停；機外載荷運行（如適用）；高空飛行。 （9）基本飛行機動和僅參照基本飛行儀錶從不正常姿態中改出。 （10）使用目視參考、推測領航和有條件時使用無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，包括一次至少1小時的飛行。 （11）應急操作，包括模擬的傾轉旋翼機設備故障、動力轉換為自轉和自轉下降（如適用）；傳動裝置和互連式傳動軸故障（如適用）。 （12）按照空中交通服務程序、無線電話通信程序及用語飛往、飛越管制機場或從管制機場起飛。 （13）通信程序和用語。 第61.159條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛機類別單發級別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少250小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）100小時在飛機上的機長飛行時間，或在經CCAR-141部批准的訓練課程中，70小時在飛機上的機長飛行時間，其中包括至少20小時的機長轉場飛行時間； （2）20小時本規則61.157（a）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時儀錶訓練時間，其中至少5小時應當是在單發飛機上的飛行時間； （ii）10小時訓練是在複雜飛機上實施的，或者對於單發水上飛機等級的申請人，10小時訓練是在有襟翼和可操縱變距螺旋槳的水上飛機上實施的； （iii）1次在單發飛機上至少2小時的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點總直線距離至少180千米； （iv）1次在單發飛機上至少2小時的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點總直線距離至少180千米； （v）3小時為單發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （vi）5小時特技飛行訓練，至少包括螺旋識別、進入和改出，大坡度盤旋、急盤旋下降、急上升轉彎和懶8字； （vii）不超過5小時由授權教員在能代表所申請等級飛機的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上提供訓練的時間。 （3）10小時在單發飛機上按本規則61.157（a）飛行技能要求實施的單飛，至少包括： （i）1次總距離不低於540千米的至少有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中有一個著陸點距初始起飛點直線距離至少150千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸。 （b）飛機類別多發級別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少250小時作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）100小時在飛機上作為機長的飛行時間，或在經CCAR-141部批准的訓練課程中，70小時在飛機上作為機長的飛行時間，包括至少20小時的機長轉場飛行時間。 （2）20小時本規則61.157（a）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時儀錶訓練時間，其中至少5小時應當是在多發飛機上的飛行時間； （ii）10小時訓練是在多發複雜飛機上實施的，或者對於多發水上飛機等級的申請人，10小時訓練是在有襟翼和可操縱變距螺旋槳的水上多發飛機上實施的； （iii）1次在多發飛機上至少2小時的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （iv）1次在多發飛機上至少2小時的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （v）3小時為多發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （vi）對於沒有單發等級的，5小時特技飛行訓練，至少包括螺旋識別、進入和改出，大坡度盤旋、急盤旋下降、急上升轉彎和懶8字； （vii）不超過5小時由授權教員在能代表所申請等級飛機的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上提供訓練的時間。 （3）10小時在多發飛機上按本規則61.157（a）飛行技能要求實施的單飛或履行機長職責的飛行，其中至少包括： （i）1次總距離不低於540千米的至少有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中有一個著陸點距初始起飛點直線距離至少150千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸。 （c）持有直升機或傾轉旋翼機等級的執照申請人，可以將其在直升機或傾轉旋翼機上的飛行經歷計入本條（a）或（b）款要求的飛行經歷時間，但最多不超過50小時。 第61.161條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）直升機類別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在直升機上有至少150小時作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）35小時在直升機上的機長時間，其中包括至少10小時的轉場飛行。 （2）20小時本規則61.157（b）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時在直升機上的儀錶訓練，其中在模擬機或訓練器上的時間不得超過5小時； （ii）1次在直升機上至少2小時的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少90千米； （iii）1次在直升機上至少2小時的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少90千米； （iv）3小時為直升機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （3）10小時在直升機上按本規則61.157（b）飛行技能要求實施的單飛，至少包括： （i）1次有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中一個航段的直線距離至少為90千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 （b）持有傾轉旋翼機等級的執照申請人，可以將其在傾轉旋翼機上的飛行經歷計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間，但最多不超過30小時。 第61.165條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 飛艇類別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在航空器上有至少200小時作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中包括： （a）50小時在飛艇上作為駕駛員的飛行時間。 （b）30小時在飛艇上擔任機長或監視下履行機長職責，其中至少包括： （1）10小時在飛艇上的轉場飛行； （2）10小時在飛艇上的夜間飛行。 （c）40小時儀錶時間，其中至少20小時應當是空中飛行時間，包括10小時在飛艇上的飛行時間。 （d）20小時在飛艇上按本規則61.157（c）飛行技能要求實施的飛行訓練，其中至少包括： （1）3小時在飛艇上為實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （2）1次至少1小時在飛艇上實施的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點的直線距離至少45千米； （3）1次至少1小時在飛艇上實施的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點的直線距離至少45千米。 第61.166條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）傾轉旋翼機類別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在傾轉旋翼機上有至少250小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間。作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間中包括： （1）如果把在飛機或直升機上的飛行經歷時間計入，則最多不超過50小時。 （2）不少於100小時機長飛行時間，其中至少包括： （i）50小時在傾轉旋翼機上的時間； （ii）50小時轉場飛行時間，其中至少10小時應當是在傾轉旋翼機上。 （3）不少於20小時本規則61.157（d）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時儀錶訓練時間，其中至少5小時應當是在傾轉旋翼機上的飛行時間； （ii）1次在傾轉旋翼機上至少2小時的晝間目視飛行規則轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （iii）1次在傾轉旋翼機上至少2小時的夜間目視飛行規則轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （iv）3小時為傾轉旋翼機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）不少於10小時在傾轉旋翼機上按本規則61.157（d）飛行技能要求實施的單飛，至少包括： （i）1次總距離不低於540千米的至少有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中一個航段的直線距離至少為150千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 第61.171條 夜間飛行限制 （a）對於不滿足本章夜間飛行訓練要求的申請人可為其頒發帶有“禁止夜間飛行”限制的駕駛員執照。 （b）帶有“禁止夜間飛行”限制的駕駛員執照持有人，不得在從事公共航空運輸的航空器上擔任駕駛員。 （c）當上述執照持有人完成了本規則所要求的相應的夜間飛行訓練，並向考試員出示授權教員簽注的飛行經歷記錄或訓練記錄，證明其完成了要求的夜間飛行訓練並經考試員考試合格時，局方可撤銷簽注在該執照上的“禁止夜間飛行”限制。 第61.173條 商用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）商用駕駛員執照持有人具有下列權利： （1）行使相應的私用駕駛員執照持有人的所有權利； （2）在以取酬為目的經營性運行的航空器上擔任機長或副駕駛，但不得在相應運行規章要求機長應當具有航線運輸駕駛員執照的運行中擔任機長； （3）為獲取酬金而擔任機長或副駕駛。 （b）限制： 帶有飛機類別等級的商用駕駛員執照持有人如未持有同一類別和級別的儀錶等級，局方將在其執照上簽注“禁止在飛機轉場飛行中為獲取酬金而載運旅客”。當該執照持有人滿足了本規則第61.83條 與其商用駕駛員執照為同一類別和級別的儀錶等級要求時，局方可以撤銷這一限制。 （c）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的商用駕駛員執照權利： （1）執照持有人由於故意行為，致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的： （i）造成死亡1人以上，或者重傷3人以上的； （ii）造成公共財産直接經濟損失30萬元以上，或者直接經濟損失不滿30萬元，但間接經濟損失150萬元以上的； （iii）嚴重損害國家聲譽，或者造成惡劣社會影響的； （iv）其他致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的情形。 （2）執照持有人在事故和事故徵候調查期間，故意隱瞞事實、偽造證據或銷毀證據的； （3）被追究刑事責任的。 H章 飛機類別多人制機組駕駛員執照 第61.174條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發飛機類別多人制機組駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.175條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發多人制機組駕駛員執照： （a）年滿18周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有大學本科或大學本科以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的有效Ⅰ級體檢合格證。 （f）持有按本規則頒發的私用駕駛員執照。 （g）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本規則第61.178條要求的飛行經歷要求。 （h）通過ICAO英語無線電通信3級或3級以上等級考試。 （i）達到本規則第61.176條對航空理論知識的要求，並通過了本規則第61.83條、第61.155條和第61.185條 關於儀錶等級、商用駕駛員執照和航線運輸駕駛員執照所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （j）出現本規則第61.179（f）款（1）（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿3年。 （k）通過了本規則第61.177條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 第61.176條 航空知識要求 多人制機組駕駛員執照申請人，應當掌握下列適用於所申請多人制機組駕駛員的航空知識，完成相應的地面訓練和理論考試： （a）航空法： 與多人制機組駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；相應的空中交通服務的措施和程序。 （b）飛機的一般知識： （1）電氣、液壓、增壓和其他飛機系統的一般特性和限制，包括自動駕駛儀和增穩的飛行操縱系統。 （2）飛機動力裝置的工作原理、操作程序和使用限制；大氣條件對發動機性能的影響；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中有關的操作資料。 （3）飛機的使用程序和限制；根據飛行手冊中有關的操作資料，大氣條件對飛機性能的影響。 （4）飛機的設備和系統的使用及可用性檢查。 （5）飛行儀錶；羅盤、轉彎和增速誤差；陀螺儀錶，其使用限制和進動效應；各種飛行儀錶和電子顯示裝置發生故障時採取的措施和程序。 （6）飛機機體、系統和動力裝置的維修程序。 （c）飛機性能和計劃： （1）裝載及質量分佈對飛機操縱、飛行特性和性能的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸及其他性能數據（包括巡航控製程序）的使用和實際應用。 （3）飛行前和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；高度表撥正程序。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括機組資源管理以及威脅和差錯管理原則。 （e）氣象學： （1）航空氣象報告、圖表和預報的判讀和應用；代碼和簡字；飛行前和飛行中氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法。 （2）航空氣象學；有關地區影響航空的氣象要素的氣候學；氣壓系統的移動；鋒面的結構和影響起飛、航路和著陸條件的重要天氣現象的起源及特徵。 （3）發動機和飛機機體結冰的原因、識別及影響；穿越鋒區的程序；危險天氣的避讓。 （4）實用的高空氣象學，包括天氣報告、圖表和預報的判讀及使用；高空急流。 （f）領航： （1）空中領航，包括航圖、無線電導航設備和區域導航系統的使用，遠程飛行的特殊導航要求； （2）航空器操縱和導航所必需的航空電子設備和儀錶的使用、限制及可用性； （3）離場、航路、進近和著陸各飛行階段所用的導航系統的使用、精確度及可靠性；無線電導航設備的識別； （4）自主式和參照外部基準的導航系統的原理及特性；機載設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （2）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼和縮略語》的判讀及使用。 （3）預防和應急程序；安全措施。 （4）載運貨物和危險品的操作程序。 （5）對旅客安全簡介的要求和做法，包括在上、下飛機時應遵守的預防措施。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.177條 飛行技能要求 多人制機組駕駛員執照申請人應當表現出其有能力作為操縱飛機駕駛員和非操縱飛機駕駛員，在審定需要最小機組至少為兩名駕駛員操縱的渦輪動力飛機上，能夠作為副駕駛按照目視飛行規則和儀錶飛行規則飛行，並且能夠達到下列要求： （a）威脅和差錯的識別和管理； （b）在各種情況下，在飛機限制範圍內，平穩而準確地人工操縱飛機，以確保圓滿完成程序和機動動作； （c）用與飛行階段相適應的自動模式來操作飛機，並且保持對工作中的自動模式的意識； （d）在飛行的各個階段準確完成正常、非正常和應急程序； （e）與其他飛行機組成員進行有效的溝通，並且表現出有能力切實履行機組失能和機組協調程序，包括機組分工、機組配合、標準操作程序的執行及檢查單的使用。 第61.178條 飛行經歷要求 （a）申請人應當在批准的訓練課程中，完成不少於240小時作為操縱駕駛員和不少於100小時作為非操縱駕駛員的飛行訓練時間，其中包括不少於110小時作為操縱駕駛員的飛機飛行時間，以及作為操縱駕駛員在執照上擬簽注型別等級的渦輪多發飛機上完成20次起飛和著陸。 （b）在飛機上的飛行經歷應當至少包括本規則第61.129條 關於飛機類別的私用駕駛員執照的所有經歷要求；從複雜狀態改出訓練和螺旋識別及改出訓練。 （c）申請人除了滿足本條（b）款的要求之外，還應當在經審定需要最小機組至少為兩名駕駛員操縱的渦輪發動機飛機上，或者在局方所批准的飛行模擬訓練裝置內，獲得高級能力級別所要求的經歷。 第61.179條 多人制機組駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）行使飛機類別的私用駕駛員執照持有人的所有權利。 （b）在多人制機組運行中行使飛機類別儀錶等級的權利。 （c）在其執照簽注型別等級的飛機上行使副駕駛權利。 （d）在單駕駛員運行的飛機中行使商用駕駛員執照權利之前，執照持有人應當符合本章規定的與飛機類別相應的商用駕駛員執照飛行經歷和飛行技能要求，並取得按照本規則頒發的商用駕駛員執照。 （e）在單人操縱的航空器上，行使儀錶等級權利應當完成附加訓練。 （f）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的多人制機組駕駛員執照權利： （1）執照持有人由於故意行為，致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的： （i）造成死亡1人以上，或者重傷3人以上的； （ii）造成公共財産直接經濟損失30萬元以上，或者直接經濟損失不滿30萬元，但間接經濟損失150萬元以上的； （iii）嚴重損害國家聲譽，或者造成惡劣社會影響的； （iv）其他致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的情形。 （2）執照持有人在事故和事故徵候調查期間，故意隱瞞事實、偽造證據或銷毀證據的。 （3）被追究刑事責任的。 I章 航線運輸駕駛員執照 第61.181條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.183條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照： （a）年滿21周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有高中或高中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的有效I級體檢合格證。 （f）持有按本規則頒發的商用駕駛員執照和儀錶等級或持有按本規則頒發的多人制機組駕駛員執照。 （g）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本章中適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （h）通過了本規則第61.185條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （i）通過了本規則第61.187條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 （j）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（1）情形的，不得申請按照本規則頒發的航線運輸駕駛員執照。 （k）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿10年。 （l）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（3）情形的，安全飛行已滿兩年。 （m）符合本規則適用於所申請航空器類別和級別等級的相應條款的要求。 第61.185條 航空知識要求 除在航線運輸駕駛員執照上僅增加型別等級的申請人不必參加理論考試外，航線運輸駕駛員執照的申請人，應當掌握下列適用於所申請航空器類別和級別等級的航空知識，完成相應的地面訓練和理論考試： （a）航空法： 與航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；相應的空中交通服務措施和程序。 （b）飛機、直升機和傾轉旋翼機類航空器的一般知識： （1）電氣、液壓、增壓和航空器其他系統的一般特性和限制，包括自動駕駛儀和增穩飛行操縱系統。 （2）航空器動力裝置的工作原理、操作程序和使用限制；大氣條件對發動機性能的影響；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料。 （3）有關類別航空器的使用程序和限制；根據飛行手冊中的有關操作資料，大氣條件對航空器性能的影響。 （4）相應的航空器設備和系統的使用及可用性檢查。 （5）飛行儀錶；羅盤、轉彎和增速誤差；陀螺儀錶，其使用限制和進動效應；各種飛行儀錶和電子顯示裝置發生故障時採取的措施和程序。 （6）適合於航空器機體、系統和動力裝置的維修程序。 （7）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及質量分佈對航空器操縱、飛行特性和性能的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據（包括巡航控製程序）的使用和實際運用。 （3）飛行前和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；高度表撥正程序。 （4）對於直升機或傾轉旋翼機，外挂載荷對操縱的影響。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： （1）航空氣象報告、圖表和預報的判讀與使用；代碼和簡字；飛行前和飛行中氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法。 （2）航空氣象學；有關地區影響航空的氣象要素的氣候學；氣壓系統的移動；鋒面結構和影響起飛、航路和著陸條件的重要天氣現象的起源及特徵。 （3）結冰的原因、識別和影響；通過鋒區的程序；危險天氣的避讓。 （4）對於飛機和傾轉旋翼機，實用的高空氣象學，包括天氣報告、圖表和預報的判讀與使用；高空急流。 （f）領航： （1）空中領航，包括航圖、無線電導航設備和區域導航系統的使用；遠程飛行的特殊導航要求。 （2）航空器操縱和導航所必需的航空電子設備和儀錶的使用、限制和可用性。 （3）離場、航路、進近和著陸各飛行階段所用的導航系統的使用、精確度和可靠性；無線電導航設備的識別。 （4）自主式和參照外部基準的導航系統的原理和特性；機載設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （2）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼和縮略語》的理解與使用。 （3）預防和應急程序；安全措施。 （4）載運貨物和危險品的操作程序。 （5）旅客安全簡介的要求和做法，包括在上、下航空器時應遵守的預防措施。 （6）對於直升機和（如適用）傾轉旋翼機，帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.187條 飛行技能要求 （a）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人應當針對下列航空器等級之一進行實踐考試： （1）飛機類別和單發級別等級； （2）飛機類別和多發級別等級； （3）直升機類別等級； （4）傾轉旋翼機類別等級； （5）包含在（1）至（4）所列類別和級別等級中的一個航空器型別等級。 （b）在航線運輸駕駛員執照的實踐考試中，申請人應當在相應航空器上演示完成下列動作與程序的能力： （1）飛行前程序，包括運行飛行計劃的準備和空中交通管制飛行計劃的申報； （2）所有飛行階段的正常飛行程序和動作； （3）在正常、不正常、緊急情況下（包括模擬發動機故障）按儀錶飛行規則運行的程序和動作，至少包括起飛時轉入儀錶飛行，標準儀錶離場和進場，航路儀錶飛行規則程序和導航，等待程序，儀錶進近至規定的最低標準，中斷進近程序，儀錶進近著陸； （4）與動力裝置、飛機各系統等設備故障有關的不正常、應急程序與動作； （5）機組失能和機組配合程序，包括機組成員職責分工、機組配合及檢查單的使用。 申請人演示上述能力時，其勝任程度與授予航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人的權利相適應，並且能夠： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）在各種情況下，在航空器限制範圍內平穩而準確地手動操縱航空器，以確保圓滿地完成各項程序或動作； （3）用與飛行階段相適應的自動化模式來操作航空器，並且保持對工作中的自動化模式的意識； （4）在飛行的各個階段能準確地完成正常、不正常和應急程序； （5）運用良好的判斷力和飛行技術，包括有條 理的決策和對事態保持警覺； （6）與其他飛行機組成員進行有效溝通，並演示有能力切實完成機組失能和機組配合程序，包括駕駛員任務的分配、機組配合、標準運行程序（SOPs）的執行及檢查單的使用。 （c）除本條（d）規定外，在航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加航空器型別等級的申請人，應當符合下列規定： （1）接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器型別等級的地面和飛行訓練。 （2）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其已完成所申請航空器型別等級的訓練。 （3）應當在真實或者模擬儀錶條件下實施實踐考試。但是如果該航空器型號合格審定為不能在儀錶飛行規則下運行，因此實踐考試沒有在儀錶條件下進行，則該申請人只能獲得帶有“僅限于VFR”限制的型別等級。 （d）參加CCAR-121和CCAR-135運行的駕駛員，申請在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加航空器型別等級或者申請帶有型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照時，無需滿足本條（c）（1）和（c）（2）的要求，但是應當由CCAR-121和CCAR-135合格證持有人在其訓練記錄上簽字，證明其完成了合格證持有人經批准的訓練大綱中相應航空器型別的機長訓練。 （e）通過航線運輸駕駛員執照實踐考試並獲得該執照的申請人，可以將其原駕駛員執照上與實踐考試所用航空器同一類別和級別的任何型別等級包含在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上，並具有航線運輸駕駛員執照的權利和限制。但是，如果原駕駛員執照上的型別等級具有“僅限于VFR”的限制，則該限制應當帶入航線運輸駕駛員執照中。原駕駛員執照上其他類別、級別和型別等級可帶入航線運輸駕駛員執照中，但應當註明僅具有原執照權限。 （f）飛機飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器可以用於完成飛機類別、級別和型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的訓練和實踐考試，但是所用飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當能夠代表相應型別或級別的飛機，並且是在經局方批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （1）滿足下列條件之一的申請人，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替飛機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪噴氣飛機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加同一級別的另一個型別等級； （ii）持有渦輪螺旋槳飛機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加同一級別的另一個型別等級； （iii）具有至少2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在與所申請型別等級相同級別的渦輪動力飛機上獲得的； （iv）具有至少500小時飛行經歷時間而且是在與所申請等級飛機同一型別的飛機上獲得的； （v）具有至少1,000小時飛行經歷時間而且是在至少兩個不同型別的飛機上獲得的。 （2）不滿足本條（f）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在飛機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 （g）直升機飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器可以用於完成直升機級別和型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的訓練和實踐考試，但是所用飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當能夠代表相應型別的直升機，並且是在經局方批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （1）符合下列條件之一的申請人，在申請渦輪動力直升機的型別等級時，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替直升機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪動力直升機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加另一個型別等級； （ii）具有至少2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在渦輪動力直升機上獲得的； （iii）具有至少500小時飛行經歷時間而且是在同一型別的直升機上獲得的； （iv）具有至少1,000小時飛行經歷時間而且是在至少兩個不同型別的渦輪動力直升機上獲得的。 （2）不滿足本條（g）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在直升機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 （h）傾轉旋翼機飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器可以用於完成傾轉旋翼機級別和型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的訓練和實踐考試，但是所用飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當能夠代表相應型別的傾轉旋翼機，並且是在經局方批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （1）符合下列條件之一的申請人，在申請傾轉旋翼機的型別等級時，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替傾轉旋翼機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有傾轉旋翼機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加另一個型別等級； （ii）具有至少2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在傾轉旋翼機上獲得的； （iii）具有至少500小時飛行經歷時間而且是在同一型別的傾轉旋翼機上獲得的； （iv）具有至少1,000小時飛行經歷時間而且是在至少兩個不同型別的傾轉旋翼機上獲得的。 （2）不滿足本條（h）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在傾轉旋翼機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 第61.189條 飛機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛機類別和級別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的申請人應當具有至少1,500小時的作為飛機駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）500小時轉場飛行時間。 （2）100小時夜間飛行時間。 （3）75小時實際或者模擬的儀錶時間，其中至少50小時是在實際飛行中的儀錶飛行時間。 （4）250小時擔任機長或監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間，其中擔任機長的飛行時間至少70小時；或500小時監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間。該飛行時間至少包括： （i）100小時轉場飛行時間； （ii）25小時夜間飛行時間。 （b）上述飛行經歷要求可以包括不超過100小時在飛機飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的訓練時間，其中飛行訓練器上的訓練時間最多為25小時，這些飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當是在經批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （c）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人可以將其在飛機、直升機或者傾轉旋翼機飛行手冊要求配備副駕駛的航空器上擔任副駕駛的飛行經歷時間計入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中，局方可以在其滿足本條（a）所有條件後為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照。在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，僅可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中。 （d）滿足本章頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照的其他所有要求，但不符合本條（a）（4）中擔任機長至少70小時的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照，但應當在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注“持照人不滿足ICAO機長航空經歷要求”。其機長飛行經歷時間達到70小時後，局方將取消該簽注。 第61.191條 直升機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）直升機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人，應當具有至少1,000小時作為直升機駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）200小時轉場飛行時間，其中100小時是作為機長或在監視之下履行機長職責的飛行時間； （2）50小時夜間飛行時間； （3）30小時在實際或者模擬儀錶條件下的儀錶飛行時間，其中至少20小時在空中完成； （4）250小時擔任機長或者監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間，其中至少70小時是擔任機長的飛行時間。 （b）上述飛行經歷要求可以包括不超過100小時在直升機飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的訓練時間，其中飛行訓練器上的訓練時間最多為25小時，這些飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當是在經批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （c）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人可以將其在飛機、直升機或者傾轉旋翼機飛行手冊要求配備副駕駛的航空器上擔任副駕駛的飛行經歷時間計入本條（a）所要求的1,000小時飛行經歷時間中，局方可以在其滿足本條（a）所有條件後為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照。在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，僅可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入本條（a）所要求的1,000小時飛行經歷時間中。 （d）滿足本章頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照的其他所有要求，但不符合本條（a）（4）中擔任機長至少70小時的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照，但應當在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注“持照人不滿足ICAO機長航空經歷要求”。其機長飛行經歷時間達到70小時後，局方將取消該簽注。 第61.193條 傾轉旋翼機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）傾轉旋翼機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的申請人應當具有至少1,500小時駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中在傾轉旋翼機上的駕駛員飛行經歷時間至少包括： （1）100小時轉場飛行時間。 （2）100小時夜間飛行時間。 （3）75小時實際或者模擬的儀錶時間，其中至少50小時是在實際飛行中的儀錶飛行時間。 （4）250小時擔任機長或監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間，其中擔任機長的飛行時間至少70小時。該飛行時間至少包括： （i）50小時轉場飛行時間； （ii）25小時夜間飛行時間。 （b）上述飛行經歷要求可以包括不超過100小時在傾轉旋翼機飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的訓練時間，其中飛行訓練器上的訓練時間最多為25小時，這些飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當是在經批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （c）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人可以將其在飛機、直升機或者傾轉旋翼機飛行手冊要求配備副駕駛的航空器上擔任副駕駛的飛行經歷時間計入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中，局方可以在其滿足本條（a）所有條件後為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照。在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，僅可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中。 （d）滿足本章頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照的其他所有要求，但不符合本條（a）（4）中擔任機長至少70小時的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照，但應當在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注“持照人不滿足ICAO機長航空經歷要求”。其機長飛行經歷時間達到70小時後，局方將取消該簽注。 第61.195條 增加類別和級別的要求 （a）飛機類別等級和傾轉旋翼機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加直升機類別等級（具有航線運輸駕駛員權限），應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條資格要求； （2）通過了本規則第61.185條要求的航空知識理論考試； （3）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （4）滿足本規則第61.191條適用的飛行經歷要求； （5）通過了本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 （b）直升機類別等級和傾轉旋翼機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加飛機類別和單發或多發級別等級（具有航線運輸駕駛員權限），應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條資格要求； （2）通過了本規則第61.185條要求的航空知識理論考試； （3）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （4）滿足本規則第61.189條適用的飛行經歷要求； （5）通過了所申請航空器等級的本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 （c）飛機類別等級和直升機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加傾轉旋翼機類別等級（具有航線運輸駕駛員權限），應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條資格要求； （2）通過了本規則第61.185條要求的航空知識理論考試； （3）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （4）滿足本規則第61.189條適用的飛行經歷要求； （5）通過了所申請航空器等級的本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 （d）飛機類別的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加級別等級，應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條中除（h）之外的其他資格要求； （2）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （3）滿足本章適用的飛行經歷要求； （4）通過了所申請航空器等級的本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 第61.197條 航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）航線運輸駕駛員可以行使相應的私用和商用駕駛員執照以及儀錶等級的權利。 （b）航線運輸駕駛員可以在從事公共航空運輸的航空器上擔任機長和副駕駛。 （c）如果飛機類別的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人以前僅持有多人制機組駕駛員執照，除非其飛行經歷已滿足本規章中對在單駕駛員運行的飛機中行使商用駕駛員執照權利的所有要求，否則在其執照的多發飛機等級上簽注“僅限于多人制機組運行”。 （d）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的航線運輸駕駛員執照權利以及商用駕駛員執照或多人制機組駕駛員執照權利： （1）執照持有人由於故意行為，致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的： （i）造成死亡1人以上，或者重傷3人以上的； （ii）造成公共財産直接經濟損失30萬元以上，或者直接經濟損失不滿30萬元，但間接經濟損失150萬元以上的； （iii）嚴重損害國家聲譽，或者造成惡劣社會影響的； （iv）其他致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的情形。 （2）執照持有人在事故和事故徵候調查期間，故意隱瞞事實、偽造證據或銷毀證據的。 （3）被追究刑事責任的。 （e）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的航線運輸駕駛員執照權利，並不得在從事公共航空運輸的航空器上擔任機長和副駕駛： （1）執照持有人被認定為特別重大或重大飛行事故責任人； （2）執照持有人被認定為較大飛行事故責任人； （3）執照持有人被認定為一般飛行事故責任人。 J章 飛行教員等級 第61.201條 適用範圍 本章規定了在駕駛員執照上簽注飛行教員等級的條件以及飛行教員等級持有人的權利和限制。 第61.203條 資格要求 （a）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注運動教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有運動駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請運動教員等級的航空器類別等級。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則第61.205條要求的教學原理的訓練。 （6）通過了適用於所申請運動教員等級的本規則61.205（c）所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （7）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請運動教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （8）在相應類別的航空器上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請運動教員等級的實踐考試。 （9）滑翔機教員等級申請人應當滿足下列要求： （i）由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其在對螺旋審定合格的飛機或者滑翔機上接受了有關螺旋的飛行訓練，在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面是合格的，並具有教學能力； （ii）在實踐考試中演示其在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面的教學能力。 （10）在申請實踐考試前應滿足下列經歷要求： （i）對於在初級飛機上行使運動教員權利的申請人，應接受了由授權教員實施的至少10小時儀錶飛行教學，其中最多5小時在經批准的飛行訓練器上完成；飛行經歷時間至少150小時，其中包括不少於20小時在初級飛機或飛機上作為機長的轉場飛行。 （ii）對於在自轉旋翼機上行使運動教員權利的申請人，飛行經歷時間至少150小時，其中包括不少於20小時在自轉旋翼機上作為機長的轉場飛行。 （iii）對於在滑翔機上行使運動教員權利的申請人，滑翔機飛行經歷時間至少25小時，或者在重於空氣的航空器上的飛行經歷時間至少200小時，其中在滑翔機上作為機長至少完成100次起飛著陸。 （iv）對於在自由氣球上行使運動教員權利的申請人，在自由氣球上作為機長至少35小時。 （v）對於在小型飛艇上行使運動教員權利的申請人，飛行經歷時間至少200小時，其中在小型飛艇或飛艇上作為機長至少100小時。 （11）符合本規則適用於所申請運動教員等級的相應條款要求。 （b）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注基礎教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有商用駕駛員執照或者航線運輸駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請教員等級的航空器類別和級別等級；申請人申請飛機類別單發或多發級別等級的教員等級，應當持有相應儀錶等級或者航線運輸駕駛員執照。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則第61.205條要求的教學原理的訓練。 （6）通過了本規則61.205（a）要求的理論考試，但已持有按本規則頒發的教員等級和地面教員執照的申請人和持有高等院校教師資格證書的申請人除外。 （7）通過了適用於所申請基礎教員等級的本規則61.205（d）所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （8）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請基礎教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （9）在下列任一設備上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請基礎教員等級的實踐考試： （i）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別等級的航空器； （ii）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別的在經批准訓練課程中使用的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器。 （10）飛機基礎教員申請人應當滿足下列要求： （i）由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其在對螺旋審定合格的飛機或者滑翔機上接受了有關螺旋的飛行訓練，在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面是合格的，並具有教學能力； （ii）在實踐考試中演示其在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面的教學能力。 （11）在申請實踐考試前，在所申請教員等級的航空器類別和級別的航空器上擔任機長至少15小時。 （12）符合本規則適用於所申請基礎教員等級的相應條款要求。 （c）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注儀錶教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有附加儀錶等級的商用駕駛員執照或者航線運輸駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請教員等級的航空器類別等級。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則第61.205條要求的教學原理的訓練。 （6）通過了本規則61.205（a）要求的理論考試，但已持有按本規則頒發的教員等級和地面教員執照的申請人和持有高等院校教師資格證書的申請人除外。 （7）通過了適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的本規則61.205（e）所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （8）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （9）在下列任一設備上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的實踐考試： （i）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別等級的航空器； （ii）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別的在經批准訓練課程中使用的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器。 （10）在申請實踐考試前，在所申請儀錶教員等級的航空器類別、級別和型別（如適用）的航空器上擔任機長至少15小時。 （11）符合本規則適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的相應條款要求。 （d）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注型別教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有帶有儀錶等級的商用駕駛員執照或者航線運輸駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請教員等級的航空器類別、級別等級和型別等級。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則61.205（a）要求的教學原理和61.205（b）要求的機型理論知識及模擬機面板使用知識（如適用）的訓練。 （6）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請型別教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （7）在下列任一設備上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請型別教員等級的實踐考試： （i）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別和型別等級的航空器； （ii）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別和型別的在經批准訓練課程中使用的飛行模擬機。 （8）型別教員等級申請人在申請實踐考試前應滿足下列經歷要求： （i）對於初次申請飛機類別的型別教員等級申請人，擔任飛機機長的飛行經歷時間至少500小時，其中在所申請型別的飛機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時；對於申請增加型別教員等級的申請人，在所申請型別的飛機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時。 （ii）對於初次申請直升機類別的型別教員等級申請人，擔任直升機機長的飛行經歷時間至少300小時，其中在所申請型別的直升機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時；對於申請增加型別教員等級的申請人，在所申請型別的直升機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時。 （iii）對於初次申請傾轉旋翼機類別的型別教員等級申請人，擔任飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機機長的飛行經歷時間至少500小時，其中在所申請型別的傾轉旋翼機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時；對於申請增加型別教員等級的申請人，在所申請型別的傾轉旋翼機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時。 （iv）經局方批准，對於擔任型別等級教員超過500小時的申請人，在申請新型號機型的型別教員時，上述標準可適當降低。 （9）符合本規則適用於所申請型別教員等級的相應條款要求。 第61.204條 其他要求 申請飛行教員等級，還應滿足下列條件： （a）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（1）情形的，不得申請按照本規則頒發的飛行教員等級； （b）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿10年； （c）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（3）情形的，安全飛行已滿兩年。 第61.205條 知識要求 教員等級申請人應當接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的下列地面訓練： （a）至少40小時教學原理訓練： （1）教學技巧； （2）學習過程； （3）對地面教學科目中學員表現的評定； （4）有效教學的基本要素； （5）對學員的評價、提問和考試； （6）課程研製開發； （7）制定授課計劃； （8）課堂教學技巧； （9）訓練設備的使用，包括酌情使用飛行模擬訓練裝置； （10）分析、糾正學員錯誤； （11）與飛行教員有關的人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則； （12）模擬航空器系統失效和故障所産生的危險。 （b）對於型別教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的至少8小時機型理論知識的地面訓練，如果申請人擬在模擬機上行使教員權利，則還應當接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的4小時模擬機面板使用知識的地面訓練。 （c）對於運動教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了相應航空器類別的運動駕駛員執照要求的航空知識。 （d）對於基礎教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了相應航空器類別的私用、商用駕駛員執照要求的航空知識。 （e）對於儀錶教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了相應航空器類別的儀錶等級要求的航空知識。 第61.207條 飛行教學能力 （a）教員等級的申請人應當在本條所列科目上，接受了由本條（b）中授權教員提供的適合於所申請教員等級的飛行訓練。另外，其飛行經歷記錄本應當有提供訓練的授權教員簽字，證明申請人有能力通過包括下列內容的實踐考試： （1）針對基礎、經驗和能力水平各不相同的學員，準備和實施授課計劃； （2）評價學員的飛行完成情況； （3）飛行前指導和飛行後講評； （4）飛行教員責任和出具簽字證明的程序； （5）正確分析和糾正學員的常見飛行偏差； （6）完成並分析與所申請教員等級相應的標準飛行訓練程序與動作。 （b）教員等級申請人接受授權教員飛行訓練的時間應滿足下列要求： （1）運動教員： （i）對於初級飛機、自轉旋翼機和小型飛艇類別，在相應類別航空器上15小時； （ii）對於滑翔機類別，在滑翔機上10小時，且應包括10次飛行； （iii）對於自由氣球類別，在自由氣球上3小時，包括3次起飛教學。 （2）基礎教員： （i）對於飛機和直升機類別，在相應類別和級別航空器上30小時； （ii）對於飛艇和傾轉旋翼機類別，在相應類別航空器上20小時。 （3）儀錶教員： 在相應類別航空器上15小時。 （4）型別教員： 在相應型別航空器上或在經局方審定批准的能代表相應型別航空器的模擬機上10小時。對於僅在模擬機上接受訓練的教員，應在其型別教員等級中簽注“僅限飛行模擬機”。 （c）為教員等級申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應當符合下列條件： （1）為運動教員申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員： （i）對於初級飛機運動教員，應持有飛機基礎教員等級或初級飛機運動教員等級且至少已完成教學飛行200小時以上； （ii）對於自轉旋翼機運動教員，應持有自轉旋翼機運動教員等級且至少已完成教學飛行200小時以上； （iii）對於滑翔機運動教員，應持有滑翔機運動教員等級且至少已完成80小時或150次滑翔機飛行教學； （iv）對於自由氣球運動教員，應持有自由氣球運動教員等級且至少已完成50小時或50次自由氣球飛行教學； （v）對於小型飛艇飛行教員，應持有飛艇基礎教員等級或小型飛艇運動教員等級且至少已完成200小時飛艇或小型飛艇飛行教學。 （2）為基礎教員申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應持有相應的基礎教員等級且在相應的類別和級別航空器上至少完成200小時飛行教學。 （3）為儀錶教員申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應持有相應類別、級別、型別（如適用）和儀錶教員等級駕駛員執照且至少完成200小時飛行教學。 （4）為型別教員等級申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應作為型別教員至少3年且在相應型別航空器上至少完成200小時飛行教學。 第61.209條 飛行教員的教學記錄 （a）飛行教員應當在接受其飛行或地面教學的每個人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，並註明提供教學的內容、課時和日期。 （b）飛行教員應當在飛行教員記錄本或單獨文件中記錄下列內容： （1）由該教員在飛行經歷記錄本或者在學生駕駛員執照上簽字而被授予單飛權利的每個人的姓名。記錄應當包括每次簽字的日期以及所涉及的航空器型號。 （2）由該教員簽字推薦參加理論考試或者實踐考試的每個人的姓名，記錄還應當包括考試的種類、日期和考試結果。 （c）每個飛行教員應當將本條要求的記錄保存至少3年。 第61.211條 增加教員等級的要求 （a）飛行教員申請在其執照上增加其他教員等級應當滿足本規則第61.203條 所列的適合於所申請飛行教員等級的資格要求，但不要求其再次通過本規則61.205（a）要求的關於教學原理的理論考試。 （b）單發飛機基礎教員申請增加多發飛機基礎教員等級，或者多發飛機基礎教員申請增加單發飛機基礎教員等級，不要求再次通過本規則61.205（d）要求的關於航空知識的理論考試。 第61.213條 飛行教員的權利 （a）飛行教員在其所持駕駛員執照種類的限制內，可以分別提供本規則頒發下列執照和等級所要求的地面和飛行訓練： （1）運動教員： （i）運動駕駛員執照； （ii）運動教員等級； （iii）運動航空器類別和級別等級。 （2）基礎教員： （i）私用駕駛員執照； （ii）商用駕駛員執照； （iii）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （iv）地面教員執照； （v）航線運輸駕駛員執照（如適用）； （vi）基礎教員等級； （vii）航空器類別和級別等級。 （3）儀錶教員： （i）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （ii）儀錶教員等級； （iii）儀錶等級。 （4）型別教員： （i）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （ii）航線運輸駕駛員執照（如適用）； （iii）型別教員等級； （iv）儀錶等級； （v）航空器型別等級。 （b）飛機基礎教員可以行使初級飛機運動教員權利；飛艇基礎教員可以行使小型飛艇運動教員權利。 （c）飛行教員在其教員等級的限制內，有下列簽字權利： （1）根據本規則第61.105和61.109條對學生駕駛員的單飛和轉場單飛要求，在接受該教員訓練的學生駕駛員執照上簽字，批准其學生駕駛員單飛或者轉場單飛； （2）根據本規則第61.105和61.109條對學生駕駛員的單飛和轉場單飛要求，在接受該教員訓練的學生駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其學生駕駛員單飛或者每次轉場單飛； （3）在按本規則頒發的駕駛員執照申請人或者教員等級申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人已準備好參加本規則要求的理論考試或者實踐考試。 第61.215條 飛行教員的限制 飛行教員應當遵守下列規定： （a）教學小時數： 在任何連續24小時期間內，實施飛行訓練不得超過8小時。 （b）航空器等級： 除本規則61.213（b）規定外，不得在其駕駛員執照中未獲得的類別、級別、型別等級（如適用）和教員等級的航空器上實施飛行教學。 （c）儀錶等級： 為頒發儀錶等級或不帶VFR限制的型別等級而提供儀錶飛行訓練的飛行教員，在其駕駛員執照上應當具有適合於所提供儀錶訓練的航空器類別和級別等級的儀錶等級和儀錶教員等級。 （d）簽字限制： （1）在滿足下列條件後，飛行教員方可在學生駕駛員執照或飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其單飛： （i）親自對該學生駕駛員提供了本規則授予單飛權利所要求的飛行訓練； （ii）確認該學生駕駛員能夠遵守飛行教員出於安全考慮而在飛行經歷記錄本上作出的任何限制，已經做好準備能夠安全實施單飛。 （2）飛行教員審查了學生駕駛員的飛行準備、計劃、設備和擬用的程序，認為該學員未作好準備，則不得在學生駕駛員執照和飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其轉場飛行。 （e）不涉及型別等級的多發飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機的教學： 在多發飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機上提供執照或等級所要求飛行訓練的飛行教員，應當在相應廠家和型號的航空器上擔任機長飛行至少10小時。 （f）禁止自我簽字： 飛行教員不得為獲得本規則要求的執照、等級、實踐考試或者理論考試權利而為自己進行任何簽字。 第61.217條 教員等級的更新 （a）教員等級在其頒發月份之後第36個日曆月結束時期滿。 （b）飛行教員可以在其教員等級期滿前申請更新，但應當符合下列條件之一： （1）通過了以下相應教員等級的實踐考試： （i）運動教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了任何一個運動教員等級的實踐考試，則其所持有的教員等級均視為更新，但其運動執照下相應等級定期檢查不在有效期內的除外； （ii）基礎教員和儀錶教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其基礎教員等級或儀錶教員等級中任何一項的實踐考試，則其基礎教員和儀錶教員的所有等級均視為更新，但其相應等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外； （iii）型別教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其型別教員等級中任何一項的實踐考試，則其所有型別教員等級均視為更新，但其相應型別等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外。 （2）飛行教員在其教員等級期滿前90天內通過相應教員等級的更新檢查： （i）運動教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了任何一個運動教員等級的更新檢查，則其所有教員等級均視為更新，但其運動執照下相應等級定期檢查不在有效期內的除外； （ii）基礎教員和儀錶教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其基礎教員等級或儀錶教員等級中任何一項的更新檢查，則其基礎教員和儀錶教員的所有等級均視為更新，但其相應等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外； （iii）型別教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其型別教員等級中任何一項的更新檢查，則其所有型別教員等級均視為更新，但其相應型別等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外。 （3）教員等級更新由考試員在其執照記錄欄中簽注；按本條（b）（1）進行更新的，教員等級有效期自實踐考試之日起計算。 第61.219條 教員等級過期後的重新辦理 （a）飛行教員在其教員等級過期後，應當通過本規則第61.203條要求的實踐考試後，局方可恢復其教員等級。 （b）當飛行教員的駕駛員執照上與教員等級相對應的等級失效時，其教員等級權利自動喪失，除非該駕駛員按本規則恢復其駕駛員執照上所有相應的等級，其中教員等級的恢復需按本章頒發飛行教員等級的規定通過理論考試（如適用）和實踐考試。 K章 地面教員執照 第61.231條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發地面教員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權利和限制。 第61.233條 資格要求 （a）滿足下列條件的申請人，可以獲得地面教員執照： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。 （4）具有高中或者高中以上文化程度。 （5）除本條（b）規定外，完成了包含下列內容的至少20小時教學原理培訓，並通過了理論考試： （i）學習過程； （ii）有效教學的基本要素； （iii）對學員的評價、提問和考試； （iv）課程研製開發； （v）制定授課計劃； （vi）課堂教學技巧。 （6）按所申請的等級，通過了下列相應的航空知識理論考試： （i）對於基礎地面教員等級，根據所申請的航空器類別等級，通過了本規則第61.125條相應航空器類別等級所要求的航空知識理論考試； （ii）對於高級地面教員等級，根據所申請的航空器類別等級，通過了本規則第61.125、61.155和61.185條相應航空器類別等級所要求的航空知識理論考試； （iii）對於儀錶地面教員等級，通過了本規則第61.83條要求的儀錶等級理論考試。 （b）下列申請人不需要進行本條（a）（5）規定的理論考試： （1）已經持有按本規則頒發的飛行教員等級或者地面教員執照的人員； （2）局方認可的高等院校教師資格證書持有人。 第61.235條 地面教員的權利 （a）初級地面教員等級的持有人具有下列權利： （1）提供按本規則頒發私用駕駛員執照或者相關航空器等級所要求的航空知識地面訓練； （2）提供私用駕駛員執照定期檢查所要求的地面訓練； （3）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發私用駕駛員執照所要求的理論考試。 （b）高級地面教員等級的持有人具有下列權利： （1）提供按本規則頒發任何執照和相關等級所要求的航空知識地面訓練； （2）提供任何駕駛員執照定期檢查所要求的地面訓練； （3）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發的任何執照所要求的理論考試。 （c）儀錶地面教員等級的持有人具有下列權利： （1）提供按本規則頒發儀錶等級所要求的航空知識地面訓練； （2）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發儀錶等級所要求的理論考試。 （d）地面教員執照持有人在其執照的等級限制內，有權在接受其訓練或者推薦的每個人的飛行經歷記錄本或者其他訓練記錄上簽字。 第61.237條 近期經歷要求 地面教員執照持有人應當符合下列規定之一，方能履行地面教員的職責： （a）在前12個日曆月內，擔任地面教員至少3個月； （b）在前12個日曆月內，取得了授權地面教員或者飛行教員的簽字，證明其已熟練掌握本規則61.233（a）（5）和（a）（6）規定的科目。 第61.238條 地面教員執照的更新 地面教員執照持有人可以在其教員執照期滿前申請更新，但應當符合下列條件之一： （a）增加了任何新的地面教員等級； （b）地面教員在其教員執照期滿前90天內向局方展示相應的教學記錄。 第61.239條 地面教員執照過期後的重新辦理 地面教員執照過期後，應當通過了本規則61.233（a）（5）、（a）（6）要求的理論考試後，局方可重新頒發地面教員執照。 L章 法律責任 第61.241條 涉及酒精或藥物的違禁行為的處罰 對於違反本規則第61.15條規定的執照持有人，應當責令當事人立即停止擔任飛行機組成員，並給予警告，或暫扣執照1至6個月的處罰；情節嚴重的，應當給予吊銷執照的處罰；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。 第61.243條 拒絕接受酒精、藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果的處罰 對於違反本規則第61.17條規定拒絕、阻礙接受酒精、藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果的本規則執照持有人，責令該員立體停止當日飛行運行活動，並移送公安機關進行處理。 第61.245條 理論考試中的作弊或其他禁止的行為的處罰 （a）對於違反本規則第61.37條規定的執照或等級申請人，局方對申請人予以警告，申請人自該行為被發現之日起1年內不得申請按照本規則頒發的執照或等級以及考試。 （b）對於違反本規則第61.37條規定的執照或等級持有人，局方對當事人予以警告，同時撤銷相應的執照等級，責令當事人立即停止飛行運行並交回其已取得的相應執照。駕駛員執照等級被撤銷之日起3年內，當事人不得申請按照本規則頒發的執照或等級以及考試。 第61.247條 提供虛假材料的處罰 （a）對於違反本規則第61.63條（1）或（2）款的執照或等級申請人，由民航地區管理局給予警告的處罰，申請人1年內不得再次申請該執照或等級；對於執照或等級持有人，由民航地區管理局給予警告的處罰，撤銷其相應執照或等級，當事人3年內不得再次申請執照或等級。 （b）對於違反本規則第61.63條（3）或（4）款的執照持有人，由民航地區管理局處以警告或者500元以上1000元以下罰款。 第61.249條對其他違章行為的處罰 （a）本規則執照持有人違反本規則第61.9的規定在行使相應權利時未隨身攜帶執照的，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第二百零八條的規定，局方給予警告。 （b）本規則執照申請人或持有人違反本規則第61.9、61.27、61.53、61.59條的規定，無必需的執照或等級進行飛行，或從事所持執照或等級權限以外的飛行，或在身體缺陷不符合體檢要求而進行飛行，或所需的定期、熟練檢查超過有效期進行飛行，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第四十二條和第二百零五條的規定，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以500元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款，情節嚴重的，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以20萬元以下罰款；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。 （c）本規則執照申請人或持有人違反本規則第61.9、61.213、61.215或者61.235條的規定，教員執照或等級持有人進行所持執照或等級權限以外教學的，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第四十二條和第二百零五條的規定，局方責令其立即停止教學活動，處以500元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款，情節嚴重的，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以20萬元以下罰款。教員執照或等級持有人弄虛作假為不合格的人員出具本規則要求的簽字證明的，局方責令其立即停止教學活動，處1000元以下罰款。 （d）本規則執照持有人違反本規則第61.107條、61.120條、61.137條、61.171條、61.173條、61.179條 或61.197條的規定，違規從事私用飛行活動的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以警告或1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款；違規從事私用載人飛行的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款；違規從事商業飛行活動的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款；違規從事商業載客飛行活動的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以1000元罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款。本規則執照持有人違反上述規則情節嚴重的，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第四十二條和第二百零五條的規定，對其單位處以20萬元以下罰款。 第61.251條 受到刑事處罰後執照的處理 本規則執照持有人受到刑事處罰期間，不得行使所持執照賦予的權利。 M章 附 則 第61.281條 施行日期和廢止的規章 本規則自2014年9月1日起施行。中國民用航空總局2002年10月21日發佈的《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》（民航總局令第115號）、2004年12月16日發佈的《中國民用航空總局關於修訂〈民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則〉的決定》（民航總局令第137號）、2006年10月30日發佈的《中國民用航空總局關於修訂〈民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則〉、〈大型飛機公共航空運輸承運人運行合格審定規則〉的決定》（民航總局令第173號）和2008年6月3日發佈的《關於印發〈中國民用航空空勤人員有關責任追究暫行規定〉的通知》同時廢止。 第61.283條 執照有效期、原飛行教員執照的換發 （a）按照原CCAR-61部頒發的航空器駕駛員執照和地面教員執照有效期至2020年8月31日。 （b）原飛行教員執照到期換發時局方將頒發帶有教員等級的駕駛員執照，在換發新執照之前，原教員執照繼續有效。 （c）原駕駛員執照或等級不適合本規則要求的，在2015年8月31日前可換發為符合本規則要求的相應執照或等級。在換發新執照之前，原執照和等級權利繼續有效。 附件Ａ：語言能力評定標準 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第一次修訂的説明 《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第二次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第三次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第四次修訂的説明 （以上附件、修訂説明略，詳情請登錄民航局網站） 中國民用航空局令 第 224 號 《民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員合格審定規則》（CCAR-61-R4）已經2014年6月16日中國民用航空局局務會議通過，現予公佈，自2014年9月1日起施行。 局 長 李家祥 2014年7月10日 民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員 合 格 審 定 規 則 1996年8月1日發佈， 2002年10月21日第1次修訂 2004年12月16日第2次修訂 2006年10月30日第3次修訂 2014年7月10日第4次修訂 目 錄 A章 總則 第61.1條 目的和依據 第61.3條 適用範圍 第61.5條 機構與職責 第61.7條 定義 第61.9條 執照、合格證和等級的要求 第61.11條 飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器的鑒定和批准 第61.13條 按本規則頒發的執照和等級 第61.15條 涉及酒精或者藥物的違禁行為 第61.17條 接受酒精、藥物檢驗或者提供檢驗結果 第61.19條 臨時執照 第61.21條 執照的有效期 第61.23條 執照的更新和重新辦理 第61.25條 體檢合格證的要求 第61.27條 航空器等級限制和附加訓練要求 第61.29條 語言能力要求和無線電通信資格 B章 一般規定 第61.31條 執照和等級的申請與審批 第61.33條 考試的一般程序 第61.35條 理論考試和語言能力考試的准考條件和通過成績 第61.37條 理論考試和語言能力考試中禁止的行為 第61.39條 實踐考試的准考條件 第61.41條 從軍方和境外飛行教員處接受的飛行訓練 第61.43條 實踐考試的一般要求 第61.45條 實踐考試必需的航空器和設備 第61.47條 實踐考試中考試員的地位 第61.49條 考試不合格後的再次考試 第61.51條 飛行經歷記錄本 第61.53條 身體缺陷期間的限制 第61.55條 副駕駛資格要求 第61.56條 接受檢查 第61.57條 定期檢查 第61.59條 熟練檢查 第61.61條 機長近期飛行經歷要求 第61.63條 禁止提供虛假材料 第61.65條 變更姓名或者地址 第61.67條 自願放棄或者更換執照 第61.69條 補發執照 C章 增加等級和特殊規定 第61.81條 增加航空器等級 第61.83條 儀錶等級要求 第61.87條 牽引滑翔機的航空器機長經歷和訓練要求 第61.89條 按其他規章批准的訓練大綱完成訓練的人員 第61.91條 對具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員的特殊規定 第61.93條 外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人申請按本規則頒發駕駛員執照 第61.95條 依據外國或香港、澳門特別行政區駕駛員執照頒發認可函 D章 學生駕駛員執照 第61.101條 適用範圍 第61.103條 資格要求 第61.105條 學生駕駛員單飛要求 第61.107條 一般限制 第61.109條 轉場單飛要求 E章 運動駕駛員執照 第61.111條 適用範圍 第61.113條 資格要求 第61.115條 航空知識要求 第61.117條 飛行技能要求 第61.119條 運動駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.120條 運動駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 F章 私用駕駛員執照 第61.121條 適用範圍 第61.123條 資格要求 第61.125條 航空知識要求 第61.127條 飛行技能要求 第61.129條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.131條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.133條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.135條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.137條 私用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 G章 商用駕駛員執照 第61.151條 適用範圍 第61.153條 資格要求 第61.155條 航空知識要求 第61.157條 飛行技能要求 第61.159條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.161條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.165條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.166條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.171條 夜間飛行限制 第61.173條 商用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 H章 飛機類別多人制機組駕駛員執照 第61.174條 適用範圍 第61.175條 資格要求 第61.176條 航空知識要求 第61.177條 飛行技能要求 第61.178條 飛行經歷要求 第61.179條 多人制機組駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 I章 航線運輸駕駛員執照 第61.181條 適用範圍 第61.183條 資格要求 第61.185條 航空知識要求 第61.187條 飛行技能要求 第61.189條 飛機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.191條 直升機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.193條 傾轉旋翼機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 第61.195條 增加類別和級別的要求 第61.197條 航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 J章 飛行教員等級 第61.201條 適用範圍 第61.203條 資格要求 第61.204條 其他要求 第61.205條 知識要求 第61.207條 飛行教學能力 第61.209條 飛行教員的教學記錄 第61.211條 增加教員等級的要求 第61.213條 飛行教員的權利 第61.215條 飛行教員的限制 第61.217條 教員等級的更新 第61.219條 教員等級過期後的重新辦理 K章 地面教員執照 第61.231條 適用範圍 第61.233條 資格要求 第61.235條 地面教員的權利 第61.237條 近期經歷要求 第61.238條 地面教員執照的更新 第61.239條 地面教員執照過期後的重新辦理 L章 法律責任 第61.241條 涉及酒精或藥物的違禁行為的處罰 第61.243條 拒絕接受酒精、藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果的處罰 第61.245條 理論考試中的作弊或其他禁止的行為的處罰 第61.247條 提供虛假材料的處罰 第61.249條 對其他違章行為的處罰 第61.251條 受到刑事處罰後執照的處理 M章 附則 第61.281條 施行日期和廢止的規章 第61.283條 執照有效期、原飛行教員執照的換發 附件A 語言能力評定標準 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第一次修訂的説明 《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第二次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第三次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第四次修訂的説明 A章 總 則 第61.1條 目的和依據 為了規範民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員的合格審定工作，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》制定本規則。 第61.3條 適用範圍 （a）本規則適用於中國民用航空局（以下簡稱民航局）和民用航空地區管理局（以下簡稱地區管理局）及地區管理局派出機構（上述所有機構以下統稱局方）對民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員執照的頒發與管理。 （b）民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員執照與等級的申請和權利行使應當遵守本規則的規定。 第61.5條 機構與職責 （a）民航局飛行標準職能部門統一管理民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員合格審定工作，負責全國民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員的執照和等級的頒發與管理工作。 （b）地區管理局及其派出機構的飛行標準職能部門根據民航局飛行標準職能部門的規定，具體負責本地區民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員執照和等級的頒發與管理工作。 第61.7條 定義 本規則使用的術語定義如下： （a）機長，是指在飛行時間內負責航空器的運行和安全的駕駛員。 （b）副駕駛，是指在飛行時間內除機長以外的、在駕駛崗位執勤的持有執照的駕駛員，但不包括在航空器上僅接受飛行訓練的駕駛員。 （c）訓練時間，是指受訓人在飛行中、地面上、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上從授權教員處接受訓練的時間。 （d）飛行時間，是指航空器為準備起飛而借助自身動力開始移動時起，到飛行結束停止移動時止的總時間。對於直升機是指，從直升機的旋翼開始轉動時起到直升機飛行結束停止移動及旋翼停止轉動為止的總時間。對於滑翔機是指，不論拖曳與否，從滑翔機為了起飛而開始移動時起到飛行結束停止移動時為止佔用的飛行總時間。 （e）儀錶飛行時間，是指駕駛員僅參照儀錶而不借助外部參照點駕駛航空器的時間。 （f）飛行經歷時間，是指為符合航空人員執照、等級、定期檢查或近期飛行經歷要求中的訓練和飛行時間要求，在航空器、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上所獲得的在座飛行時間，這些時間應當是作為飛行機組必需成員的時間，或在航空器、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上從授權教員處接受訓練或作為授權教員在駕駛員座位上提供教學的時間。 （g）單飛時間，是指學生駕駛員作為航空器唯一乘員的飛行時間。 （h）轉場時間，是指在滿足下列條件的飛行中所取得的飛行時間： （1）在航空器中實施； （2）含有一個非出發地點的著陸點； （3）使用了地標領航、推測領航、電子導航設備、無線電設備或其他導航系統航行至著陸地點。 （i）航空器，是指由空氣的反作用而不是由空氣對地面發生的反作用在大氣中取得支承的任何機器。 （j）飛機，是指動力驅動的重於空氣的一種航空器，其飛行升力主要由給定飛行條件下保持不變的翼面上的空氣動力反作用取得。在本規則中，飛機類別不包括本條（q）定義的初級飛機。 （k）直升機，是指一種重於空氣的航空器，其飛行升力主要由在垂直軸上一個或幾個動力驅動的旋翼上的空氣反作用取得。 （l）自轉旋翼機，是指一種旋翼機，其旋翼僅在起動時有動力驅動，在該旋翼機運動時旋翼不是靠發動機驅動的，而是靠空氣的作用力推動旋轉。這種旋翼機的推進方式通常是使用獨立於旋翼系統的常規螺旋槳。 （m）滑翔機，是指一種重於空氣的航空器，其飛行升力主要由在給定飛行條件下保持不變的翼面上的空氣動力反作用取得，通常無自身動力驅動，或者雖然有動力，但在自由飛行階段不使用自身動力。 （n）自由氣球，是指無發動機驅動的輕於空氣航空器，靠氣體浮力或由機載加熱器産生的熱空氣浮力維持飛行。 （o）飛艇，是指一種最大充氣體積超過4600立方米、動力驅動能夠操縱的輕於空氣航空器。 （p）小型飛艇，是指一種最大充氣體積不超過4600立方米、動力驅動能夠操縱的輕於空氣航空器。 （q）初級飛機，是指除下述飛機以外經審定合格的小型固定翼航空器： （1）按照CCAR-23部審定為正常類、實用類、特技類或通勤類飛機； （2）按照CCAR-25部審定為運輸類飛機。 （r）傾轉旋翼機，是指重於空氣的航空器，能夠垂直起飛、垂直著陸和低速飛行，主要依靠以發動機為動力的升空裝置或發動機推力在這些飛行狀態期間升空，並且依靠非旋轉翼型在水平飛行時升空。 （s）授權教員，是指下列人員： （1）持有按本規則頒發的現行有效地面教員執照，並依據其地面教員執照上規定的權利和限制執行地面教學的人員； （2）持有按本規則頒發的具有教員等級的駕駛員執照，並依據其教員等級上規定的權利和限制執行地面教學或者飛行教學的人員。 （t）考試員，是指由局方授權實施本規則要求的航空人員執照或者等級的定期檢查、熟練檢查、教員更新檢查、實踐考試或者理論考試的人員。考試員應當是局方的監察員或者是按照中國民用航空規章《民用航空飛行標準委任代表和委任單位代表規定》（CCAR-183FS）委任的駕駛考試員或者經局方批准的檢查人員。 （u）理論考試，是指航空理論方面的考試，該考試是頒發航空人員執照或者等級所要求的，可以通過筆試或者計算機考試來實施。 （v）實踐考試，是指為取得航空人員執照或者等級進行的操作方面的考試，該考試通過申請人在飛行中、飛行模擬機中或者飛行訓練器中回答問題並演示操作動作的方式進行。 （w）飛行機組成員，是指在飛行值勤期內對航空器運行負有必不可少的職責並持有執照的機組成員。 （x）飛行模擬機，是指用於駕駛員飛行訓練的航空器飛行模擬機。它是按特定機型、型號以及系列的航空器座艙一比一對應複製的，它包括表現航空器在地面和空中運行所必需的設備和支持這些設備運行的計算機程序、提供座艙外景像的視景系統以及能夠提供動感的運動系統（提示效果至少等價于三自由度運動系統産生的動感效果），並且最低滿足A級模擬機的鑒定性能標準。 （y）飛行訓練器，是指用於駕駛員飛行訓練的航空器飛行訓練器。是在有機殼的封閉式座艙內或無機殼的開放式座艙內對飛行儀錶、設備、系統控制板、開關和控制器一比一對應複製的，包括用於表現航空器在地面和空中運行所必需的設備和支持這些設備運行的計算機編程，但不要求提供産生動感的運動系統和座艙外景像的視景系統。 （z）等級，是指填在執照上或與執照有關並成為執照一部分的授權，説明關於此種執照的特殊條件、權利或限制。 （aa）威脅，是指超出飛行機組影響能力之外發生的事件或差錯，它增加了運行複雜性並且應當加以管理以保障安全余度。 （ab）威脅管理，是指查出威脅並且採取對策予以回應，從而減輕或消除威脅的後果，降低出現差錯的概率或航空器非理想狀態的過程。 （ac）人的行為，是指影響航空運行的安全和效率的人的能力與局限性。 （ad）差錯，是指飛行機組的一項行動或不行動，導致偏離組織或飛行機組的意圖或期待。 （ae）差錯管理，是指查出差錯並且採取對策予以回應，從而減輕或消除差錯的後果，降低再次出現差錯的概率或航空器非理想狀態的過程。 （af）商業航空運輸運行，是指航空器為取酬或收費而從事旅客、貨物或郵件運輸的運行。 （ag）複雜飛機，是指具有可收放起落架、襟翼和可變距螺旋槳的飛機。 （ah）國家航空器，是指用於執行軍事、海關、警察飛行任務的航空器。 第61.9條 執照、合格證和等級的要求 （a）駕駛員執照： （1）在中國進行國籍登記（以下簡稱為“登記”）的航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員的駕駛員，應當持有按本規則頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照，並且在行使相應權利時隨身攜帶該執照。當中國登記的航空器在外國境內運行時，可以使用該航空器運行所在國頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照。 （2）在中國境內運行的外國登記的航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員的駕駛員，應當持有按本規則頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照，或持有由航空器登記國頒發或認可的有效駕駛員執照，並且在行使相應權利時隨身攜帶該執照。 （b）體檢合格證： （1）持有按本規則頒發或認可的執照擔任航空器飛行機組必需成員的駕駛員，應當持有按中國民用航空規章《民用航空人員體檢合格證管理規則》（CCAR-67FS）頒發或認可的有效體檢合格證，並且在行使駕駛員執照上的權利時隨身攜帶該合格證； （2）在外國境內使用該國頒發的駕駛員執照運行中國登記的航空器時，可以持有頒發該執照要求的現行有效的體格檢查證明。 （c）帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照： （1）持有按本規則頒發的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照的人員應當隨身攜帶該執照或局方可接受的其他文件，方能行使飛行教員權利。 （2）除本條（c）（3）規定的情況外，未具有合適飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照持有人駕駛員不得從事下列活動： （i）向準備獲取單飛和轉場單飛資格的人員提供必需的訓練； （ii）簽字推薦申請人獲取駕駛員執照或飛行教員等級所必需的實踐考試； （iii）簽署駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本，證明該駕駛員已接受過的任何訓練； （iv）在學生駕駛員執照或飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，授予其單飛權利。 （3）在下列情況下，不需要持有按本規則頒發的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照： （i）在本條（c）（2）（iii）中，由根據本規則第61.41條授權的飛行教員提供的訓練； （ii）在本條（c）（2）（i）、（c）（2）（ii）和（c）（2）（iii）中，由地面教員執照持有人按照該執照上的權利提供的訓練。 （d）地面教員執照： （1）持有按本規則頒發的地面教員執照的人員應當隨身攜帶該執照，方能行使該執照所賦予的權利。 （2）除本條（d）（3）規定的情況外，未持有按本規則頒發並具有合適等級地面教員執照的人員不得從事下列活動： （i）向準備獲取單飛和轉場單飛資格的人員提供必需的地面訓練； （ii）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發駕駛員、飛行教員等級或地面教員執照所必需的理論考試； （iii）簽署駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本，證明該駕駛員已接受過的任何地面訓練。 （3）在下列情況下，不需要持有按本規則頒發的地面教員執照： （i）由按本規則頒發的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員執照持有人按照該執照上的權利提供的訓練； （ii）運動駕駛員執照訓練； （iii）由局方批准的人員按照中國民用航空規章《大型飛機公共航空運輸承運人運行合格審定規則》（CCAR-121）、《小型航空器商業運輸運營人運行合格審定規則》（CCAR-135）或者《飛行訓練中心合格審定規則》（CCAR-142）的訓練大綱實施的訓練； （iv）在本條（d）（2）（iii）中，由根據本規則第61.41條授權的帶有飛行教員等級的駕駛員提供的訓練。 （e）儀錶等級： 在儀錶飛行規則（IFR）條件下或在低於目視飛行規則（VFR）規定的最低標準的氣象條件下擔任航空器的機長，應當符合下列要求之一： （1）持有私用或商用駕駛員執照，並具有適合於所飛航空器的類別、級別、型別（如適用）和儀錶等級； （2）持有多人制機組駕駛員執照或航線運輸駕駛員執照，並具有適合於所飛航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如適用）； （3）對於滑翔機機長，持有附帶滑翔機類別等級和飛機儀錶等級的駕駛員執照。 （f）年齡限制： 駕駛員應當遵守相應運行規章對駕駛員年齡的限制。 （g）證件檢查： 持有本規則所要求的航空人員執照、體檢合格證或者其他有關證件的人員，在局方檢查時，應當出示相關證件原件。 第61.11條 飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器的鑒定和批准 （a）為滿足本規則的訓練、考試或者檢查要求而使用的飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當經局方鑒定合格，並經局方批准用於： （1）擬進行的訓練、考試和檢查； （2）每個特定的動作、程序或者機組職能； （3）對於飛行訓練器，模擬特定類別和級別的航空器、特定型別航空器、某一型別特定衍生型航空器或一組航空器。 （b）局方可以批准飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器之外的其他設備，用於某些特殊用途。 第61.13條 按本規則頒發的執照和等級 （a）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請執照要求的申請人頒發下列相應的執照： （1）學生駕駛員執照； （2）運動駕駛員執照； （3）私用駕駛員執照； （4）商用駕駛員執照； （5）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （6）航線運輸駕駛員執照； （7）地面教員執照。 （b）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其私用駕駛員執照、商用駕駛員執照和航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）航空器類別等級： （i）飛機； （ii）直升機； （iii）飛艇； （iv）傾轉旋翼機。 （2）航空器級別等級： （i）飛機級別等級： （A）單發陸地； （B）多發陸地； （C）單發水上； （D）多發水上。 （3）航空器型別等級： （i）審定為最大起飛全重在5,700千克以上的飛機； （ii）審定為最大起飛全重在3,180千克以上的直升機和傾轉旋翼機； （iii）渦輪噴氣動力的飛機； （iv）局方通過型號合格審定程序確定需要型別等級的其他航空器。 （4）儀錶等級（僅用於私用和商用駕駛員執照）： （i）儀錶－飛機； （ii）儀錶－直升機； （iii）儀錶－飛艇； （iv）儀錶－傾轉旋翼機。 （5）教員等級（僅用於商用和航線運輸駕駛員執照）： （i）基礎教員： （A）單發飛機； （B）多發飛機； （C）直升機； （D）飛艇； （E）傾轉旋翼機。 （ii）儀錶教員： （A）儀錶-飛機； （B）儀錶-直升機； （C）儀錶－飛艇； （D）儀錶－傾轉旋翼機。 （iii）型別教員。 （c）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其多人制機組駕駛員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）航空器類別等級： （i）飛機。 （2）航空器級別等級： （i）多發陸地。 （3）航空器型別等級（僅限副駕駛）。 （d）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其運動駕駛員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）航空器類別等級： （i）初級飛機； （ii）自轉旋翼機； （iii）滑翔機； （iv）自由氣球； （v）小型飛艇。 （2）航空器級別等級： （i）初級飛機級別等級： （A）陸地； （B）水上。 （3）教員等級： （i）運動教員： （A）初級飛機； （B）自轉旋翼機； （C）滑翔機； （D）自由氣球； （E）小型飛艇。 （e）對完成本規則所要求的相應訓練並符合所申請等級要求的申請人，在其地面教員執照上簽注下列相應的等級： （1）地面教員執照種類： （i）初級； （ii）高級； （iii）儀錶。 （2）航空器類別等級： （i）飛機； （ii）直升機； （iii）飛艇； （iv）傾轉旋翼機。 第61.15條 涉及酒精或者藥物的違禁行為 駕駛員執照持有人在飲用任何含酒精飲料之後的8小時之內或處在酒精作用之下，血液中酒精含量等於或者大於0.04%，或受到任何藥物影響損及工作能力時，不得擔任機組成員。 第61.17條 接受酒精、藥物檢驗或者提供檢驗結果 駕駛員執照持有人應當按照局方的要求接受酒精或者藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果。 第61.19條 臨時執照 （a）局方可以為下列申請人頒發有效期不超過120天的駕駛員臨時執照，臨時執照在有效期內具有和正式執照同等的權利和責任： （1）已經審定合格的執照申請人，在等待頒發執照期間； （2）在執照上更改姓名的申請人，在等待更改執照期間； （3）因執照遺失或損壞而申請補發執照的申請人，在等待補發執照期間。 （b）在出現下列情況之一時，按本條（a）頒發的臨時執照失效： （1）臨時執照上簽注的日期期滿； （2）收到所申請的執照； （3）收到撤銷臨時執照的通知。 第61.21條 執照的有效期 （a）執照持有人在執照有效期滿後不得繼續行使該執照所賦予的權利。 （b）學生駕駛員執照在頒發月份之後第24個日曆月結束時有效期滿。 （c）除學生駕駛員執照外，按本規則頒發的其他駕駛員執照有效期限為6年，且僅當執照持有人滿足本規則和有關中國民用航空運行規章的相應訓練與檢查要求、並符合飛行安全記錄要求時，方可行使其執照所賦予的相應權利。依據外國駕駛員執照頒發的認可證書的持有人，僅當該認可證書所依據的外國駕駛員執照和體檢合格證有效時，方可行使該認可證書所賦予的權利。 （d）地面教員執照的有效期限為6年。 第61.23條 執照的更新和重新辦理 （a）執照持有人應在執照有效期期滿前3個月內向局方申請重新頒發執照。對於駕駛員執照持有人，應出示最近一次有效的熟練檢查或定期檢查記錄；對於地面教員執照持有人，應出示近期經歷的證明。 （b）執照在有效期內因等級或備註發生變化重新頒發時，其有效期自重新頒發之日起計算。 （c）執照過期的申請人須重新通過相應的理論及實踐考試，方可申請重新頒發。 第61.25條 體檢合格證的要求 （a）駕駛員應當滿足下列關於持有體檢合格證的要求： （1）行使航線運輸駕駛員執照和多人制機組駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的I級體檢合格證。 （2）行使飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機商用駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的I級體檢合格證。 （3）行使下列權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證： （i）私用駕駛員執照所賦予的權利； （ii）學生駕駛員執照所賦予的權利； （iii）飛艇駕駛員執照所賦予的權利。 （4）行使運動駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的體檢合格證；對於在境外行使自由氣球或滑翔機類別等級的運動駕駛員執照所賦予的權利時，駕駛員應當持有局方頒發的Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證。 （b）下列情形下，駕駛員可以不持有體檢合格證： （1）行使地面教員執照所賦予的權利； （2）作為飛行教員、考試員或者檢查員在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上進行的為取得執照或等級的訓練、考試或者檢查； （3）在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上接受為取得執照或等級的訓練、考試或檢查。 第61.27條 航空器等級限制和附加訓練要求 （a）擔任下列航空器的機長應當持有適合該航空器的型別等級： （1）審定為最大起飛全重在5,700千克以上的飛機； （2）審定為最大起飛全重在3,180千克以上的直升機和傾轉旋翼機； （3）渦輪噴氣動力的飛機； （4）局方通過型號合格審定程序確定需要型別等級的其他航空器。 （b）批准信代替型別等級： （1）在下列條件下，局方可以使用批准信允許沒有相應型別等級的人員操作本條（a）要求型別等級的航空器進行一次飛行或者一組飛行： （i）該批准信僅限于在調機飛行、訓練飛行、駕駛員執照或者等級的實踐考試中使用，批准的有效期限不超過60天。經申請人證明，在其批准期滿之前，未達到完成該次或該組飛行目的的，局方可以批准增加不多於60天的期限。 （ii）經申請人證明，該次飛行或者該組飛行遵守本條（a）的規定是不可行的。 （iii）局方認為通過批准信上所作的運行限制可以達到同等的安全水平。 （2）按照本條（b）（1）批准的運行應當遵守下列限制： （i）該次飛行或該組飛行不得以取酬為目的，但在訓練或實踐考試中所收取的航空器使用費用除外； （ii）只能載運本次飛行必需的飛行機組成員。 （c）類別、級別和型別等級的要求： （1）在載運人員或實施取酬運行的航空器上擔任機長或為取酬而擔任航空器機長的駕駛員，應當持有適合該航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如果該航空器要求級別或者型別等級）。 （2）在本條（c）（1）規定運行範圍以外擔任航空器機長的，應當符合下列條件之一： （i）持有適合該航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如果該航空器要求級別或者型別等級）； （ii）在授權教員的監視下，接受適用於該航空器的以取得駕駛員執照或者等級為目的的訓練； （iii）已經接受了本規則要求的適用於該航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如果該航空器要求級別或型別等級）的訓練，並且授權教員已在該駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其單飛。 （3）持有飛機類別單發陸地或多發陸地級別等級的駕駛員可以行使附帶陸地等級的初級飛機執照所賦予的權利；持有飛機類別單發水上或多發水上級別等級的駕駛員可以行使附帶水上等級的初級飛機執照所賦予的權利；持有飛艇類別等級的駕駛員可以行使附帶小型飛艇等級的運動駕駛員執照所賦予的權利。 （d）駕駛高空運行的增壓飛機所要求的附加訓練： （1）在實用升限或最大使用高度（以低者為準）高於平均海平面（MSL）7,600米（25,000英尺）的增壓飛機上擔任機組成員的駕駛員，應當完成本款規定的地面和飛行訓練，並且由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本或訓練記錄上簽字，證明其已經完成了附加訓練。這些訓練包括： （i）地面訓練：包括高空空氣動力學和氣象學；呼吸作用；缺氧的後果、症狀、原因及其他高空疾病；沒有補充氧氣時能保持清醒的時間；長時間使用補充氧氣的後果；氣體膨脹和形成氣泡的原因、後果；消除氣體膨脹、氣泡形成和其他高空疾病的預防措施；釋壓的物理現象和結果；以及高空飛行其他生理學方面的知識。 （ii）飛行訓練：在增壓飛機上或者在能代表增壓飛機的經批准的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上進行這種訓練，應當包括在7,600米（25,000英尺）以上正常巡航飛行時的操作；模擬緊急釋壓時合適的應急程序（無需實際使飛機釋壓）；以及緊急下降程序。 （2）駕駛員提供文件證明，其在增壓飛機或者在能代表增壓飛機的經批准的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上，完成了下列檢查之一，則不必進行本條（d）（1）要求的訓練： （i）完成了由軍方執行的機長檢查； （ii）按CCAR-121完成了機長或副駕駛熟練檢查。 （e）駕駛後三點飛機所要求的附加訓練： 在後三點飛機上擔任機長的駕駛員，應當已經接受了後三點飛機的飛行訓練。駕駛後三點飛機的附加訓練應當包括正常起飛與著陸、側風起飛與著陸、三點式著陸和復飛程序，廠家不推薦三點式著陸的可以不包括三點式著陸訓練。 （f）駕駛複雜飛機所要求的附加訓練： 在複雜飛機上擔任機長的駕駛員，應當在複雜飛機上或者在代表複雜飛機的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上，得到授權教員提供的地面和飛行訓練，該教員認為其已經熟悉該飛機的系統和操作，並在飛行經歷記錄本上作出訓練記錄和證明其合格于駕駛複雜飛機的簽字。 （g）本條的等級限制不適用於下列人員： （1）學生駕駛員執照的持有人； （2）在航空器取得型號合格證之前，按試驗或特許飛行證實施飛行期間，操作該航空器的駕駛員執照持有人； （3）正在接受局方實踐考試的申請人。 （h）對於操縱有特殊要求的航空器應遵守局方的附加要求。 第61.29條 語言能力要求和無線電通信資格 （a）按照本規則取得駕駛員執照的人員通過了局方組織或認可的漢語語言能力4級或4級以上測試的，在執照上簽注相應的等級，方可在使用漢語進行通信的飛行中進行無線電陸空通信。2014年12月31日之前已獲得執照的中國籍駕駛員，等同於獲得漢語語言能力6級。 （b）按照本規則取得駕駛員執照的人員通過了局方組織或認可的英語語言能力3級或3級以上測試的，在執照上簽注相應的等級。 （1）在2008年3月4日以前頒發的執照上已取得英語無線電陸空通信簽注的，等同於英語語言能力3級。 （2）除經局方批准外，按照本規則取得的飛機、直升機、飛艇和傾轉旋翼機駕駛員執照持有人在使用英語通信前，其執照上應當具有英語語言能力4級或4級以上的等級簽注。對於執照上簽注的英語語言能力低於6級的，還應當定期通過英語語言能力等級測試。 （c）執照上簽注了語言能力4級以上的人員，具有相應語言的無線電通信資格。 B章 一般規定 第61.31條 執照和等級的申請與審批 （a）符合本規則規定條件的申請人，應當向民航局指定管轄權的地區管理局提交申請執照或等級的申請，申請人對其申請材料實質內容的真實性負責，並按規定交納相應的費用。 （1）在遞交申請時，申請人還應當提交下述材料： （i）身份證明； （ii）學歷證明（如要求）； （iii）理論考試合格證明（如要求）； （iv）體檢合格證明； （v）原執照（如要求）； （vi）飛行經歷記錄本（如要求）； （vii）實踐考試合格證明（如要求）； （viii）對於按照本規則第61.91條具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員，還應當提交具有航空經歷記錄的技術檔案資料證明或等效文件； （ix）對於按照本規則第61.93條具有境外航空器駕駛員經歷的人員，還應當提交境外駕駛員執照的複印件或掃描件； （x）因違反本規章規定受到處罰的，自處罰之日起已滿3年的證明。 （2）申請的受理、審查、批准： （i）對於申請材料不齊全或者不符合格式要求的，地區管理局應當在收到申請之後的5個工作日內一次性書面通知申請人需要補正的全部內容。逾期不通知即視為在收到申請書之日起即為受理。申請人按照地區管理局的通知提交全部補正材料的，地區管理局應當受理申請。地區管理局不予受理申請，應當書面通知申請人。 （ii）地區管理局受理申請後，應當在20個工作日內對申請人的申請材料完成審查。在地區管理局對申請材料的實質內容按照本規則相應規定進行核實時，申請人應當及時回答地區管理局提出的問題。由於申請人不能及時回答問題所延誤的時間不記入前述20個工作日的期限。 （iii）地區管理局經審查認為申請人符合本規則相應規定的，頒發駕駛員臨時執照、地面教員執照或者學生駕駛員執照；經審查認為不符合所列條件，有權拒絕為其頒發所申請的執照，並且以不予批准通知書通知申請人。地區管理局在作出前述決定之前，應當告知申請人享有申請行政復議或者提起行政訴訟的權利。 （iv）對於已為申請人頒發臨時執照的情況，地區管理局將全部審查資料複印件或掃描件連同臨時執照複印件或掃描件上報民航局飛行標準職能部門進行最終審核。民航局在接到地區管理局報送來的申請人臨時執照複印件或掃描件和全部資料後，在20個工作日內完成最終審查，作出最終決定。如果未發現問題，將為申請人頒發正式執照；如果發現不符合本規則要求，將頒發不予批准通知書，通知地區管理局和申請人，説明不予頒發執照的原因，同時臨時執照作廢。民航局在作出前述決定之前，應當告知申請人享有申請行政復議或者提起行政訴訟的權利。 （b）經局方批准，申請人可以取得相應的執照或等級。批准的航空器類別、級別、型別或者其他等級由局方簽注在申請人的執照上。 （c）由於飛行訓練或者實踐考試中所用航空器的特性，申請人不能完成規定的駕駛員操作動作，因此未能完全符合本規則規定的飛行技能要求，但符合所申請執照或者等級的所有其他要求的，局方可以向其頒發簽注有相應限制的執照或者等級。 （d）所持體檢合格證上有特殊限制的申請人在行使執照所賦予的權利時應受到相應限制。 （e）執照被暫扣的，暫扣期內不得申請本規則規定的任何執照和等級。 （f）執照被吊銷的，自吊銷之日起3年內不得申請本規則規定的任何執照和等級，再次申請時原飛行經歷視為無效。 第61.33條 考試的一般程序 按本規則規定進行的各項考試，應當由局方指定人員主持，並在指定的時間和地點進行。 第61.35條 理論考試和語言能力考試的准考條件和通過成績 （a）理論考試和語言能力考試的申請人應當符合下列條件： （1）出示本人的居民身份證、護照或者其他局方認可的合法證件，以及本人已經獲得的按本規則頒發的或境外頒發的駕駛員執照； （2）理論考試的申請人還應出示由授權教員簽字的證明，表明其已完成本規則對於所申請執照或者等級要求的地面訓練或自學課程。 （b）理論考試和語言能力考試的通過成績由局方確定。 第61.37條 理論考試和語言能力考試中禁止的行為 在理論考試和語言能力考試過程中，申請人不得有下列行為： （a）以任何形式複製或保存考試試題； （b）交給其他申請人或從其他申請人那裏得到考試試題的任一部分或其複印件或掃描件； （c）幫助他人或者接受他人的幫助； （d）代替他人或由他人代替參加部分或者全部考試； （e）使用未經局方批准的材料或者其他輔助物品； （f）破壞考場設施； （g）故意引起、助長或者參與本條禁止的行為。 第61.39條 實踐考試的准考條件 （a）申請人參加按本規則頒發執照或者等級所要求的實踐考試，應當符合下列規定： （1）在接受實踐考試前24個日曆月內已通過了必需的理論考試，並出示局方給予的理論考試成績單； （2）已經完成了必需的訓練並獲得了本規則規定的相應飛行經歷； （3）持有局方頒發的有效體檢合格證； （4）符合頒發所申請執照或等級的年齡限制； （5）具有授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上的簽字，證明該授權教員在申請日期之前的60天內，已對申請人進行了準備實踐考試的飛行教學，並且認為該申請人有能力通過考試； （6）持有填寫完整並有本人簽字的申請表。 （b）對於航線運輸駕駛員執照或者在航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加等級的申請人，如果在實踐考試前已被CCAR-121的合格證持有人持續雇傭擔任飛行機組成員，並且完成所申請執照和等級相對應的經批准訓練大綱規定的訓練，則該申請人可以偏離本條（a）（1）的規定，持超過（a）（1）規定期限的理論考試成績單參加相應的實踐考試。 （c）申請人沒有在一天內完成申請執照或等級實踐考試的全部科目，所有剩餘的考試科目應當在申請人開始考試之日起的60個日曆日內完成，沒有在該60個日曆日內完成的，申請人應當重新參加全部實踐考試，包括重新完成已經完成的科目。 第61.41條 從軍方和境外飛行教員處接受的飛行訓練 （a）執照或者等級申請人從下列兩處接受的飛行訓練可以用於滿足按本規則頒發執照或等級所要求的條件： （1）按照中國或者《國際民用航空公約》其他締約國武裝部隊訓練軍隊駕駛員的訓練大綱進行的飛行訓練； （2）《國際民用航空公約》其他締約國的頒發執照當局授權的飛行教員所給予的飛行訓練，並且這種飛行訓練是在中國境外進行的。 （b）提供本條（a）所述飛行訓練的飛行教員對飛行訓練受訓人的簽字僅表明其已向該受訓人提供了訓練。 第61.43條 實踐考試的一般要求 （a）判斷執照或者等級申請人的操作能力應當依據下列標準： （1）按照經批准的實踐考試標準，安全完成相應執照或者等級規定的所有動作和程序； （2）熟練準確地操縱航空器，具有控制航空器的能力； （3）具有良好的判斷力； （4）能靈活應用航空知識； （5）如果航空器型號合格審定為單駕駛員操縱，則應當演示其具有單駕駛員的獨立操作能力。 （b）如果申請人未能按照本條（a）完成任一必需的駕駛員操作，則該申請人實踐考試為不合格。在申請人合格完成任一駕駛員操作之前，該申請人不得取得所申請的執照或等級。 （c）由於惡劣的天氣條件、航空器適航性或其他影響飛行安全的情況發生時，考試員或者申請人可以隨時中斷考試。如果實踐考試中斷，在符合下列規定時，局方可以承認申請人已經完成併合格的操作： （1）申請人在中斷實踐考試後60天內通過剩下的實踐考試； （2）申請人在繼續考試時應當出示中斷考試證明。 （d）申請人在一個或者多個操作上不合格，則該實踐考試應判定為不合格。 第61.45條 實踐考試必需的航空器和設備 （a）總則： 除獲准在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上完成的飛行科目外，申請本規則規定的執照或者等級的申請人，應當為實踐考試提供在中國登記的與所申請執照或者等級相對應的同樣類別、級別和型別（如適用）的航空器。該航空器應當具有標準適航證，但經實施考試的考試員同意，也可以提供中國登記的具有其他適航證的航空器，或外國登記的由登記國審定合格的適用航空器。 （b）除具有操縱裝置外，用於實踐考試的航空器還應當符合下列要求： （1）具有完成實踐考試中每項必需的操作所用的設備； （2）實踐考試必需的任一操作沒有禁止使用該設備的運行限制； （3）除本條（e）規定外，至少在兩個駕駛員座位上有足夠的視野，使得每個駕駛員都能夠安全操作該航空器； （4）當有額外的活動座椅提供給考試員使用時，該座位應當具有足夠的駕駛艙內外視野，以便於考試員評價申請人的表現。 （c）必需的操縱裝置： 除自由氣球和小型飛艇外，按本條規定提供給駕駛員用於實踐考試的航空器應當具有易於為兩個駕駛員觸摸到並以正常方式操作的發動機功率操縱裝置和飛行操縱裝置，考試員在考慮了所有因素後認為沒有這些裝置實踐考試也能安全進行的除外；對於具有諸如前輪轉彎操縱裝置、剎車、燃油選擇器、發動機空氣流量控制器等其他操縱裝置的航空器，雖然這些裝置對於兩名駕駛員不是都能輕易地觸摸到和以正常方式操作的，但是如果該航空器適航證要求配備有一名以上駕駛員，或者考試員認為這種情況並不影響實踐考試安全時，也可以使用這種航空器。 （d）模擬儀錶飛行設備： 申請的實踐考試如果涉及到僅參照儀錶進行操作的飛行動作，申請人應當提供： （1）適用於所申請等級操作的機載設備； （2）局方認可的隔斷申請人對航空器外部進行目視參照的設備，但不能妨礙考試員觀察航空器外部的目視參照物。 （e）單操縱裝置航空器： 符合下列條件時，實踐考試可以在裝有單操縱裝置的航空器上進行： （1）考試員同意進行考試； （2）考試不涉及儀錶技能的演示； （3）考試員所在位置（在地面或者在航空器上）可以觀察到申請人操作的熟練程度。 第61.47條 實踐考試中考試員的地位 （a）考試員代表局方對申請人實施按本規則頒發執照和等級的實踐考試，考試員的職責是觀察申請人是否具備完成實踐考試要求的各項操作的能力。 （b）考試員在實踐考試期間不是該航空器的機長，但是如果需要，經預先安排並經考試員本人同意，方可擔任該次飛行的機長。 （c）無論在實踐考試期間使用何種型號的航空器，申請人和考試員及考試員批准的其他乘員都不受本規則關於載運旅客條件的限制。 第61.49條 考試不合格後的再次考試 （a）未通過理論考試或者實踐考試的申請人符合下列規定可以申請再次考試： （1）接受了授權教員提供的補充訓練，並且該教員認為申請人有能力通過考試； （2）同時得到向申請人提供補充訓練的授權教員的簽字批准。 （b）帶有飛機或者滑翔機類別等級的飛行教員等級申請人，由於在失速識別、螺旋進入、螺旋或者螺旋改出方面教學缺乏熟練性而未通過實踐考試的，則該申請人應當符合下列規定： （1）再次考試之前符合本條（a）的要求； （2）再次考試時使用與所申請等級相適應的類別的航空器，並且該航空器是對螺旋審定合格的； （3）再次考試期間，向考試員滿意地演示了在失速識別、螺旋進入、螺旋和螺旋改出方面教學的熟練性。 第61.51條 飛行經歷記錄本 （a）訓練時間和航空經歷： 駕駛員應當以局方可接受的方式將下列訓練時間和航空經歷如實地記錄在飛行經歷記錄本中： （1）用於滿足本規則中執照、等級或定期檢查要求的訓練時間和航空經歷； （2）滿足本規則近期飛行經歷要求的航空經歷。 （b）駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上填寫的每次飛行或者課程記錄應當包括下列內容： （1）一般項目： （i）日期； （ii）總飛行經歷時間； （iii）航空器的起飛和著陸地點、飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器訓練課程中所模擬的起飛、著陸地點； （iv）航空器、飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備的型號和標識。 （2）駕駛員經歷或者訓練的種類： （i）單飛； （ii）機長； （iii）副駕駛； （iv）接受授權教員的飛行和地面訓練； （v）在飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准的訓練設備上接受授權教員的訓練。 （3）飛行條件： （i）晝間或者夜間； （ii）實際儀錶； （iii）在飛行中、飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備中模擬儀錶條件。 （c）在駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上記錄的下列飛行經歷時間可用於申請按本規則頒發的執照或等級，或者用於滿足本規則的近期飛行經歷要求： （1）單飛時間： 學生駕駛員作為航空器上唯一乘員時的飛行時間才可以記作單飛時間。但是經局方批准，學生駕駛員在需要一名以上飛行機組成員的飛艇上行使機長職權的飛行時間也可以記作單飛時間。 （2）機長飛行經歷時間： （i）在已取得等級的航空器上作為操縱裝置的唯一操縱者的飛行時間，但接受授權教員教學的飛行時間除外；作為航空器唯一乘員時的飛行時間；在型號合格審定為或者相應的運行規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任機長時的飛行時間；作為持有商用駕駛員執照、航線運輸駕駛員執照或多人制機組駕駛員執照的駕駛員在型號合格審定為或者相應的運行規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上作為副駕駛在機長監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間。 （ii）擔任授權教員的全部飛行時間可以記作機長飛行經歷時間。 （iii）學生駕駛員只能將單飛時間記作機長飛行經歷時間；已持有單發飛機私用駕駛員執照在授權教員的監視下，履行多發飛機機長職責的時間。 （3）副駕駛飛行經歷時間： （i）按照本規則或者相應的運行規章審定合格的副駕駛，在型號合格審定為或者相應的運行規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任副駕駛的時間，記作副駕駛飛行經歷時間； （ii）在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入為取得更高級別駕駛員執照所需的總飛行時間。 （4）儀錶飛行經歷時間： （i）駕駛員可將在實際或者模擬儀錶飛行條件下，僅參照儀錶操作航空器的時間，記作儀錶飛行經歷時間； （ii）授權教員可將在實際儀錶氣象條件下執行儀錶飛行教學期間的時間記作儀錶飛行經歷時間； （iii）每次記錄應當包括完成每次儀錶進近的地點和類型； （iv）為滿足申請執照或等級以及儀錶近期經歷的要求，在授權教員的監視下，在飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備上模擬儀錶飛行的時間可記作儀錶飛行經歷時間。 （5）飛行訓練時間： 在航空器、飛行模擬機、飛行訓練器或其他經批准訓練設備上接受授權教員的飛行訓練的時間可記作飛行訓練時間，包括科目和時長，該時間應當有實施訓練的授權教員簽字證明。 （d）出示飛行經歷記錄本： （1）在局方授權的檢查人員要求檢驗時，駕駛員應當出示其飛行經歷記錄本。 （2）學生駕駛員在所有轉場單飛中應當攜帶學生駕駛員執照（如適用）和飛行經歷記錄本。 （3）除了機長以外其他所有類別的駕駛員的飛行經歷時間需要簽字證明。 （4）非飛行經歷時間不得填入飛行經歷記錄本。 第61.53條 身體缺陷期間的限制 駕駛員已知身體有缺陷或者已知身體缺陷加重，不符合現行體檢合格證標準時，不得擔任機長或者飛行機組的其他必需成員。 第61.55條 副駕駛資格要求 （a）在要求型別等級的航空器上擔任副駕駛的駕駛員，應當符合下列規定： （1）至少持有商用駕駛員執照或多人制機組駕駛員執照（對於私用飛行，可以僅持有私用駕駛員執照），並具有相應的航空器類別、級別等級和相應型別等級（僅限副駕駛）。 （2）對於在儀錶飛行規則（IFR）條件下實施的飛行，應當具有適用於所飛航空器的儀錶等級。 （3）在所飛型別航空器或者相應的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上完成了地面和飛行訓練，並符合下列規定： （i）熟悉該型別航空器的發動機、設備和系統操作程序，性能和限制，正常、非正常和應急操作程序，經批准的飛行手冊，以及標牌與標誌； （ii）能獨立操縱航空器完成起飛、著陸，在航空器上作為飛行操縱裝置的唯一操縱者至少完成3次起飛和3次全停著陸； （iii）在一台發動機停車的情況下履行機長職責並完成發動機停車後的處置程序和機動動作； （iv）完成機組資源管理訓練； （v）經考試員檢查合格。 （b）在不要求型別等級的航空器上擔任副駕駛的駕駛員，應持有相應的航空器類別、級別等級和儀錶等級（如適用）的駕駛員執照。 第61.56條 接受檢查 航空人員應當接受局方定期或者不定期的檢查和考核；經檢查、考核合格的，方可繼續擔任其執照載明的工作。 第61.57條 定期檢查 （a）除學生駕駛員執照外，按本規則頒發的駕駛員執照的持有人，應當在行使權利前24個日曆月內針對其取得的每個航空器類別、級別和型別等級（如適用）通過由考試員實施的定期檢查，並在其執照記錄欄中簽注，否則不得行使執照上相應等級的權利。 （b）定期檢查應當包括至少1小時的理論檢查和至少1小時的飛行檢查，理論檢查可以採用筆試或者口試的方式；飛行檢查由考試員在航空器或者相應的飛行模擬機上實施。定期檢查應當包括以下內容： （1）一般運行和飛行規則，以及該駕駛員安全行使其執照所賦予的權利所應掌握的航空理論知識； （2）能夠證明該駕駛員有能力安全行使其執照權利所必需的動作和程序。 （c）下列檢查或者考試可以代替本條要求的定期檢查： （1）按照本規則實施的執照和等級實踐考試； （2）按照本規則第61.59條 或CCAR-121部規定完成的熟練檢查； （3）滑翔機類別運動駕駛員執照持有人可以用至少三次教學飛行代替定期檢查中要求的1小時飛行檢查，且每次飛行應達到起落航線的高度。 第61.59條 熟練檢查 （a）對於商業運行，擔任機長或者在型號合格審定要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任副駕駛的駕駛員，應當針對所飛航空器的類別、級別和型別等級（如適用），在前12個日曆月內完成熟練檢查。 （b）熟練檢查由考試員在航空器或相應的飛行模擬機上實施。對於通過熟練檢查的駕駛員，由考試員在其執照記錄欄中簽注。檢查內容應符合下列要求： （1）對於機長，相應航空器類別、級別和型別等級（如適用）實踐考試所要求的動作和程序； （2）對於副駕駛，本規則61.55（a）（3）要求的內容。 （c）下列檢查或者考試可以代替本條要求的熟練檢查： （1）按照本規則實施的執照和等級實踐考試； （2）按照CCAR-121部規定完成的熟練檢查。 （d）對於商業運行，在本條（a）規定的期限內未進行熟練檢查或檢查不合格的駕駛員，只有重新通過相應航空器等級的實踐考試，方可擔任機長或在型號合格審定要求配備一名以上駕駛員的航空器上擔任副駕駛。 （e）駕駛員執照持有人在按本條（a）規定到期的那個月之前或之後一個日曆月內完成了熟練檢查，都認為是在到期的那個月完成的。 第61.61條 機長近期飛行經歷要求 （a）一般經歷要求： （1）在載運旅客的航空器或型號合格審定要求配備一名以上飛行機組成員的航空器上擔任機長的駕駛員，在該次飛行前90天內，在同一類別、級別和型別（如適用）的航空器上，作為飛行操縱裝置的唯一操縱者，應當至少完成3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （2）為了滿足本條（a）（1）的要求，駕駛員可以在沒有載運旅客的航空器上，在晝間目視飛行規則或晝間儀錶飛行規則條件下擔任機長完成飛行。 （3）本條（a）（1）要求的起飛和著陸可以在經局方批准的飛行模擬機上完成。 （b）夜間起飛和著陸經歷要求： （1）在夜間（日落後1小時至日出前1小時）擔任載運旅客的航空器機長的駕駛員，在該次飛行前90天內，在同一類別、級別、型別（如適用）的航空器上，作為飛行操縱裝置的唯一操縱者，應當至少在夜間完成3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （2）本條（b）（1）要求的起飛和著陸可以在經局方批准的飛行模擬機上完成。 （c）儀錶經歷要求： （1）在儀錶飛行規則或在低於目視飛行規則規定的最低標準氣象條件下擔任機長的駕駛員，在該次飛行前6個日曆月內，在相應類別航空器或相應的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上，應當在實際或模擬儀錶條件下完成至少6次儀錶進近，並完成等待程序和使用導航系統截獲並跟蹤航道的飛行。擔任滑翔機機長的，應當至少記錄有3小時儀錶飛行時間。 （2）不符合本條（c）（1）近期儀錶經歷要求的駕駛員，不得在儀錶飛行規則或低於目視飛行規則規定的最低標準氣象條件下擔任機長，只有在相應的航空器上通過由考試員實施的儀錶熟練檢查後，方可擔任機長。儀錶熟練檢查的內容由考試員從儀錶等級實踐考試的內容中選取。儀錶熟練檢查的部分或全部內容可在相應的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上實施。 （d）對於滿足CCAR-121中第121.461和121.465條 或者CCAR-135中第135.249條規定的駕駛員，視為滿足本條近期飛行經歷要求。 第61.63條 禁止提供虛假材料 禁止任何人實施下列行為： （a）在申請按本規則頒發或補發執照、等級或者此類其他證件的申請書上作出任何欺騙性或虛假的陳述； （b）在要求保存、填寫或使用的任何飛行經歷記錄本、記錄或成績單中填入任何欺騙性的或者虛假的內容； （c）以任何形式偽造按本規則頒發的執照或者等級證件； （d）以任何形式篡改按本規則頒發的執照或者等級證件。 第61.65條 變更姓名或者地址 （a）在按本規則頒發的執照上更改姓名，應當向局方提交書面申請，申請書應當附有該申請人現行執照、身份證和證實這種改變的其他文件。 （b）已變更永久通信地址的按本規則頒發的執照持有人，應當自變更之日起30天內通知局方。 第61.67條 自願放棄或者更換執照 按本規則頒發的執照持有人可以自願放棄所持執照、申請換發較低權限種類的執照或者取消某些等級的執照，但應當向局方提交具有本人簽字表明自願放棄原執照或等級的聲明。如自願放棄所持執照，再次申請執照時，原飛行經歷視為無效。 第61.69條 補發執照 按本規則頒發的執照遺失或者損壞後，申請人可以向局方申請補發，申請應當寫明遺失或者損壞執照的持有人姓名、永久通信地址、郵政編碼、出生地和出生日期、身份證號碼，以及該執照的級別、編號、頒發日期和附加的等級。 C章 增加等級和特殊規定 第61.81條 增加航空器等級 （a）在駕駛員執照上增加航空器等級，申請人應當符合本條（b）到（d）的相應條件。但是在航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加航空器等級，應當按照本規則I章 的規定執行。 （b）在駕駛員執照上增加類別等級，申請人應當符合下列規定： （1）完成了相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）要求的訓練，符合本規則規定的相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）的航空經歷要求； （2）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）的航空知識方面是合格的； （3）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）的飛行技能方面是合格的； （4）通過了相應執照類別等級和執照種類要求的理論考試； （5）通過了相應執照類別和級別等級（如適用）要求的實踐考試。 （c）在駕駛員執照上增加級別等級，申請人應當滿足下列要求： （1）完成了相應執照級別等級要求的訓練，滿足本規則相應執照級別等級的航空經歷要求； （2）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照級別等級的航空知識方面是合格的； （3）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照級別等級的飛行技能方面是合格的； （4）通過了相應執照級別等級要求的理論考試，但是持有飛機或初級飛機類別的申請人在同種執照的同類別等級中增加級別等級，不需要參加理論考試。 （5）通過了相應執照級別等級要求的實踐考試。 （d）在駕駛員執照上增加型別等級或者在增加航空器類別等級或級別等級的同時增加型別等級的申請人應當滿足下列要求： （1）持有或者同時取得適合於所申請類別、級別或型別等級的儀錶等級。 （2）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在相應執照的類別、級別和型別等級的航空知識方面是合格的。 （3）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其在航線運輸駕駛員執照對相應航空器類別、級別和型別等級要求的飛行技能方面是合格的。 （4）通過了航線運輸駕駛員執照對相應航空器類別、級別和型別等級要求的實踐考試。 （5）實踐考試應當在實際或者模擬儀錶條件下執行，但是如果該航空器型號審定為不能在儀錶飛行規則下運行，或者申請人沒有完成儀錶等級訓練，因而實踐考試沒有在儀錶條件進行，則該申請人只能獲得帶有“僅限于VFR”限制的型別等級。“僅限于VFR”限制可以在通過實際或者模擬儀錶條件下的實踐考試後撤銷。當頒發儀錶等級給持有一個或者多個型別等級的人員時，在此人沒有演示其儀錶能力的每一個航空器型別等級上都應註明“僅限于VFR”限制。 （6）如果申請人在增加航空器類別等級或者級別等級的同時增加型別等級，則應當按照本條（b）或（c）要求通過相應的理論考試。 （7）參加CCAR-121部或CCAR-135部運行的駕駛員只需要符合本條（d）（1）、（d）（4）和（d）（5）的規定，但是應當由運行合格證持有人簽字證明其已經完成了合格證持有人依據經批准訓練大綱實施的訓練。 （e）對於飛機，本條（b）、（c）和（d）規定的各項操作應當在與所申請的增加等級為同一類別、級別和型別的飛機上進行。但是在下列情況下，可以按照相應要求使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行： （1）滿足下列條件之一的申請人，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替飛機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪噴氣飛機一個型別等級，申請在渦輪噴氣飛機上增加另一個型別等級； （ii）持有渦輪螺旋槳飛機一個型別等級，申請在渦輪螺旋槳飛機上增加另一個型別等級； （iii）至少具有2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在與所申請型別等級相同級別的渦輪動力飛機上獲得的； （iv）至少具有500小時飛行經歷時間是在與所申請等級飛機同一型別的飛機上獲得的； （v）至少具有1,000小時飛行經歷時間是在至少兩個不同型別的飛機上獲得的。 （2）不符合本條（e）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在飛機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 （f）對於直升機，本條（b）、（c）和（d）規定的各項操作應當在與所申請的增加等級是同一型別的直升機上進行。但是在下列情況下，可以按照相應要求使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行： （1）滿足下列條件之一的申請人，在申請渦輪動力直升機的型別等級時，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替直升機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪動力直升機一個型別等級，申請在渦輪動力直升機上增加另一個型別等級； （ii）至少具有2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在渦輪動力直升機上獲得的； （iii）至少具有500小時飛行經歷時間是在同一型別的直升機上獲得的； （iv）至少具有1,000小時飛行經歷時間是在至少兩個不同型別的渦輪動力直升機上獲得的。 （2）不符合本條（f）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在直升機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 第61.83條 儀錶等級要求 （a）在駕駛員執照上增加儀錶等級，申請人應當符合下列規定： （1）應當至少持有現行私用駕駛員執照，該執照應當帶有適用於所申請儀錶等級的飛機、直升機、飛艇或傾轉旋翼機等級。 （2）完成並記錄了授權教員提供的本條（b）中適用於所申請儀錶等級的航空知識方面的地面訓練。 （3）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其可以參加增加儀錶等級所要求的理論考試。 （4）完成並記錄了授權教員提供的適用於所申請儀錶等級的、本條（c）或者（d）飛行技能方面的飛行訓練。 （5）滿足本條（d）的飛行經歷要求。 （6）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本或者訓練記錄上簽字，證明其可以參加增加儀錶等級所要求的實踐考試。 （7）應當通過本條（b）所要求相關航空知識的理論考試。申請人持有某一類別航空器的儀錶等級的除外。 （8）應當通過本條（c）或（d）所要求相關飛行技能的實踐考試。 （b）航空知識： 儀錶等級理論考試的申請人，應當已接受授權教員提供的地面訓練，內容至少包括適用於所申請等級的下列航空知識： （1）中國民用航空規章中有關儀錶飛行規則（IFR）運行的規定、空中交通管制系統與程序、有關的航行資料和通告； （2）適用於儀錶飛行規則（IFR）運行的無線電領航，使用無線電導航設備進行儀錶飛行規則（IFR）航行和進近，儀錶飛行規則（IFR）航圖和儀錶進近圖的使用； （3）航空氣象報告和預報的獲得與使用，以及根據這些信息和對天氣情況的觀測，預測天氣趨勢的要點，危險天氣的識別和風切變的避讓； （4）在儀錶氣象條件下，安全有效地操作航空器； （5）機組資源管理，包括機組通信、協調和判斷與決斷的作出； （6）與航空器儀錶飛行有關的威脅與差錯管理的知識。 （c）儀錶等級實踐考試的申請人，應當在相應的航空器或者飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上接受授權教員提供的下列儀錶飛行技能訓練： （1）僅按儀錶操作航空器並準確完成各項機動飛行； （2）使用無線電導航設備進行儀錶飛行規則（IFR）航行，包括遵守空中交通管制指令和程序； （3）使用無線電導航設備進近至局方公佈的最低標準； （4）在模擬或者實際的儀錶飛行規則（IFR）條件下，在中國民用航路或者空中交通管制（ATC）指定航線上的轉場飛行； （5）模擬的緊急情況，包括設備或儀錶故障、失去通信聯絡以及失去進近條件後的復飛程序以及到非計劃的備降機場備降； （6）具有識別並且管理威脅與差錯的能力。 （d）儀錶等級的申請人應當符合下列飛行經歷要求： （1）至少50小時擔任機長的轉場飛行，其中至少10小時是在所申請儀錶等級的航空器上獲得的。 （2）40小時的實際或者模擬儀錶時間，其中可以包括不超過20小時的在飛行模擬機或者飛行訓練器上由授權教員提供儀錶訓練的時間。該時間包括： （i）在所申請儀錶等級的航空器類別上，授權教員提供的至少15小時儀錶飛行訓練； （ii）在實踐考試日期之前60天內，授權教員提供的至少3小時準備考試的儀錶飛行訓練； （iii）對於飛機儀錶等級，在飛機上至少完成一次總距離不少於470千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近； （iv）對於直升機儀錶等級，在直升機上至少完成一次總距離不少於200千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近； （v）對於飛艇儀錶等級，在飛艇上至少完成一次總距離不少於45千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近； （vi）對於傾轉旋翼機儀錶等級，在傾轉旋翼機上至少完成一次總距離不少於200千米的儀錶轉場飛行，在該次飛行的每個機場都應當進行儀錶進近，至少完成三種不同的儀錶進近。 第61.87條 牽引滑翔機的航空器機長經歷和訓練要求 （a）在牽引滑翔機的航空器上擔任機長，應當符合下列規定： （1）至少持有帶動力航空器類別等級的私用駕駛員執照。 （2）已經在用於牽引滑翔機的航空器類別、級別和型別（如適用）上記錄了至少100小時的機長時間。 （3）授權教員在該駕駛員的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其已在滑翔機上接受了地面和飛行訓練，熟悉安全牽引滑翔機所必需的知識，包括： （i）安全牽引滑翔機的基本技術和程序，包括空速限制； （ii）應急程序； （iii）使用的信號； （iv）最大坡度。 （4）在一名滿足本條（b）要求的駕駛員陪同下，在牽引滑翔機的航空器上作為操縱裝置的唯一操縱者完成至少3次牽引飛行，或模擬滑翔機牽引飛行程序，並獲得陪同駕駛員在其飛行經歷記錄本上的簽字證明。 （5）在前12個日曆月內，至少符合下列條件之一： （i）在符合本條（b）要求的駕駛員陪同下，完成至少3次實際或者模擬滑翔機牽引； （ii）作為被航空器牽引的滑翔機機長，完成至少3次飛行。 （b）本條（a）（4）要求的陪同駕駛員，在擔任陪同駕駛員之前，應當已經滿足本條（a）的要求，並記錄了在牽引滑翔機的航空器上擔任機長的至少10次飛行。但是對於僅持有私用駕駛員執照的駕駛員，還應當滿足記錄了至少100小時在有動力航空器上擔任機長的時間，或者至少200小時在有動力和無動力航空器上擔任機長的時間。 第61.89條 按其他規章批准的訓練大綱完成訓練的人員 （a）在經局方按照CCAR-141或CCAR-142審定合格的訓練機構中按經批准的有關執照、等級訓練大綱完成地面和飛行訓練的人員，向局方出示其完成訓練證明的，視為該申請人符合相應執照或者等級的飛行經歷、航空知識和飛行技能的要求。但是，該執照、等級申請人應當通過本規則規定的理論考試並在訓練結束後60天內通過實踐考試。 （b）按照CCAR-121或CCAR-135中對機長的要求，完成經批准的訓練大綱中所要求訓練的駕駛員，在訓練結束後60天之內通過實踐考試的，視為其滿足本規則第61.187條 中的相應飛行技能要求。 第61.91條 對具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員的特殊規定 （a）具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員可以按本條要求申請頒發私用或商用駕駛員執照和等級。 （b）具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的人員出示具有航空經歷記錄的技術檔案資料或等效文件，局方可以承認其航空經歷，用於滿足按本規則頒發相應執照和等級的航空經歷要求。 （c）滿足下列要求的具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的申請人，局方可以為其頒發私用駕駛員執照： （1）除要求的相應考試和簽字證明外，滿足本規則第61.123條資格要求。 （2）出示有關技術檔案資料或等效文件，證明其滿足本規則第61.129至61.135條一個航空器等級的航空經歷要求。 （3）申請執照和等級前24個日曆月內仍在飛行的，應當通過本規則61.123（g）要求的理論考試；申請執照和等級前24個日曆月內已不參加飛行的，還應當通過本規則61.123（j）要求的實踐考試。 （d）滿足下列要求的具有國家航空器駕駛員經歷的申請人，局方可以為其頒發商用駕駛員執照： （1）除要求的考試和簽字證明外，滿足本規則第61.153條資格要求； （2）出示有關技術檔案資料或等效文件，證明其滿足本規則第61.159至61.166條一個航空器等級的航空經歷要求； （3）申請執照和等級前12個日曆月內仍在飛行的，應當通過本規則61.153（g）要求的理論考試； （4）申請執照和等級前12個日曆月內已不參加飛行的，應當通過本規則61.153（g）和（j）要求的理論考試和實踐考試。 （e）對於按本條（c）、（d）頒發的執照，按（c）或（d）審定合格或經考試合格的航空器等級，局方可以簽注在相應的執照上。原國家航空器駕駛員申請航空器等級按下列規定辦理： （1）原單發飛機和殲擊機駕駛員，可以申請飛機類別單發陸地等級； （2）含轟炸機、運輸機在內的原多發飛機駕駛員，可申請飛機類別多發陸地等級； （3）原運輸飛機駕駛員所飛機型符合本規則頒髮型別等級要求的，該駕駛員可以申請相應的型別等級，但需通過該型別等級的實踐考試； （4）原直升機駕駛員可以申請直升機類別等級和型別等級，但需通過該型別等級的實踐考試； （5）未在本條（e）款中列明的其他航空器由局方確定其相應的轉換等級和辦理方法。 （f）具有複雜氣象標準的原國家航空器駕駛員，符合本規則61.83（d）航空經歷要求的，可以申請在其駕駛員執照上增加儀錶等級，但應當通過本規則第61.83條要求的理論考試和實踐考試。 第61.93條 外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人申請按本規則頒發駕駛員執照 （a）外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人可以申請按本規則頒發的駕駛員執照和等級。申請人的外國駕駛員執照如果是國際民航公約締約國或香港、澳門特別行政區頒發的，並且沒有不符合國際民航組織標準的簽注，則可以作為滿足所申請執照和等級飛行經歷要求的證明，並認為其具有參加相應理論考試和實踐考試的資格。該申請人不需符合所申請執照資格要求中有關申請人應當持有某種執照的規定，以及有關申請人應當具有授權教員推薦其參加理論考試和實踐考試的簽字的規定。除此以外，申請人應當滿足本規則對其所申請執照的其他要求，包括通過相應的理論考試和實踐考試。但是，對於符合（b）條件的私用駕駛員執照的申請人無需滿足上述要求。 （b）外國駕駛員執照或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人申請按本規則頒發私用駕駛員執照和等級時，只要符合以下條件，局方可以為其頒發私用駕駛員執照和等級： （1）持有現行有效的外國或香港、澳門特別行政區私用、商用或航線運輸駕駛員執照，沒有不符合國際民航組織標準的簽注。 （2）持有中國頒發或者認可的體檢合格證。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。如果申請人因某種原因不能完全滿足本要求，局方應當在該申請人的執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）通過民用航空規章有關駕駛員權利與限制、空中交通規則和一般運行規則等部分的理論考試。 （c）按本條（b）頒發的執照上應當註明所依據的原執照編號和頒發地。原執照上的航空器等級和儀錶等級，以及按本規則規定在考試後頒發的等級，局方可以簽注在該執照上。該執照的持有人可以行使本規則私用駕駛員執照的權利，但應當遵守執照上簽注的限制。當其原執照被暫扣或吊銷時，不得行使中國私用駕駛員執照的權利。 （d）因國內訓練能力不足等原因，經局方批准，運營人可在境外經批准或認可的飛行訓練機構完成部分人員的執照或等級訓練，此類人員在通過本規則要求的民用航空規章有關駕駛員權利與限制、空中交通規則和一般運行規則等部分的理論考試後，可以持訓練機構所在地民航當局頒發的駕駛員執照和等級，申請換發本規則中相應的駕駛員執照和等級。 （e）外國或香港、澳門特別行政區頒發的含有初級飛機、自轉旋翼機、滑翔機、自由氣球或小型飛艇等級的駕駛員執照持有人，通過理論考試和實踐考試後可申請按本規則頒發的相應等級的運動駕駛員執照。 第61.95條 依據外國或香港、澳門特別行政區駕駛員執照頒發認可函 （a）外國或香港、澳門特別行政區執照持有人可以按本條申請頒發認可函。 （b）申請人在申請按本規則頒發的認可函時，應向局方提供以下材料： （1）《國際民用航空公約》締約國或香港、澳門特別行政區頒發的現行有效駕駛員執照和相應等級； （2）申請運行的種類和時間。 （c）經審查合格後，局方可向申請人頒發執照認可函。 （d）按本條頒發的認可函包含以下內容： （1）申請人的原執照編號和執照頒發機構。 （2）有效期。按本條頒發的認可函有效期不超過下列任何一項： （i）除被暫扣或吊銷外，自簽發之日起24個日曆月； （ii）申請人參加運行的航空器租期期滿之日； （iii）申請人雇用合同期滿之日。 （e）認可函的運行權利和限制： 按本條規定頒發的駕駛員執照認可函的持有人： （1）具有原執照上和本規則相對應的等級的權利，並可以在中國登記的相應的民用航空器上擔任駕駛員； （2）其權利受局方在其認可函上簽注的限制； （3）在中國登記的航空器上，行使其認可函上的權利時，應當遵守其認可函和原駕駛員執照上的限制和約束； （4）原執照被暫扣，吊銷或失效時，認可函同時失效。 （f）按本條頒發的認可函僅在作為該認可函頒發依據的外國或香港、澳門特別行政區駕駛員執照由持有人隨身攜帶時，方為有效。 D章 學生駕駛員執照 第61.101條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發學生駕駛員執照的條件、該執照的用途以及執照持有人應當遵守的一般運行規則與限制。申請運動駕駛員執照的學生駕駛員，無需辦理學生駕駛員執照，但須遵守本章對學生駕駛員的單飛要求及一般限制。 第61.103條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發學生駕駛員執照： （a）年滿16周歲。 （b）5年內無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）持有局方頒發的現行有效Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證。 為取得運動駕駛員執照的學生駕駛員應符合下列條件： （a）年滿16周歲，但僅申請操作滑翔機或自由氣球的為年滿14周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，應申請學生駕駛員執照，並由局方在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）持有局方頒發的現行有效體檢合格證。 第61.105條 學生駕駛員單飛要求 （a）學生駕駛員應當滿足本條要求方可操縱航空器單飛。 （b）學生駕駛員應當通過由授權教員實施的理論考試，證明其具有要求的航空知識。理論考試應當包括下列內容： （1）本規則和一般運行規則中的適用部分； （2）單飛所用機場的空中交通規則和程序； （3）所用航空器的飛行特性和運行限制。 （c）在被批准實施單飛前，學生駕駛員應當已經接受並記錄了單飛所用航空器的適用動作與程序的飛行訓練，並經授權教員在該型號或類似航空器上檢查，認為該駕駛員熟練掌握了這些動作與程序，能夠安全實施單飛。單飛前至少應當完成下列動作與程序的飛行訓練： （1）對於飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）正常和不同阻力形態下作帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）從不同高度和功率組合進入失速，並在開始失速時改出，以及從完全失速中改出； （xi）設備故障和應急程序； （xii）參照地面的機動飛行； （xiii）模擬發動機故障進近至著陸區域； （xiv）復飛； （xv）對單發飛機，側滑修正目測並著陸。 （2）對於直升機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）以各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參考地面的機動飛行； （xii）進近至著陸區域； （xiii）懸停和懸停轉彎； （xiv）復飛； （xv）模擬應急程序，包括自轉下降至恢復功率懸停； （xvi）快速減速； （xvii）模擬單發失效進近並著陸（對多發直升機）。 （3）對於飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參照地面的機動飛行； （xii）裝配、壓艙配平，控制副氣囊的壓力及過熱； （xiii）以正靜平衡和以負靜平衡著陸。 （4）對於傾轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）從不同高度和功率組合進入失速，並在開始失速時改出，以及從完全失速中改出； （xi）設備故障和應急程序； （xii）參照地面的機動飛行； （xiii）模擬發動機故障進近至著陸區域； （xiv）復飛； （xv）進近至著陸區域； （xvi）懸停和懸停轉彎； （xvii）模擬單發失效進近並著陸（對多發傾轉旋翼機）。 （5）對於初級飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）正常和不同阻力形態下作帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）從不同高度和功率組合進入失速，並在開始失速時改出，以及從完全失速中改出； （xi）設備故障和應急程序； （xii）參照地面的機動飛行； （xiii）模擬發動機故障進近至著陸區域； （xiv）復飛； （xv）側滑修正目測並著陸。 （6）對於自轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備、航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的小、中、大坡度轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）以各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參考地面的機動飛行； （xii）進近至著陸區域； （xiii）帶動力和模擬關閉動力的快速下降，並從這些飛行狀態中改出； （xiv）復飛； （xv）模擬應急程序，包括模擬關閉動力著陸和模擬起飛期間動力裝置失效。 （7）對於滑翔機的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置（如適用）的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行（如適用）； （iii）正常和側風起飛； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的轉彎（如適用）； （v）機場起落航線，包括加入程序； （vi）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （vii）使用高阻和低阻形態作帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （viii）以各種空速飛行； （ix）設備故障和應急程序； （x）參照地面的機動飛行（如適用）； （xi）牽引索的檢查、信號和脫鉤程序（如適用）； （xii）飛機牽引、地面牽引、自身動力或自行彈射起飛程序； （xiii）滑翔機拆卸和組裝程序； （xiv）失速進入、失速和失速改出； （xv）直線滑翔、轉彎和盤旋； （xvi）正常和側風著陸； （xvii）側滑修正目測並著陸； （xviii）利用上升氣流的程序和技術； （xix）應急操作，包括牽引索斷裂程序。 （8）對於自由氣球的學生駕駛員： （i）組裝程序； （ii）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統的檢查； （iii）上升和下降； （iv）著陸和恢復程序； （v）設備故障和應急程序； （vi）相應的熱空氣或氣源、配重、活門、放氣門和裂幅的使用； （vii）模擬緊急情況下，放氣門或裂幅的使用； （viii）風對上升和進近角度的影響； （ix）障礙物觀測和避讓技術。 （9）對於小型飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）飛行準備程序，包括飛行前計劃和準備，航空器系統和動力裝置的操作檢查； （ii）開車、試車和滑行； （iii）正常和側風起飛、著陸； （iv）平直飛行，兩個方向的轉彎； （v）上升和上升轉彎； （vi）機場起落航線，包括加入和脫離程序； （vii）防撞、避讓風切變和避讓尾流顛簸； （viii）帶轉彎和不帶轉彎的下降； （ix）從巡航速度到最小速度的各種空速飛行； （x）設備故障和應急程序； （xi）參照地面的機動飛行； （xii）裝配、壓艙配平，控制副氣囊的壓力及過熱； （xiii）以正靜平衡和以負靜平衡著陸。 （d）學生駕駛員在操作航空器單飛之前，應當符合下列規定： （1）在學生駕駛員執照上，有授權教員針對其所飛型號航空器的簽字批准； （2）在其飛行經歷記錄本上，有授權教員的簽字，證明其在單飛日期之前90天內接受了所飛型號航空器的訓練。 （e）學生駕駛員在夜間操作航空器單飛前應當符合下列規定： （1）已經接受了夜間飛行訓練，包括在擬實施單飛的機場進行的夜間起飛、進近、著陸和復飛訓練； （2）已經接受了在擬實施單飛的機場附近進行的夜間航行訓練； （3）在其飛行經歷記錄本上，有授權教員的簽字，證明其在夜間單飛日期之前90天內接受了所飛型號航空器的訓練。 （f）授權教員在批准學生駕駛員每次單飛時，應當遵守下列規定： （1）在單飛所用型號航空器上，已向該駕駛員提供了訓練； （2）認為該駕駛員已熟練掌握本條規定的動作和程序； （3）認為該駕駛員已熟悉所飛型號航空器； （4）確認學生駕駛員執照已經由提供飛行訓練的授權教員針對所飛型號航空器簽署； （5）在該學生駕駛員的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字批准其在所飛型號航空器上單飛，或者確認授權教員的簽字是在90天的有效期內做出的。 第61.107條 一般限制 （a）學生駕駛員不得從事下列行為： （1）在載運旅客的航空器上擔任機長； （2）以取酬為目的在載運貨物的航空器上擔任機長； （3）為獲取酬金而擔任航空器機長； （4）在空中或地面能見度白天小于5千米、夜間小于8千米的飛行中擔任航空器機長； （5）在不能目視參照地標的飛行中擔任航空器機長； （6）在違背授權教員對於該駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本中簽注的限制的情況下擔任航空器機長。 （b）學生駕駛員不得在航空器型號合格審定或實施該飛行所依據的規章要求配備一名以上駕駛員的任何航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員，但在飛艇或小型飛艇上接受授權教員的飛行教學，並且該航空器上除飛行機組必需成員外沒有任何其他人員時除外。 第61.109條 轉場單飛要求 （a）學生駕駛員在實施轉場單飛或距起飛機場超過50千米的單飛前，應當遵守本條轉場單飛的規定。 （b）申請轉場單飛的學生駕駛員應當符合下列規定： （1）在轉場單飛所用航空器上，已經接受了授權教員提供的地面和飛行訓練； （2）經授權教員檢查證明其已熟練掌握了本條要求的相應航空器轉場飛行的動作與程序； （3）已經在轉場單飛所用航空器上，合格完成了本規則第61.105條規定的動作與程序； （4）遵守本條（c）要求的授權教員在簽字時註明的任何限制。 （c）學生駕駛員在實施轉場飛行前應當具有下列簽字批准： （1）除運動駕駛員執照申請人外，由提供訓練的授權教員在其學生駕駛員執照上作出轉場單飛的簽字批准，並註明所飛航空器類別。 （2）由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上對所飛型號航空器作出轉場單飛的簽字批准。 （3）在每次轉場單飛前，由授權教員按本條（d）規定評估其轉場計劃並在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字批准。該簽字批准應當詳細説明所飛航空器的廠家和型號；證明該駕駛員做好了飛行計劃和準備，能夠安全實施轉場單飛。 （d）授權教員在批准學生駕駛員每次轉場單飛時，應當遵守下列規定： （1）確認該駕駛員的轉場計劃是正確的； （2）評估天氣實況和預報，確定本次飛行能夠按照目視飛行規則完成； （3）確認該駕駛員技術熟練，能夠安全實施本次飛行； （4）確認該駕駛員對所飛航空器具有合適的轉場單飛簽字批准； （5）確認該駕駛員的單飛簽字批准對所飛航空器是現行有效的。 （e）學生駕駛員除完成本規則第61.105條要求的單飛前飛行訓練動作與程序外，在轉場單飛前還應當完成下列相應航空器的轉場飛行動作與程序的訓練： （1）對於飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序，包括在短小和鬆軟機場上起飛、進近與著陸； （xi）最大上升角和最大上升率上升； （xii）只參考飛行儀錶操縱航空器飛行，包括平直飛行、轉彎、下降、爬升以及無線電助航設備和空中交通管制指令的使用； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （2）對於直升機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）起飛、進近和著陸程序； （xi）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （3）對於飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）上升、下降飛行和控制高度時的氣體壓力控制； （xi）只參考飛行儀錶操縱飛艇； （xii）有利於轉場飛行的天氣和上升氣流的識別； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （4）對於傾轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序； （xi）只參考飛行儀錶操縱航空器飛行，包括平直飛行、轉彎、下降、爬升以及無線電助航設備和空中交通管制指令的使用。 （5）對於初級飛機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序，包括在短小和鬆軟機場上起飛、進近與著陸； （xi）最大上升角和最大上升率上升； （xii）只參考飛行儀錶操縱航空器飛行，包括平直飛行、轉彎、下降、爬升以及無線電助航設備和空中交通管制指令的使用； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （6）對於自轉旋翼機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）正常和側風起飛、進近與著陸程序，包括在短小和鬆軟機場上起飛、進近與著陸； （xi）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 （7）對於滑翔機的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）從離地至少600米的高度，不使用高度表完成著陸； （x）識別有利於轉場滑翔、上升、下降飛行的天氣和上升氣流狀態，以及控制高度。 （8）對於小型飛艇的學生駕駛員： （i）使用航空地圖作目視飛行規則航行，包括借助磁羅盤、使用地標領航和推測領航的航行； （ii）有關轉場飛行的航空器性能圖表的使用； （iii）航空天氣實況報告和預報的獲得與分析，包括在飛行中臨界天氣情況的識別和能見度的判斷； （iv）應急程序； （v）起落航線程序，包括區域離場、區域進場、加入起落航線和進近； （vi）防撞、預防尾流顛簸和避讓風切變的程序與操作常規； （vii）轉場飛行地理區域中危險地形特徵的識別、避讓和運行限制； （viii）所飛航空器上的儀錶設備的操作程序，包括其正常工作程序和指示的識別與使用； （ix）目視飛行規則航行和雙向通信的無線電設備的使用； （x）上升、下降飛行和控制高度時的氣體壓力控制； （xi）只參考飛行儀錶操縱飛艇； （xii）有利於轉場飛行的天氣和上升氣流的識別； （xiii）轉場飛行區域空中交通管製程序。 E章 運動駕駛員執照 第61.111條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發運動駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.113條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發運動駕駛員執照： （a）年滿17周歲，但僅申請操作滑翔機或自由氣球的為年滿16周歲。 （b）5年內無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有初中或者初中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的現行有效體檢合格證。 （f）完成了本規則第61.115條要求的相應航空器等級的航空知識訓練，並由提供訓練或者評審其自學情況的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的理論考試。 （g）通過了本規則第61.115條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （h）完成了本規則第61.117條要求的相應航空器等級的飛行技能訓練，並由提供訓練的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的實踐考試。 （i）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本規則第61.119條適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （j）通過了本規則第61.117條適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行技能的實踐考試。 （k）符合本規則對所申請航空器等級的相應條款要求。 第61.115條 航空知識要求 申請人應當接受並記錄授權教員提供的地面訓練，完成下列與所申請航空器等級相應的地面訓練科目或者自學課程： （a）航空法規： 與運動駕駛員權利、限制和飛行運行有關的中國民用航空規章。 （b）初級飛機、飛艇、自轉旋翼機、滑翔機、自由氣球的一般知識： （1）動力裝置、系統和儀錶的工作原理及其功能； （2）有關類別航空器和動力裝置的使用限制，飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料； （3）對於自轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）； （4）對於飛艇，氣體的物理特性與實際應用。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及重量分佈對飛行特性的影響、重量和平衡計算； （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據的使用與實際運用； （3）相應航空器安全有效的運行，包括飛行活動高密度機場的飛行、防撞、避免尾流顛簸以及無線電通信程序，夜間運行。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： 包括識別臨界天氣狀況，避讓風切變，獲得氣象資料的程序以及航空天氣報告和預報的使用。 （f）領航： 包括航圖和磁羅盤的使用，地標和推測領航，目視飛行規則（VFR）飛行，航行設施的使用及機載領航設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理。 （2）高度表撥正程序。 （3）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼及縮略語》的使用。 （4）適當的預防程序和應急程序，包括為避讓危險天氣、尾流和其他運行危險所採取的行動。 （5）對於自轉旋翼機（如適用），帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （6）對於初級飛機和滑翔機類別等級，還要求失速識別、螺旋進入與改出技術。 （7）對於滑翔機，不同的牽引起飛方法與相關程序。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 適用於目視飛行規則運行的通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.117條 飛行技能要求 申請人應當至少在下列操作上接受並記錄了授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器等級的地面和飛行訓練。 （a）對於初級飛機類別等級： （1）飛機的組裝、拆卸和油料配置； （2）飛行前準備，包括重量和平衡計算，起飛前檢查，發動機的使用； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，包括在管制機場操作，無線電通信，防撞措施及避免尾流顛簸； （4）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （5）以臨界小速度飛行，判斷並改出從直線飛行和從轉彎中進入的臨界失速及失速； （6）起飛、著陸和復飛，包括正常、側風、短小和鬆軟跑道的起飛與著陸，以及最大性能起飛和著陸； （7）使用地標領航和推測領航的轉場飛行； （8）水上操作（如適用）； （9）應急操作，包括模擬的航空器系統和設備故障； （10）高度50米以下機動飛行的規則和方法； （11）關閉發動機或者模擬關閉發動機後的轉彎、下滑和著陸的操縱方法。 （b）對於自轉旋翼機類別等級： （1）飛行前操作，包括起飛前檢查，自轉旋翼機勤務、重量和平衡計算、動力裝置和航空器各系統的使用； （2）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （3）以臨界小速度機動飛行，對小速度大下降率狀態的判斷和改出； （4）機場和起落航線的運行，包括防撞措施、空中交通管製程序和無線電通信程序； （5）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備轉場飛行； （6）應急程序，包括最大性能起飛和著陸。 （c）對於滑翔機類別等級： （1）飛行前操作，包括安裝、拆卸以及起飛前檢查； （2）所使用的牽引起飛方式的技術和程序，包括適當的空速限制、應急程序和使用的信號； （3）起落航線運行，防撞措施和程序； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱滑翔機； （5）在整個飛行包線內飛行； （6）識別並從臨界失速、失速、螺旋和急盤旋下降中改出； （7）正常和側風牽引起飛、進近和著陸； （8）使用目視參考和推測領航進行轉場飛行； （9）應急程序。 （d）對於小型飛艇類別等級： （1）地面操作，包括係留、裝配和飛行前準備； （2）正常起飛、著陸與復飛，雙向無線電通信和防撞措施； （3）平直飛行、上升、轉彎和下降； （4）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （5）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備航行； （6）模擬的應急情況，包括設備、氣體活門故障和發動機失去功率。 （e）對於自由氣球類別等級： （1）飛行前操作，包括自由氣球組裝、索具調整、充氣、係留和檢查； （2）氣球放飛和上升技術與程序，包括適當的限制、應急程序和所用信號； （3）防撞措施； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱自由氣球； （5）快速下降的識別和改出； （6）使用目視參考和推測領航飛行； （7）進近到著陸，包括地面操縱； （8）應急程序。 第61.119條 運動駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）初級飛機類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人應當在有動力的航空器上有至少30小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.117條飛行技能要求在相應級別的初級飛機或飛機上由授權教員提供的至少15小時帶飛訓練（其中可以包括不多於2小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和5小時在相應級別的初級飛機上的單飛時間。 （1）由授權教員提供的帶飛訓練至少包括： （i）2小時轉場飛行訓練。 （ii）3小時的初級飛機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （iii）2小時為初級飛機實踐考試作準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （2）5小時初級飛機上的單飛時間，至少包括3次起飛、3次全停著陸和1次總距離至少為120千米（65海裏）的轉場單飛。 （b）自轉旋翼機類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人應當在有動力的航空器上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.117條的飛行技能要求，在自轉旋翼機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時帶飛訓練（其中可以包括不多於2小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和5小時自轉旋翼機單飛時間。 （1）由授權教員提供的帶飛訓練至少包括： （i）2小時轉場飛行訓練。 （ii）3小時的自轉旋翼機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （iii）2小時為自轉旋翼機實踐考試作準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （2）5小時自轉旋翼機上的單飛時間，至少包括3次起飛、3次全停著陸和一次總距離至少為50千米的轉場單飛。 （c）滑翔機類別等級運動駕駛員執照申請人： （1）如果在重於空氣航空器上作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間不足40小時，則申請人應當按照本規則61.117的飛行技能要求在滑翔機上完成至少10小時飛行時間，該時間應當至少包括： （i）20次滑翔機飛行，包括在滑翔機上由授權教員提供的、為實踐考試作準備的至少3次飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （ii）2小時滑翔機單飛，其中應當完成至少10次起飛和著陸。 （2）如果在重於空氣航空器上作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間不少於40小時，則申請人應當按照本規則61.117的飛行技能要求在滑翔機上完成至少3小時飛行時間。該時間應當至少包括： （i）10次滑翔機單飛； （ii）在滑翔機上由授權教員提供的、為實踐考試作準備的3次飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （3）在滑翔機上擔任機長的駕駛員應當完成下列相應附加訓練： （i）使用地面牽引程序。該駕駛員已經完成地面牽引程序及其操作的地面和飛行訓練，並得到授權教員的簽字，證明其能夠合格進行地面牽引程序及其操作。 （ii）使用空中牽引程序。該駕駛員已經完成空中牽引程序及其操作的地面和飛行訓練，並得到授權教員的簽字，證明其能夠合格進行空中牽引程序及其操作。 （iii）使用自行起飛程序。該駕駛員已經完成自行起飛程序及其操作的地面和飛行訓練，並得到授權教員的簽字，證明其能夠合格進行自行起飛程序及其操作。 （d）小型飛艇類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人按照本規則61.117條的飛行技能要求在小型飛艇或自由氣球上接受至少20小時的飛行訓練（其中在小型飛艇上的帶飛訓練時間至少為10小時），該飛行訓練內容應至少包括： （1）3小時轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時小型飛艇夜間飛行訓練，包括5次起飛和5次全停著陸。如不滿足本要求，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）2小時為小型飛艇實踐考試作準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）5小時在小型飛艇上履行機長職責的時間。 （e）自由氣球類別等級的運動駕駛員執照申請人應當完成至少16小時作為自由氣球駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，至少包括8次氣球放飛和上升，其中一次為上升至高於起飛點600米的飛行，以及一次單飛。 第61.120條 運動駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）運動駕駛員執照持有人可以在相應類別和級別等級的航空器上擔任機長。 （b）如滑翔機載運乘客，運動駕駛員執照持有人在取得滑翔機類別等級後，應當再建立不少於10小時的飛行經歷時間。 （c）以取酬為目的在經營性運行的航空器上擔任機長，或為獲取酬金在航空器上擔任機長，運動駕駛員執照持有人應具有不少於35小時的飛行經歷時間，其中20小時作為本類別和級別（如適用）航空器駕駛員的飛行經歷時間。 （d）未滿18周歲的運動駕駛員執照持有人，不得在以取酬為目的的航空器上擔任機長。 （e）運動駕駛員執照持有人不得從事商業航空運輸運行。 （f）運動駕駛員執照持有人禁止在自由氣球上實施夜間飛行。 F章 私用駕駛員執照 第61.121條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發私用駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.123條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發私用駕駛員執照： （a）年滿17周歲。 （b）5年內無犯罪記錄； （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有初中或者初中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的現行有效Ⅱ級或者I級體檢合格證。 （f）完成了本規則第61.125條要求的相應航空器等級的航空知識訓練，並由提供訓練或者評審其自學情況的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的理論考試。 （g）通過了本規則第61.125條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （h）完成了本規則第61.127條要求的相應航空器等級的飛行技能訓練，並由提供訓練的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的實踐考試。 （i）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本章中適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （j）通過了本規則第61.127條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 （k）符合本規則對所申請航空器類別和級別等級的相應條款要求。 第61.125條 航空知識要求 申請人應當接受並記錄授權教員提供的地面訓練，完成下列與所申請航空器等級相應的地面訓練科目或者自學課程： （a）航空法規： 與私用駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；高度表撥正程序；相應的空中交通服務措施和程序。 （b）飛機、飛艇、直升機和傾轉旋翼機類航空器的一般知識： （1）動力裝置、系統和儀錶的工作原理及其功能。 （2）有關類別航空器和動力裝置的使用限制；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料。 （3）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）。 （4）對於飛艇，氣體的物理特性與實際應用。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及重量分佈對飛行特性的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據的使用與實際運用。 （3）適合於按照目視飛行規則私人運行的飛行前準備和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；位置報告程序；高度表撥正程序；交通密集區的運行。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： 初級航空氣象學的應用；氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法；危險氣象條件。 （f）領航： 空中領航和推測領航技術的實踐；航圖的使用。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理。 （2）高度表撥正程序。 （3）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼及縮略語》的使用。 （4）適當的預防程序和應急程序，包括為避讓危險天氣、尾流和其他運行危險所採取的行動。 （5）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機（如適用），帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 適用於目視飛行規則運行的通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.127條 飛行技能要求 申請人應當至少在下列操作上接受並記錄了授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器等級的地面和飛行訓練： （a）對於飛機類別等級： （1）威脅和差錯的識別和管理； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡計算，起飛前檢查，飛機勤務和發動機使用； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，包括在管制機場操作、無線電通信、防撞措施及避免尾流顛簸； （4）參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （5）臨界小速度飛行，判斷並改出從直線飛行和從轉彎中進入的臨界失速及失速； （6）臨界大速度飛行，急盤旋下降的識別和改出； （7）正常及側風起飛、著陸和復飛； （8）最大性能（短跑道和越障）起飛，短跑道著陸； （9）僅參照儀錶飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎； （10）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備的轉場飛行； （11）夜間飛行，包括起飛、著陸和目視飛行規則（VFR）航行； （12）多發或者水上飛機的操作（如適用）； （13）應急操作，包括模擬的航空器系統和設備故障； （14）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （b）對於直升機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的計算、起飛前檢查、直升機勤務和發動機使用； （3）懸停、空中飛移和參照外部目視參考的機動飛行； （4）機場和起落航線的運行，包括無線電通信、防撞措施和避免尾流顛簸； （5）從渦環的初始階段中改出，在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術； （6）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備的轉場飛行； （7）起飛、著陸和復飛，包括正常、有風和傾斜地面的起飛和著陸； （8）以所需最小動力起飛和著陸，最大性能起飛和著陸，受限制區域內的運行，快速減速； （9）夜間飛行，包括起飛、著陸和目視飛行規則（VFR）航行； （10）模擬的應急程序，包括航空器和設備故障，在多發直升機上以一台發動機失去功率進近到懸停或著陸，或者在單發直升機上自轉進近並著陸； （11）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （c）對於飛艇類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、飛艇的檢查和勤務； （3）參照地面的機動飛行； （4）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序； （5）起飛技術和程序，包括相應的限制、應急程序和使用的信號； （6）參照外部目視參考操縱飛艇； （7）起飛、降落和復飛； （8）最大性能（越障）起飛； （9）僅參照儀錶的飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎； （10）使用目視參考、推測領航和無線電導航設備進行導航和轉場飛行； （11）應急操作（識別漏氣現象），包括模擬的飛艇設備故障； （12）通信程序和用語。 （d）對於傾轉旋翼機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯。 （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、傾轉旋翼機的檢查和勤務。 （3）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序。 （4）參照外部目視參考操縱傾轉旋翼機。 （5）地面機動和試車；懸停、滑跑與上升；正常、無風和傾斜地面的懸停和滑跑進近與著陸。 （6）以最小的必需動力起飛和著陸；最大性能起飛和著陸技術；限制區域內的運行；快停。 （7）僅參照儀錶飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎。 （8）在渦環的初始階段改出；在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術。 （9）使用目視參考、推測領航和有條件時使用無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，包括一次至少1小時的飛行。 （10）應急操作，包括模擬的傾轉旋翼機設備故障；動力轉換為自轉和自轉下降（如適用）；傳動裝置和互連式傳動軸故障（如適用）。 （11）按照空中交通服務程序飛往、飛離和飛越管制機場。 （12）通信程序和用語。 第61.129條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛機類別單發級別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.127（a）的飛行技能要求，在單發飛機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練（其中可以包括不多於2.5小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （1）3小時單發飛機轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時的單發飛機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸，以及一次總飛行距離超過180千米的轉場飛行。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）至少3小時單發飛機儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （4）3小時為單發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （5）10小時單發飛機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為270千米的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為90千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （b）飛機類別多發級別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.127（a）的飛行技能要求，在多發飛機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練（其中可以包括不多於2.5小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （1）3小時多發飛機轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時多發飛機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸，以及一次總飛行距離超過180千米的轉場飛行。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）至少3小時多發飛機儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （4）3小時為多發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （5）10小時多發飛機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為270千米的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為90千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸。 （c）持有直升機、傾轉旋翼機、滑翔機和初級飛機等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算10小時，計入本條（a）款或（b）款要求的飛行經歷時間；持有飛機類別等級的執照持有人，其原飛行經歷可以折算20小時，計入本條（a）款或（b）款要求的飛行經歷時間，其中最多可以包括10小時飛行訓練時間。 第61.131條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）直升機類別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在直升機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括按照本規則61.127（b）的飛行技能要求，在直升機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練（其中可以包括不多於2.5小時的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的飛行訓練時間）和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （1）3小時直升機轉場飛行訓練。 （2）3小時直升機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行，以及一次總飛行距離超過90千米的轉場飛行。不能滿足本要求的，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （3）3小時為直升機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）10小時直升機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為180千米的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為60千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 （b）持有飛機、傾轉旋翼機、自轉旋翼機等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算10小時，計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間。 第61.133條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛艇類別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛艇上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括： （1）按照本規則61.127（c）的飛行技能要求，在飛艇上接受至少25小時的飛行訓練，包括： （i）3小時飛艇轉場飛行訓練，其中一次轉場飛行總距離至少為45千米（25海裏）。 （ii）3小時飛艇夜間飛行訓練，包括5次起飛和5次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。如不滿足本要求，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （2）3小時飛艇儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （3）3小時為飛艇實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）5小時在飛艇上履行機長職責的時間。 （b）持有小型飛艇等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算15小時，計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間。 第61.135條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）傾轉旋翼機類別等級的私用駕駛員執照申請人應當在傾轉旋翼機上有至少40小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中包括： （1）按照本規則61.127（d）的飛行技能要求，在傾轉旋翼機上由授權教員提供的至少20小時飛行訓練和10小時單飛訓練，該訓練至少包括： （i）3小時傾轉旋翼機轉場飛行訓練。 （ii）3小時傾轉旋翼機夜間飛行訓練，包括10次起飛和10次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行，以及一次總飛行距離超過180千米的轉場飛行。如不滿足本要求，局方將在其駕駛員執照上簽注“禁止夜間飛行”。 （2）3小時傾轉旋翼機儀錶飛行訓練，包括僅參考儀錶進行平飛、上升、下降、轉彎、從不正常姿態中改出，以及無線電通信、導航設備的使用和空中交通管製程序。 （3）3小時為傾轉旋翼機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）10小時傾轉旋翼機單飛時間，至少包括： （i）5小時轉場單飛時間； （ii）一次總距離至少為270千米（150海裏）的轉場單飛，在至少兩個著陸點作全停著陸，其中一個航段的起飛和著陸地點之間的直線距離至少為90千米； （iii）在具有飛行管制塔臺的機場作3次起飛和3次全停著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 （b）持有飛機或直升機等級的執照申請人，其原飛行經歷可以折算10小時，計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間。 第61.137條 私用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）私用駕駛員執照持有人可以不以取酬為目的在非經營性運行的相應航空器上擔任機長或者副駕駛。 （b）私用駕駛員執照持有人不得以取酬為目的在經營性運行的航空器上擔任機長或副駕駛，也不得為獲取酬金而在航空器上擔任飛行機組必需成員。 G章 商用駕駛員執照 第61.151條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發商用駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.153條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發商用駕駛員執照： （a）年滿18周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有高中或者高中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的有效I級體檢合格證。 （f）完成了本規則第61.155條要求的相應航空器等級的航空知識訓練，並由提供訓練或評審其自學情況的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的理論考試。 （g）通過了本規則第61.155條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （h）完成了本規則第61.157條要求的相應航空器等級的飛行技能訓練，並由提供訓練的授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人可以參加規定的實踐考試。 （i）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本章中適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （j）通過了本規則第61.157條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 （k）至少持有按本規則頒發的私用駕駛員執照，或滿足本規則第61.91條 或61.93條 要求。 （l）出現本規則第61.173條（c）款（1）（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿3年。 （m）符合本規則對所申請航空器類別和級別等級的相應條款要求。 第61.155條 航空知識要求 申請人應當接受並記錄授權教員提供的地面訓練，完成下列與所申請航空器等級相應的地面訓練科目或自學課程： （a）航空法： 與商用駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；相應的空中交通服務措施和程序。 （b）飛機、飛艇、直升機和傾轉旋翼機類航空器的一般知識： （1）動力裝置、系統和儀錶的工作原理及其功能； （2）有關類別航空器和動力裝置的使用限制；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料； （3）相應的航空器設備和系統的使用及可用性檢查； （4）適合於航空器機體、系統和動力裝置的維修程序； （5）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）； （6）對於飛艇，氣體的物理特性與實際應用。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及重量分佈對航空器操縱、飛行特性和性能的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據的使用與實際運用。 （3）適合於按照目視飛行規則商用運行的飛行前準備和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；高度表撥正程序。 （4）對於飛艇、直升機和傾轉旋翼機，外挂載荷對操縱的影響。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： （1）航空氣象報告、圖表和預報的判讀與使用；飛行前和飛行中氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法。 （2）航空氣象學；有關地區影響航空的氣象要素的氣候學；氣壓系統的移動、鋒面結構和影響起飛、航路和著陸條件的重要天氣現象的起源與特徵。 （3）積冰的原因、識別和影響；通過鋒區的程序；繞過危險天氣。 （f）領航： （1）空中領航，包括航圖、儀錶和導航設備的使用；對相應導航系統的原理和特性的理解；機載設備的操作。 （2）對於飛艇： （i）操縱和導航所必需的航空電子設備和儀錶的使用、限制和可服務性； （ii）起飛、航路、進近和降落階段的飛行所用導航系統的使用、精確度和可靠性，無線電導航設施的識別； （iii）自主式和參照外部導航系統的原理和特性，機載設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理。 （2）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼及縮略語》的使用。 （3）高度表撥正程序。 （4）相關的預防和應急程序。 （5）載運貨物時的操作程序；與危險物品有關的潛在危險。 （6）旅客安全簡介的要求和做法，包括上、下航空器時應遵守的預防措施。 （7）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機（如適用），帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （h）飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 適用於目視飛行規則運行的通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的措施。 第61.157條 飛行技能要求 申請人應當至少在下列操作上接受並記錄了授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器等級的地面和飛行訓練： （a）對於飛機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡計算、起飛前檢查和飛機勤務工作； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，防撞措施和程序； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱飛機； （5）臨界小速度飛行，判斷並改出從帶油門和不帶油門進入的臨界失速和失速； （6）臨界大速度飛行，識別並改出急盤旋下降；螺旋進入、保持和改出，大坡度盤旋、急盤旋下降、急上升轉彎和懶8字； （7）正常及側風起飛和著陸； （8）最大性能（短跑道和越障）起飛，短跑道著陸； （9）僅參考儀錶作機動飛行並從不正常姿態中改出； （10）多發級別或型別等級的不對稱動力飛行（如適用）； （11）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，改航備降程序； （12）應急程序，包括失去功率或設備故障的處理，飛行中失火，以及多發飛機失去部分功率後的程序； （13）多發或水上飛機的操作（如適用）； （14）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （b）對於直升機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡計算、起飛前檢查和直升機勤務工作； （3）機場和起落航線的運行，防撞措施和程序； （4）參照外部目視參考操縱直升機； （5）在渦環的初始階段改出，在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術； （6）地面機動，空中飛移，懸停，正常、有風及傾斜地面的起飛和著陸，大下滑角進近； （7）以所需最小動力起飛和著陸，最大性能起飛和著陸，受限制區域內的運行，快速減速； （8）無地面效應的懸停，外挂載荷運行（如適用），高高度飛行； （9）僅參考儀錶作機動飛行並從不正常狀態中改出； （10）使用地標領航、推測領航和無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，改航備降程序； （11）模擬的應急程序，包括發動機、部件或系統故障，在多發直升機上以一台發動機失去功率進近到懸停或著陸，或在單發直升機上自轉下降到著陸； （12）多發直升機的操作（如適用）； （13）按照空中交通管製程序、無線電通信程序和用語飛往管制機場著陸、飛越管制機場和從管制機場起飛。 （c）對於飛艇類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、飛艇的檢查和勤務； （3）參照地面的機動飛行； （4）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序； （5）起飛技術和程序，包括相應的限制、應急程序和使用的信號； （6）參照外部目視參考操縱飛艇； （7）起飛、降落和復飛； （8）最大性能（越障）起飛； （9）僅參照儀錶的飛行，包括完成180度水平轉彎； （10）使用目視參考、推測領航和無線電導航設備進行導航和轉場飛行； （11）應急操作（識別漏氣現象），包括模擬的飛艇設備故障； （12）通信程序和用語。 （d）對於傾轉旋翼機類別等級： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯。 （2）飛行前操作，包括重量和平衡的確定、傾轉旋翼機的檢查和勤務工作。 （3）機場和起落航線的運行、避免相撞的預防措施和程序。 （4）參照外部目視參考操縱傾轉旋翼機。 （5）在渦環的初始階段改出；在發動機轉速正常範圍內從低旋翼轉速改出的技術。 （6）地面機動和試車；懸停、滑跑與上升；正常、無風及傾斜地面的懸停和滑跑進近到著陸；大下滑角進近。 （7）以所需最小動力起飛和著陸；最大性能起飛和著陸技術；受限制區域內的運行；快停。 （8）無地面效應的懸停；機外載荷運行（如適用）；高空飛行。 （9）基本飛行機動和僅參照基本飛行儀錶從不正常姿態中改出。 （10）使用目視參考、推測領航和有條件時使用無線電導航設備作轉場飛行，包括一次至少1小時的飛行。 （11）應急操作，包括模擬的傾轉旋翼機設備故障、動力轉換為自轉和自轉下降（如適用）；傳動裝置和互連式傳動軸故障（如適用）。 （12）按照空中交通服務程序、無線電話通信程序及用語飛往、飛越管制機場或從管制機場起飛。 （13）通信程序和用語。 第61.159條 飛機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛機類別單發級別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少250小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）100小時在飛機上的機長飛行時間，或在經CCAR-141部批准的訓練課程中，70小時在飛機上的機長飛行時間，其中包括至少20小時的機長轉場飛行時間； （2）20小時本規則61.157（a）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時儀錶訓練時間，其中至少5小時應當是在單發飛機上的飛行時間； （ii）10小時訓練是在複雜飛機上實施的，或者對於單發水上飛機等級的申請人，10小時訓練是在有襟翼和可操縱變距螺旋槳的水上飛機上實施的； （iii）1次在單發飛機上至少2小時的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點總直線距離至少180千米； （iv）1次在單發飛機上至少2小時的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點總直線距離至少180千米； （v）3小時為單發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （vi）5小時特技飛行訓練，至少包括螺旋識別、進入和改出，大坡度盤旋、急盤旋下降、急上升轉彎和懶8字； （vii）不超過5小時由授權教員在能代表所申請等級飛機的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上提供訓練的時間。 （3）10小時在單發飛機上按本規則61.157（a）飛行技能要求實施的單飛，至少包括： （i）1次總距離不低於540千米的至少有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中有一個著陸點距初始起飛點直線距離至少150千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸。 （b）飛機類別多發級別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在飛機上有至少250小時作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）100小時在飛機上作為機長的飛行時間，或在經CCAR-141部批准的訓練課程中，70小時在飛機上作為機長的飛行時間，包括至少20小時的機長轉場飛行時間。 （2）20小時本規則61.157（a）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時儀錶訓練時間，其中至少5小時應當是在多發飛機上的飛行時間； （ii）10小時訓練是在多發複雜飛機上實施的，或者對於多發水上飛機等級的申請人，10小時訓練是在有襟翼和可操縱變距螺旋槳的水上多發飛機上實施的； （iii）1次在多發飛機上至少2小時的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （iv）1次在多發飛機上至少2小時的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （v）3小時為多發飛機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （vi）對於沒有單發等級的，5小時特技飛行訓練，至少包括螺旋識別、進入和改出，大坡度盤旋、急盤旋下降、急上升轉彎和懶8字； （vii）不超過5小時由授權教員在能代表所申請等級飛機的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上提供訓練的時間。 （3）10小時在多發飛機上按本規則61.157（a）飛行技能要求實施的單飛或履行機長職責的飛行，其中至少包括： （i）1次總距離不低於540千米的至少有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中有一個著陸點距初始起飛點直線距離至少150千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸。 （c）持有直升機或傾轉旋翼機等級的執照申請人，可以將其在直升機或傾轉旋翼機上的飛行經歷計入本條（a）或（b）款要求的飛行經歷時間，但最多不超過50小時。 第61.161條 直升機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）直升機類別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在直升機上有至少150小時作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）35小時在直升機上的機長時間，其中包括至少10小時的轉場飛行。 （2）20小時本規則61.157（b）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時在直升機上的儀錶訓練，其中在模擬機或訓練器上的時間不得超過5小時； （ii）1次在直升機上至少2小時的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少90千米； （iii）1次在直升機上至少2小時的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少90千米； （iv）3小時為直升機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （3）10小時在直升機上按本規則61.157（b）飛行技能要求實施的單飛，至少包括： （i）1次有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中一個航段的直線距離至少為90千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 （b）持有傾轉旋翼機等級的執照申請人，可以將其在傾轉旋翼機上的飛行經歷計入本條（a）款要求的飛行經歷時間，但最多不超過30小時。 第61.165條 飛艇類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 飛艇類別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在航空器上有至少200小時作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中包括： （a）50小時在飛艇上作為駕駛員的飛行時間。 （b）30小時在飛艇上擔任機長或監視下履行機長職責，其中至少包括： （1）10小時在飛艇上的轉場飛行； （2）10小時在飛艇上的夜間飛行。 （c）40小時儀錶時間，其中至少20小時應當是空中飛行時間，包括10小時在飛艇上的飛行時間。 （d）20小時在飛艇上按本規則61.157（c）飛行技能要求實施的飛行訓練，其中至少包括： （1）3小時在飛艇上為實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成； （2）1次至少1小時在飛艇上實施的晝間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點的直線距離至少45千米； （3）1次至少1小時在飛艇上實施的夜間轉場飛行，距初始起飛點的直線距離至少45千米。 第61.166條 傾轉旋翼機類別駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）傾轉旋翼機類別等級的商用駕駛員執照申請人應當在傾轉旋翼機上有至少250小時的駕駛員飛行經歷時間。作為駕駛員的飛行經歷時間中包括： （1）如果把在飛機或直升機上的飛行經歷時間計入，則最多不超過50小時。 （2）不少於100小時機長飛行時間，其中至少包括： （i）50小時在傾轉旋翼機上的時間； （ii）50小時轉場飛行時間，其中至少10小時應當是在傾轉旋翼機上。 （3）不少於20小時本規則61.157（d）所要求飛行技能的訓練，至少包括： （i）10小時儀錶訓練時間，其中至少5小時應當是在傾轉旋翼機上的飛行時間； （ii）1次在傾轉旋翼機上至少2小時的晝間目視飛行規則轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （iii）1次在傾轉旋翼機上至少2小時的夜間目視飛行規則轉場飛行，距初始起飛點直線距離至少180千米； （iv）3小時為傾轉旋翼機實踐考試做準備的飛行訓練，該訓練應當在考試日期前60天內完成。 （4）不少於10小時在傾轉旋翼機上按本規則61.157（d）飛行技能要求實施的單飛，至少包括： （i）1次總距離不低於540千米的至少有兩個不同著陸點的轉場飛行，其中一個航段的直線距離至少為150千米； （ii）5小時在有飛行管制塔臺的機場實施的夜間目視飛行規則飛行，包括10次起飛和10次著陸，每次著陸應當包含一次起落航線飛行。 第61.171條 夜間飛行限制 （a）對於不滿足本章夜間飛行訓練要求的申請人可為其頒發帶有“禁止夜間飛行”限制的駕駛員執照。 （b）帶有“禁止夜間飛行”限制的駕駛員執照持有人，不得在從事公共航空運輸的航空器上擔任駕駛員。 （c）當上述執照持有人完成了本規則所要求的相應的夜間飛行訓練，並向考試員出示授權教員簽注的飛行經歷記錄或訓練記錄，證明其完成了要求的夜間飛行訓練並經考試員考試合格時，局方可撤銷簽注在該執照上的“禁止夜間飛行”限制。 第61.173條 商用駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）商用駕駛員執照持有人具有下列權利： （1）行使相應的私用駕駛員執照持有人的所有權利； （2）在以取酬為目的經營性運行的航空器上擔任機長或副駕駛，但不得在相應運行規章要求機長應當具有航線運輸駕駛員執照的運行中擔任機長； （3）為獲取酬金而擔任機長或副駕駛。 （b）限制： 帶有飛機類別等級的商用駕駛員執照持有人如未持有同一類別和級別的儀錶等級，局方將在其執照上簽注“禁止在飛機轉場飛行中為獲取酬金而載運旅客”。當該執照持有人滿足了本規則第61.83條 與其商用駕駛員執照為同一類別和級別的儀錶等級要求時，局方可以撤銷這一限制。 （c）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的商用駕駛員執照權利： （1）執照持有人由於故意行為，致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的： （i）造成死亡1人以上，或者重傷3人以上的； （ii）造成公共財産直接經濟損失30萬元以上，或者直接經濟損失不滿30萬元，但間接經濟損失150萬元以上的； （iii）嚴重損害國家聲譽，或者造成惡劣社會影響的； （iv）其他致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的情形。 （2）執照持有人在事故和事故徵候調查期間，故意隱瞞事實、偽造證據或銷毀證據的； （3）被追究刑事責任的。 H章 飛機類別多人制機組駕駛員執照 第61.174條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發飛機類別多人制機組駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.175條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發多人制機組駕駛員執照： （a）年滿18周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有大學本科或大學本科以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的有效Ⅰ級體檢合格證。 （f）持有按本規則頒發的私用駕駛員執照。 （g）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本規則第61.178條要求的飛行經歷要求。 （h）通過ICAO英語無線電通信3級或3級以上等級考試。 （i）達到本規則第61.176條對航空理論知識的要求，並通過了本規則第61.83條、第61.155條和第61.185條 關於儀錶等級、商用駕駛員執照和航線運輸駕駛員執照所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （j）出現本規則第61.179（f）款（1）（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿3年。 （k）通過了本規則第61.177條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 第61.176條 航空知識要求 多人制機組駕駛員執照申請人，應當掌握下列適用於所申請多人制機組駕駛員的航空知識，完成相應的地面訓練和理論考試： （a）航空法： 與多人制機組駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；相應的空中交通服務的措施和程序。 （b）飛機的一般知識： （1）電氣、液壓、增壓和其他飛機系統的一般特性和限制，包括自動駕駛儀和增穩的飛行操縱系統。 （2）飛機動力裝置的工作原理、操作程序和使用限制；大氣條件對發動機性能的影響；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中有關的操作資料。 （3）飛機的使用程序和限制；根據飛行手冊中有關的操作資料，大氣條件對飛機性能的影響。 （4）飛機的設備和系統的使用及可用性檢查。 （5）飛行儀錶；羅盤、轉彎和增速誤差；陀螺儀錶，其使用限制和進動效應；各種飛行儀錶和電子顯示裝置發生故障時採取的措施和程序。 （6）飛機機體、系統和動力裝置的維修程序。 （c）飛機性能和計劃： （1）裝載及質量分佈對飛機操縱、飛行特性和性能的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸及其他性能數據（包括巡航控製程序）的使用和實際應用。 （3）飛行前和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；高度表撥正程序。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括機組資源管理以及威脅和差錯管理原則。 （e）氣象學： （1）航空氣象報告、圖表和預報的判讀和應用；代碼和簡字；飛行前和飛行中氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法。 （2）航空氣象學；有關地區影響航空的氣象要素的氣候學；氣壓系統的移動；鋒面的結構和影響起飛、航路和著陸條件的重要天氣現象的起源及特徵。 （3）發動機和飛機機體結冰的原因、識別及影響；穿越鋒區的程序；危險天氣的避讓。 （4）實用的高空氣象學，包括天氣報告、圖表和預報的判讀及使用；高空急流。 （f）領航： （1）空中領航，包括航圖、無線電導航設備和區域導航系統的使用，遠程飛行的特殊導航要求； （2）航空器操縱和導航所必需的航空電子設備和儀錶的使用、限制及可用性； （3）離場、航路、進近和著陸各飛行階段所用的導航系統的使用、精確度及可靠性；無線電導航設備的識別； （4）自主式和參照外部基準的導航系統的原理及特性；機載設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （2）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼和縮略語》的判讀及使用。 （3）預防和應急程序；安全措施。 （4）載運貨物和危險品的操作程序。 （5）對旅客安全簡介的要求和做法，包括在上、下飛機時應遵守的預防措施。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.177條 飛行技能要求 多人制機組駕駛員執照申請人應當表現出其有能力作為操縱飛機駕駛員和非操縱飛機駕駛員，在審定需要最小機組至少為兩名駕駛員操縱的渦輪動力飛機上，能夠作為副駕駛按照目視飛行規則和儀錶飛行規則飛行，並且能夠達到下列要求： （a）威脅和差錯的識別和管理； （b）在各種情況下，在飛機限制範圍內，平穩而準確地人工操縱飛機，以確保圓滿完成程序和機動動作； （c）用與飛行階段相適應的自動模式來操作飛機，並且保持對工作中的自動模式的意識； （d）在飛行的各個階段準確完成正常、非正常和應急程序； （e）與其他飛行機組成員進行有效的溝通，並且表現出有能力切實履行機組失能和機組協調程序，包括機組分工、機組配合、標準操作程序的執行及檢查單的使用。 第61.178條 飛行經歷要求 （a）申請人應當在批准的訓練課程中，完成不少於240小時作為操縱駕駛員和不少於100小時作為非操縱駕駛員的飛行訓練時間，其中包括不少於110小時作為操縱駕駛員的飛機飛行時間，以及作為操縱駕駛員在執照上擬簽注型別等級的渦輪多發飛機上完成20次起飛和著陸。 （b）在飛機上的飛行經歷應當至少包括本規則第61.129條 關於飛機類別的私用駕駛員執照的所有經歷要求；從複雜狀態改出訓練和螺旋識別及改出訓練。 （c）申請人除了滿足本條（b）款的要求之外，還應當在經審定需要最小機組至少為兩名駕駛員操縱的渦輪發動機飛機上，或者在局方所批准的飛行模擬訓練裝置內，獲得高級能力級別所要求的經歷。 第61.179條 多人制機組駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）行使飛機類別的私用駕駛員執照持有人的所有權利。 （b）在多人制機組運行中行使飛機類別儀錶等級的權利。 （c）在其執照簽注型別等級的飛機上行使副駕駛權利。 （d）在單駕駛員運行的飛機中行使商用駕駛員執照權利之前，執照持有人應當符合本章規定的與飛機類別相應的商用駕駛員執照飛行經歷和飛行技能要求，並取得按照本規則頒發的商用駕駛員執照。 （e）在單人操縱的航空器上，行使儀錶等級權利應當完成附加訓練。 （f）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的多人制機組駕駛員執照權利： （1）執照持有人由於故意行為，致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的： （i）造成死亡1人以上，或者重傷3人以上的； （ii）造成公共財産直接經濟損失30萬元以上，或者直接經濟損失不滿30萬元，但間接經濟損失150萬元以上的； （iii）嚴重損害國家聲譽，或者造成惡劣社會影響的； （iv）其他致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的情形。 （2）執照持有人在事故和事故徵候調查期間，故意隱瞞事實、偽造證據或銷毀證據的。 （3）被追究刑事責任的。 I章 航線運輸駕駛員執照 第61.181條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權限和應當遵守的一般運行規則。 第61.183條 資格要求 符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照： （a）年滿21周歲。 （b）無犯罪記錄。 （c）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響雙向無線電通話的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （d）具有高中或高中以上文化程度。 （e）持有局方頒發的有效I級體檢合格證。 （f）持有按本規則頒發的商用駕駛員執照和儀錶等級或持有按本規則頒發的多人制機組駕駛員執照。 （g）在申請實踐考試之前，滿足本章中適用於所申請航空器等級的飛行經歷要求。 （h）通過了本規則第61.185條所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （i）通過了本規則第61.187條所要求飛行技能的實踐考試。 （j）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（1）情形的，不得申請按照本規則頒發的航線運輸駕駛員執照。 （k）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿10年。 （l）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（3）情形的，安全飛行已滿兩年。 （m）符合本規則適用於所申請航空器類別和級別等級的相應條款的要求。 第61.185條 航空知識要求 除在航線運輸駕駛員執照上僅增加型別等級的申請人不必參加理論考試外，航線運輸駕駛員執照的申請人，應當掌握下列適用於所申請航空器類別和級別等級的航空知識，完成相應的地面訓練和理論考試： （a）航空法： 與航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人有關的規章條例；飛行規則；相應的空中交通服務措施和程序。 （b）飛機、直升機和傾轉旋翼機類航空器的一般知識： （1）電氣、液壓、增壓和航空器其他系統的一般特性和限制，包括自動駕駛儀和增穩飛行操縱系統。 （2）航空器動力裝置的工作原理、操作程序和使用限制；大氣條件對發動機性能的影響；飛行手冊或其他相應文件中的有關操作資料。 （3）有關類別航空器的使用程序和限制；根據飛行手冊中的有關操作資料，大氣條件對航空器性能的影響。 （4）相應的航空器設備和系統的使用及可用性檢查。 （5）飛行儀錶；羅盤、轉彎和增速誤差；陀螺儀錶，其使用限制和進動效應；各種飛行儀錶和電子顯示裝置發生故障時採取的措施和程序。 （6）適合於航空器機體、系統和動力裝置的維修程序。 （7）對於直升機和傾轉旋翼機，傳動裝置（傳動齒輪係）（如適用）。 （c）飛行性能、計劃和裝載： （1）裝載及質量分佈對航空器操縱、飛行特性和性能的影響；重量和平衡計算。 （2）起飛、著陸和其他性能數據（包括巡航控製程序）的使用和實際運用。 （3）飛行前和航路飛行計劃；空中交通服務飛行計劃的準備和申報；相應的空中交通服務程序；高度表撥正程序。 （4）對於直升機或傾轉旋翼機，外挂載荷對操縱的影響。 （d）人的行為能力： 人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （e）氣象學： （1）航空氣象報告、圖表和預報的判讀與使用；代碼和簡字；飛行前和飛行中氣象資料的使用和獲得氣象資料的程序；測高法。 （2）航空氣象學；有關地區影響航空的氣象要素的氣候學；氣壓系統的移動；鋒面結構和影響起飛、航路和著陸條件的重要天氣現象的起源及特徵。 （3）結冰的原因、識別和影響；通過鋒區的程序；危險天氣的避讓。 （4）對於飛機和傾轉旋翼機，實用的高空氣象學，包括天氣報告、圖表和預報的判讀與使用；高空急流。 （f）領航： （1）空中領航，包括航圖、無線電導航設備和區域導航系統的使用；遠程飛行的特殊導航要求。 （2）航空器操縱和導航所必需的航空電子設備和儀錶的使用、限制和可用性。 （3）離場、航路、進近和著陸各飛行階段所用的導航系統的使用、精確度和可靠性；無線電導航設備的識別。 （4）自主式和參照外部基準的導航系統的原理和特性；機載設備的操作。 （g）操作程序： （1）在操作表現方面運用威脅和差錯管理的原則。 （2）航空文件，如《航行資料彙編》、《航行通告》、《航空代碼和縮略語》的理解與使用。 （3）預防和應急程序；安全措施。 （4）載運貨物和危險品的操作程序。 （5）旅客安全簡介的要求和做法，包括在上、下航空器時應遵守的預防措施。 （6）對於直升機和（如適用）傾轉旋翼機，帶油門的緩慢垂直下降；地面共振；後行槳葉失速；動力側滾翻轉和其他操作危險；與目視氣象條件飛行相關的安全程序。 （h）飛行原理： 飛行原理。 （i）無線電通話： 通信程序和用語；如遇通信故障應採取的行動。 第61.187條 飛行技能要求 （a）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人應當針對下列航空器等級之一進行實踐考試： （1）飛機類別和單發級別等級； （2）飛機類別和多發級別等級； （3）直升機類別等級； （4）傾轉旋翼機類別等級； （5）包含在（1）至（4）所列類別和級別等級中的一個航空器型別等級。 （b）在航線運輸駕駛員執照的實踐考試中，申請人應當在相應航空器上演示完成下列動作與程序的能力： （1）飛行前程序，包括運行飛行計劃的準備和空中交通管制飛行計劃的申報； （2）所有飛行階段的正常飛行程序和動作； （3）在正常、不正常、緊急情況下（包括模擬發動機故障）按儀錶飛行規則運行的程序和動作，至少包括起飛時轉入儀錶飛行，標準儀錶離場和進場，航路儀錶飛行規則程序和導航，等待程序，儀錶進近至規定的最低標準，中斷進近程序，儀錶進近著陸； （4）與動力裝置、飛機各系統等設備故障有關的不正常、應急程序與動作； （5）機組失能和機組配合程序，包括機組成員職責分工、機組配合及檢查單的使用。 申請人演示上述能力時，其勝任程度與授予航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人的權利相適應，並且能夠： （1）識別並且管理威脅和差錯； （2）在各種情況下，在航空器限制範圍內平穩而準確地手動操縱航空器，以確保圓滿地完成各項程序或動作； （3）用與飛行階段相適應的自動化模式來操作航空器，並且保持對工作中的自動化模式的意識； （4）在飛行的各個階段能準確地完成正常、不正常和應急程序； （5）運用良好的判斷力和飛行技術，包括有條 理的決策和對事態保持警覺； （6）與其他飛行機組成員進行有效溝通，並演示有能力切實完成機組失能和機組配合程序，包括駕駛員任務的分配、機組配合、標準運行程序（SOPs）的執行及檢查單的使用。 （c）除本條（d）規定外，在航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加航空器型別等級的申請人，應當符合下列規定： （1）接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的針對所申請航空器型別等級的地面和飛行訓練。 （2）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其已完成所申請航空器型別等級的訓練。 （3）應當在真實或者模擬儀錶條件下實施實踐考試。但是如果該航空器型號合格審定為不能在儀錶飛行規則下運行，因此實踐考試沒有在儀錶條件下進行，則該申請人只能獲得帶有“僅限于VFR”限制的型別等級。 （d）參加CCAR-121和CCAR-135運行的駕駛員，申請在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上增加航空器型別等級或者申請帶有型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照時，無需滿足本條（c）（1）和（c）（2）的要求，但是應當由CCAR-121和CCAR-135合格證持有人在其訓練記錄上簽字，證明其完成了合格證持有人經批准的訓練大綱中相應航空器型別的機長訓練。 （e）通過航線運輸駕駛員執照實踐考試並獲得該執照的申請人，可以將其原駕駛員執照上與實踐考試所用航空器同一類別和級別的任何型別等級包含在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上，並具有航線運輸駕駛員執照的權利和限制。但是，如果原駕駛員執照上的型別等級具有“僅限于VFR”的限制，則該限制應當帶入航線運輸駕駛員執照中。原駕駛員執照上其他類別、級別和型別等級可帶入航線運輸駕駛員執照中，但應當註明僅具有原執照權限。 （f）飛機飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器可以用於完成飛機類別、級別和型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的訓練和實踐考試，但是所用飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當能夠代表相應型別或級別的飛機，並且是在經局方批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （1）滿足下列條件之一的申請人，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替飛機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪噴氣飛機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加同一級別的另一個型別等級； （ii）持有渦輪螺旋槳飛機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加同一級別的另一個型別等級； （iii）具有至少2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在與所申請型別等級相同級別的渦輪動力飛機上獲得的； （iv）具有至少500小時飛行經歷時間而且是在與所申請等級飛機同一型別的飛機上獲得的； （v）具有至少1,000小時飛行經歷時間而且是在至少兩個不同型別的飛機上獲得的。 （2）不滿足本條（f）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在飛機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 （g）直升機飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器可以用於完成直升機級別和型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的訓練和實踐考試，但是所用飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當能夠代表相應型別的直升機，並且是在經局方批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （1）符合下列條件之一的申請人，在申請渦輪動力直升機的型別等級時，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替直升機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有渦輪動力直升機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加另一個型別等級； （ii）具有至少2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在渦輪動力直升機上獲得的； （iii）具有至少500小時飛行經歷時間而且是在同一型別的直升機上獲得的； （iv）具有至少1,000小時飛行經歷時間而且是在至少兩個不同型別的渦輪動力直升機上獲得的。 （2）不滿足本條（g）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在直升機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 （h）傾轉旋翼機飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器可以用於完成傾轉旋翼機級別和型別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的訓練和實踐考試，但是所用飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當能夠代表相應型別的傾轉旋翼機，並且是在經局方批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （1）符合下列條件之一的申請人，在申請傾轉旋翼機的型別等級時，可以使用C級或者D級飛行模擬機代替傾轉旋翼機完成除飛行前檢查外的所有訓練和考試： （i）持有傾轉旋翼機一個型別等級的申請人，申請增加另一個型別等級； （ii）具有至少2,000小時飛行經歷時間，其中500小時是在傾轉旋翼機上獲得的； （iii）具有至少500小時飛行經歷時間而且是在同一型別的傾轉旋翼機上獲得的； （iv）具有至少1,000小時飛行經歷時間而且是在至少兩個不同型別的傾轉旋翼機上獲得的。 （2）不滿足本條（h）（1）要求的申請人申請增加等級時，可以使用飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器進行訓練和考試。但是，下列動作和程序應當在傾轉旋翼機上完成： （i）飛行前檢查； （ii）正常起飛； （iii）正常儀錶著陸系統（ILS）進近； （iv）中斷進近； （v）正常著陸。 第61.189條 飛機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）飛機類別和級別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的申請人應當具有至少1,500小時的作為飛機駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）500小時轉場飛行時間。 （2）100小時夜間飛行時間。 （3）75小時實際或者模擬的儀錶時間，其中至少50小時是在實際飛行中的儀錶飛行時間。 （4）250小時擔任機長或監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間，其中擔任機長的飛行時間至少70小時；或500小時監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間。該飛行時間至少包括： （i）100小時轉場飛行時間； （ii）25小時夜間飛行時間。 （b）上述飛行經歷要求可以包括不超過100小時在飛機飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的訓練時間，其中飛行訓練器上的訓練時間最多為25小時，這些飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當是在經批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （c）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人可以將其在飛機、直升機或者傾轉旋翼機飛行手冊要求配備副駕駛的航空器上擔任副駕駛的飛行經歷時間計入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中，局方可以在其滿足本條（a）所有條件後為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照。在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，僅可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中。 （d）滿足本章頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照的其他所有要求，但不符合本條（a）（4）中擔任機長至少70小時的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照，但應當在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注“持照人不滿足ICAO機長航空經歷要求”。其機長飛行經歷時間達到70小時後，局方將取消該簽注。 第61.191條 直升機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）直升機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人，應當具有至少1,000小時作為直升機駕駛員的飛行經歷時間，其中至少包括： （1）200小時轉場飛行時間，其中100小時是作為機長或在監視之下履行機長職責的飛行時間； （2）50小時夜間飛行時間； （3）30小時在實際或者模擬儀錶條件下的儀錶飛行時間，其中至少20小時在空中完成； （4）250小時擔任機長或者監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間，其中至少70小時是擔任機長的飛行時間。 （b）上述飛行經歷要求可以包括不超過100小時在直升機飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的訓練時間，其中飛行訓練器上的訓練時間最多為25小時，這些飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當是在經批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （c）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人可以將其在飛機、直升機或者傾轉旋翼機飛行手冊要求配備副駕駛的航空器上擔任副駕駛的飛行經歷時間計入本條（a）所要求的1,000小時飛行經歷時間中，局方可以在其滿足本條（a）所有條件後為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照。在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，僅可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入本條（a）所要求的1,000小時飛行經歷時間中。 （d）滿足本章頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照的其他所有要求，但不符合本條（a）（4）中擔任機長至少70小時的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照，但應當在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注“持照人不滿足ICAO機長航空經歷要求”。其機長飛行經歷時間達到70小時後，局方將取消該簽注。 第61.193條 傾轉旋翼機駕駛員的飛行經歷要求 （a）傾轉旋翼機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照的申請人應當具有至少1,500小時駕駛員飛行經歷時間，其中在傾轉旋翼機上的駕駛員飛行經歷時間至少包括： （1）100小時轉場飛行時間。 （2）100小時夜間飛行時間。 （3）75小時實際或者模擬的儀錶時間，其中至少50小時是在實際飛行中的儀錶飛行時間。 （4）250小時擔任機長或監視下履行機長職責的飛行時間，其中擔任機長的飛行時間至少70小時。該飛行時間至少包括： （i）50小時轉場飛行時間； （ii）25小時夜間飛行時間。 （b）上述飛行經歷要求可以包括不超過100小時在傾轉旋翼機飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器上的訓練時間，其中飛行訓練器上的訓練時間最多為25小時，這些飛行模擬機和飛行訓練器應當是在經批准的訓練課程中使用的。 （c）航線運輸駕駛員執照申請人可以將其在飛機、直升機或者傾轉旋翼機飛行手冊要求配備副駕駛的航空器上擔任副駕駛的飛行經歷時間計入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中，局方可以在其滿足本條（a）所有條件後為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照。在型號合格審定為只有一名駕駛員操縱，但有規章要求配備一名副駕駛操作的航空器上擔任副駕駛時，僅可將其不超過50%的副駕駛飛行時間記入本條（a）所要求的1,500小時飛行經歷時間中。 （d）滿足本章頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照的其他所有要求，但不符合本條（a）（4）中擔任機長至少70小時的申請人，局方可以為其頒發航線運輸駕駛員執照，但應當在其航線運輸駕駛員執照上簽注“持照人不滿足ICAO機長航空經歷要求”。其機長飛行經歷時間達到70小時後，局方將取消該簽注。 第61.195條 增加類別和級別的要求 （a）飛機類別等級和傾轉旋翼機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加直升機類別等級（具有航線運輸駕駛員權限），應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條資格要求； （2）通過了本規則第61.185條要求的航空知識理論考試； （3）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （4）滿足本規則第61.191條適用的飛行經歷要求； （5）通過了本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 （b）直升機類別等級和傾轉旋翼機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加飛機類別和單發或多發級別等級（具有航線運輸駕駛員權限），應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條資格要求； （2）通過了本規則第61.185條要求的航空知識理論考試； （3）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （4）滿足本規則第61.189條適用的飛行經歷要求； （5）通過了所申請航空器等級的本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 （c）飛機類別等級和直升機類別等級的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加傾轉旋翼機類別等級（具有航線運輸駕駛員權限），應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條資格要求； （2）通過了本規則第61.185條要求的航空知識理論考試； （3）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （4）滿足本規則第61.189條適用的飛行經歷要求； （5）通過了所申請航空器等級的本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 （d）飛機類別的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人申請增加級別等級，應當符合下列規定： （1）滿足本規則第61.183條中除（h）之外的其他資格要求； （2）滿足本規則61.187（c）要求（如適用）； （3）滿足本章適用的飛行經歷要求； （4）通過了所申請航空器等級的本規則61.187（b）要求的實踐考試。 第61.197條 航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人的權利和限制 （a）航線運輸駕駛員可以行使相應的私用和商用駕駛員執照以及儀錶等級的權利。 （b）航線運輸駕駛員可以在從事公共航空運輸的航空器上擔任機長和副駕駛。 （c）如果飛機類別的航線運輸駕駛員執照持有人以前僅持有多人制機組駕駛員執照，除非其飛行經歷已滿足本規章中對在單駕駛員運行的飛機中行使商用駕駛員執照權利的所有要求，否則在其執照的多發飛機等級上簽注“僅限于多人制機組運行”。 （d）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的航線運輸駕駛員執照權利以及商用駕駛員執照或多人制機組駕駛員執照權利： （1）執照持有人由於故意行為，致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的： （i）造成死亡1人以上，或者重傷3人以上的； （ii）造成公共財産直接經濟損失30萬元以上，或者直接經濟損失不滿30萬元，但間接經濟損失150萬元以上的； （iii）嚴重損害國家聲譽，或者造成惡劣社會影響的； （iv）其他致使公共財産、國家和人民利益遭受重大損失的情形。 （2）執照持有人在事故和事故徵候調查期間，故意隱瞞事實、偽造證據或銷毀證據的。 （3）被追究刑事責任的。 （e）在下列情形下，執照持有人不再具有按照本規則頒發的航線運輸駕駛員執照權利，並不得在從事公共航空運輸的航空器上擔任機長和副駕駛： （1）執照持有人被認定為特別重大或重大飛行事故責任人； （2）執照持有人被認定為較大飛行事故責任人； （3）執照持有人被認定為一般飛行事故責任人。 J章 飛行教員等級 第61.201條 適用範圍 本章規定了在駕駛員執照上簽注飛行教員等級的條件以及飛行教員等級持有人的權利和限制。 第61.203條 資格要求 （a）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注運動教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有運動駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請運動教員等級的航空器類別等級。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則第61.205條要求的教學原理的訓練。 （6）通過了適用於所申請運動教員等級的本規則61.205（c）所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （7）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請運動教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （8）在相應類別的航空器上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請運動教員等級的實踐考試。 （9）滑翔機教員等級申請人應當滿足下列要求： （i）由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其在對螺旋審定合格的飛機或者滑翔機上接受了有關螺旋的飛行訓練，在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面是合格的，並具有教學能力； （ii）在實踐考試中演示其在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面的教學能力。 （10）在申請實踐考試前應滿足下列經歷要求： （i）對於在初級飛機上行使運動教員權利的申請人，應接受了由授權教員實施的至少10小時儀錶飛行教學，其中最多5小時在經批准的飛行訓練器上完成；飛行經歷時間至少150小時，其中包括不少於20小時在初級飛機或飛機上作為機長的轉場飛行。 （ii）對於在自轉旋翼機上行使運動教員權利的申請人，飛行經歷時間至少150小時，其中包括不少於20小時在自轉旋翼機上作為機長的轉場飛行。 （iii）對於在滑翔機上行使運動教員權利的申請人，滑翔機飛行經歷時間至少25小時，或者在重於空氣的航空器上的飛行經歷時間至少200小時，其中在滑翔機上作為機長至少完成100次起飛著陸。 （iv）對於在自由氣球上行使運動教員權利的申請人，在自由氣球上作為機長至少35小時。 （v）對於在小型飛艇上行使運動教員權利的申請人，飛行經歷時間至少200小時，其中在小型飛艇或飛艇上作為機長至少100小時。 （11）符合本規則適用於所申請運動教員等級的相應條款要求。 （b）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注基礎教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有商用駕駛員執照或者航線運輸駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請教員等級的航空器類別和級別等級；申請人申請飛機類別單發或多發級別等級的教員等級，應當持有相應儀錶等級或者航線運輸駕駛員執照。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則第61.205條要求的教學原理的訓練。 （6）通過了本規則61.205（a）要求的理論考試，但已持有按本規則頒發的教員等級和地面教員執照的申請人和持有高等院校教師資格證書的申請人除外。 （7）通過了適用於所申請基礎教員等級的本規則61.205（d）所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （8）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請基礎教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （9）在下列任一設備上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請基礎教員等級的實踐考試： （i）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別等級的航空器； （ii）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別的在經批准訓練課程中使用的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器。 （10）飛機基礎教員申請人應當滿足下列要求： （i）由授權教員在其飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其在對螺旋審定合格的飛機或者滑翔機上接受了有關螺旋的飛行訓練，在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面是合格的，並具有教學能力； （ii）在實踐考試中演示其在失速識別、螺旋進入、保持和改出程序方面的教學能力。 （11）在申請實踐考試前，在所申請教員等級的航空器類別和級別的航空器上擔任機長至少15小時。 （12）符合本規則適用於所申請基礎教員等級的相應條款要求。 （c）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注儀錶教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有附加儀錶等級的商用駕駛員執照或者航線運輸駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請教員等級的航空器類別等級。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則第61.205條要求的教學原理的訓練。 （6）通過了本規則61.205（a）要求的理論考試，但已持有按本規則頒發的教員等級和地面教員執照的申請人和持有高等院校教師資格證書的申請人除外。 （7）通過了適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的本規則61.205（e）所要求航空知識的理論考試。 （8）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （9）在下列任一設備上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的實踐考試： （i）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別等級的航空器； （ii）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別或型別的在經批准訓練課程中使用的飛行模擬機或飛行訓練器。 （10）在申請實踐考試前，在所申請儀錶教員等級的航空器類別、級別和型別（如適用）的航空器上擔任機長至少15小時。 （11）符合本規則適用於所申請儀錶教員等級的相應條款要求。 （d）符合下列條件的申請人，局方可以在其駕駛員執照上簽注型別教員等級： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。申請人因某種原因不能滿足部分要求的，局方應當在其執照上簽注必要的運行限制。 （4）持有帶有儀錶等級的商用駕駛員執照或者航線運輸駕駛員執照，並帶有相應于所申請教員等級的航空器類別、級別等級和型別等級。 （5）由授權教員在申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成本規則61.205（a）要求的教學原理和61.205（b）要求的機型理論知識及模擬機面板使用知識（如適用）的訓練。 （6）由授權教員在申請人飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明其完成了適用於所申請型別教員等級的本規則第61.207條要求的飛行教學能力訓練，並有能力通過實踐考試。 （7）在下列任一設備上通過了本規則第61.207條要求的適用於所申請型別教員等級的實踐考試： （i）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別和型別等級的航空器； （ii）能代表所申請航空器類別、級別和型別的在經批准訓練課程中使用的飛行模擬機。 （8）型別教員等級申請人在申請實踐考試前應滿足下列經歷要求： （i）對於初次申請飛機類別的型別教員等級申請人，擔任飛機機長的飛行經歷時間至少500小時，其中在所申請型別的飛機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時；對於申請增加型別教員等級的申請人，在所申請型別的飛機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時。 （ii）對於初次申請直升機類別的型別教員等級申請人，擔任直升機機長的飛行經歷時間至少300小時，其中在所申請型別的直升機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時；對於申請增加型別教員等級的申請人，在所申請型別的直升機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時。 （iii）對於初次申請傾轉旋翼機類別的型別教員等級申請人，擔任飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機機長的飛行經歷時間至少500小時，其中在所申請型別的傾轉旋翼機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時；對於申請增加型別教員等級的申請人，在所申請型別的傾轉旋翼機上擔任機長的飛行經歷時間至少100小時。 （iv）經局方批准，對於擔任型別等級教員超過500小時的申請人，在申請新型號機型的型別教員時，上述標準可適當降低。 （9）符合本規則適用於所申請型別教員等級的相應條款要求。 第61.204條 其他要求 申請飛行教員等級，還應滿足下列條件： （a）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（1）情形的，不得申請按照本規則頒發的飛行教員等級； （b）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（2）情形的，安全飛行已滿10年； （c）出現本規則第61.197條（e）款（3）情形的，安全飛行已滿兩年。 第61.205條 知識要求 教員等級申請人應當接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的下列地面訓練： （a）至少40小時教學原理訓練： （1）教學技巧； （2）學習過程； （3）對地面教學科目中學員表現的評定； （4）有效教學的基本要素； （5）對學員的評價、提問和考試； （6）課程研製開發； （7）制定授課計劃； （8）課堂教學技巧； （9）訓練設備的使用，包括酌情使用飛行模擬訓練裝置； （10）分析、糾正學員錯誤； （11）與飛行教員有關的人的行為能力，包括威脅和差錯管理的原則； （12）模擬航空器系統失效和故障所産生的危險。 （b）對於型別教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的至少8小時機型理論知識的地面訓練，如果申請人擬在模擬機上行使教員權利，則還應當接受並記錄了由授權教員提供的4小時模擬機面板使用知識的地面訓練。 （c）對於運動教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了相應航空器類別的運動駕駛員執照要求的航空知識。 （d）對於基礎教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了相應航空器類別的私用、商用駕駛員執照要求的航空知識。 （e）對於儀錶教員申請人，還應當接受並記錄了相應航空器類別的儀錶等級要求的航空知識。 第61.207條 飛行教學能力 （a）教員等級的申請人應當在本條所列科目上，接受了由本條（b）中授權教員提供的適合於所申請教員等級的飛行訓練。另外，其飛行經歷記錄本應當有提供訓練的授權教員簽字，證明申請人有能力通過包括下列內容的實踐考試： （1）針對基礎、經驗和能力水平各不相同的學員，準備和實施授課計劃； （2）評價學員的飛行完成情況； （3）飛行前指導和飛行後講評； （4）飛行教員責任和出具簽字證明的程序； （5）正確分析和糾正學員的常見飛行偏差； （6）完成並分析與所申請教員等級相應的標準飛行訓練程序與動作。 （b）教員等級申請人接受授權教員飛行訓練的時間應滿足下列要求： （1）運動教員： （i）對於初級飛機、自轉旋翼機和小型飛艇類別，在相應類別航空器上15小時； （ii）對於滑翔機類別，在滑翔機上10小時，且應包括10次飛行； （iii）對於自由氣球類別，在自由氣球上3小時，包括3次起飛教學。 （2）基礎教員： （i）對於飛機和直升機類別，在相應類別和級別航空器上30小時； （ii）對於飛艇和傾轉旋翼機類別，在相應類別航空器上20小時。 （3）儀錶教員： 在相應類別航空器上15小時。 （4）型別教員： 在相應型別航空器上或在經局方審定批准的能代表相應型別航空器的模擬機上10小時。對於僅在模擬機上接受訓練的教員，應在其型別教員等級中簽注“僅限飛行模擬機”。 （c）為教員等級申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應當符合下列條件： （1）為運動教員申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員： （i）對於初級飛機運動教員，應持有飛機基礎教員等級或初級飛機運動教員等級且至少已完成教學飛行200小時以上； （ii）對於自轉旋翼機運動教員，應持有自轉旋翼機運動教員等級且至少已完成教學飛行200小時以上； （iii）對於滑翔機運動教員，應持有滑翔機運動教員等級且至少已完成80小時或150次滑翔機飛行教學； （iv）對於自由氣球運動教員，應持有自由氣球運動教員等級且至少已完成50小時或50次自由氣球飛行教學； （v）對於小型飛艇飛行教員，應持有飛艇基礎教員等級或小型飛艇運動教員等級且至少已完成200小時飛艇或小型飛艇飛行教學。 （2）為基礎教員申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應持有相應的基礎教員等級且在相應的類別和級別航空器上至少完成200小時飛行教學。 （3）為儀錶教員申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應持有相應類別、級別、型別（如適用）和儀錶教員等級駕駛員執照且至少完成200小時飛行教學。 （4）為型別教員等級申請人提供飛行訓練的授權教員應作為型別教員至少3年且在相應型別航空器上至少完成200小時飛行教學。 第61.209條 飛行教員的教學記錄 （a）飛行教員應當在接受其飛行或地面教學的每個人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，並註明提供教學的內容、課時和日期。 （b）飛行教員應當在飛行教員記錄本或單獨文件中記錄下列內容： （1）由該教員在飛行經歷記錄本或者在學生駕駛員執照上簽字而被授予單飛權利的每個人的姓名。記錄應當包括每次簽字的日期以及所涉及的航空器型號。 （2）由該教員簽字推薦參加理論考試或者實踐考試的每個人的姓名，記錄還應當包括考試的種類、日期和考試結果。 （c）每個飛行教員應當將本條要求的記錄保存至少3年。 第61.211條 增加教員等級的要求 （a）飛行教員申請在其執照上增加其他教員等級應當滿足本規則第61.203條 所列的適合於所申請飛行教員等級的資格要求，但不要求其再次通過本規則61.205（a）要求的關於教學原理的理論考試。 （b）單發飛機基礎教員申請增加多發飛機基礎教員等級，或者多發飛機基礎教員申請增加單發飛機基礎教員等級，不要求再次通過本規則61.205（d）要求的關於航空知識的理論考試。 第61.213條 飛行教員的權利 （a）飛行教員在其所持駕駛員執照種類的限制內，可以分別提供本規則頒發下列執照和等級所要求的地面和飛行訓練： （1）運動教員： （i）運動駕駛員執照； （ii）運動教員等級； （iii）運動航空器類別和級別等級。 （2）基礎教員： （i）私用駕駛員執照； （ii）商用駕駛員執照； （iii）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （iv）地面教員執照； （v）航線運輸駕駛員執照（如適用）； （vi）基礎教員等級； （vii）航空器類別和級別等級。 （3）儀錶教員： （i）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （ii）儀錶教員等級； （iii）儀錶等級。 （4）型別教員： （i）多人制機組駕駛員執照； （ii）航線運輸駕駛員執照（如適用）； （iii）型別教員等級； （iv）儀錶等級； （v）航空器型別等級。 （b）飛機基礎教員可以行使初級飛機運動教員權利；飛艇基礎教員可以行使小型飛艇運動教員權利。 （c）飛行教員在其教員等級的限制內，有下列簽字權利： （1）根據本規則第61.105和61.109條對學生駕駛員的單飛和轉場單飛要求，在接受該教員訓練的學生駕駛員執照上簽字，批准其學生駕駛員單飛或者轉場單飛； （2）根據本規則第61.105和61.109條對學生駕駛員的單飛和轉場單飛要求，在接受該教員訓練的學生駕駛員飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其學生駕駛員單飛或者每次轉場單飛； （3）在按本規則頒發的駕駛員執照申請人或者教員等級申請人的飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，證明該申請人已準備好參加本規則要求的理論考試或者實踐考試。 第61.215條 飛行教員的限制 飛行教員應當遵守下列規定： （a）教學小時數： 在任何連續24小時期間內，實施飛行訓練不得超過8小時。 （b）航空器等級： 除本規則61.213（b）規定外，不得在其駕駛員執照中未獲得的類別、級別、型別等級（如適用）和教員等級的航空器上實施飛行教學。 （c）儀錶等級： 為頒發儀錶等級或不帶VFR限制的型別等級而提供儀錶飛行訓練的飛行教員，在其駕駛員執照上應當具有適合於所提供儀錶訓練的航空器類別和級別等級的儀錶等級和儀錶教員等級。 （d）簽字限制： （1）在滿足下列條件後，飛行教員方可在學生駕駛員執照或飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其單飛： （i）親自對該學生駕駛員提供了本規則授予單飛權利所要求的飛行訓練； （ii）確認該學生駕駛員能夠遵守飛行教員出於安全考慮而在飛行經歷記錄本上作出的任何限制，已經做好準備能夠安全實施單飛。 （2）飛行教員審查了學生駕駛員的飛行準備、計劃、設備和擬用的程序，認為該學員未作好準備，則不得在學生駕駛員執照和飛行經歷記錄本上簽字，批准其轉場飛行。 （e）不涉及型別等級的多發飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機的教學： 在多發飛機、直升機或傾轉旋翼機上提供執照或等級所要求飛行訓練的飛行教員，應當在相應廠家和型號的航空器上擔任機長飛行至少10小時。 （f）禁止自我簽字： 飛行教員不得為獲得本規則要求的執照、等級、實踐考試或者理論考試權利而為自己進行任何簽字。 第61.217條 教員等級的更新 （a）教員等級在其頒發月份之後第36個日曆月結束時期滿。 （b）飛行教員可以在其教員等級期滿前申請更新，但應當符合下列條件之一： （1）通過了以下相應教員等級的實踐考試： （i）運動教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了任何一個運動教員等級的實踐考試，則其所持有的教員等級均視為更新，但其運動執照下相應等級定期檢查不在有效期內的除外； （ii）基礎教員和儀錶教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其基礎教員等級或儀錶教員等級中任何一項的實踐考試，則其基礎教員和儀錶教員的所有等級均視為更新，但其相應等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外； （iii）型別教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其型別教員等級中任何一項的實踐考試，則其所有型別教員等級均視為更新，但其相應型別等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外。 （2）飛行教員在其教員等級期滿前90天內通過相應教員等級的更新檢查： （i）運動教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了任何一個運動教員等級的更新檢查，則其所有教員等級均視為更新，但其運動執照下相應等級定期檢查不在有效期內的除外； （ii）基礎教員和儀錶教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其基礎教員等級或儀錶教員等級中任何一項的更新檢查，則其基礎教員和儀錶教員的所有等級均視為更新，但其相應等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外； （iii）型別教員等級的執照持有人，如果通過了其型別教員等級中任何一項的更新檢查，則其所有型別教員等級均視為更新，但其相應型別等級的熟練檢查不在有效期內的除外。 （3）教員等級更新由考試員在其執照記錄欄中簽注；按本條（b）（1）進行更新的，教員等級有效期自實踐考試之日起計算。 第61.219條 教員等級過期後的重新辦理 （a）飛行教員在其教員等級過期後，應當通過本規則第61.203條要求的實踐考試後，局方可恢復其教員等級。 （b）當飛行教員的駕駛員執照上與教員等級相對應的等級失效時，其教員等級權利自動喪失，除非該駕駛員按本規則恢復其駕駛員執照上所有相應的等級，其中教員等級的恢復需按本章頒發飛行教員等級的規定通過理論考試（如適用）和實踐考試。 K章 地面教員執照 第61.231條 適用範圍 本章規定了頒發地面教員執照與等級的條件以及這些執照與等級持有人的權利和限制。 第61.233條 資格要求 （a）滿足下列條件的申請人，可以獲得地面教員執照： （1）年滿18周歲。 （2）無犯罪記錄。 （3）能正確讀、聽、説、寫漢語，無影響教學的口音和口吃。 （4）具有高中或者高中以上文化程度。 （5）除本條（b）規定外，完成了包含下列內容的至少20小時教學原理培訓，並通過了理論考試： （i）學習過程； （ii）有效教學的基本要素； （iii）對學員的評價、提問和考試； （iv）課程研製開發； （v）制定授課計劃； （vi）課堂教學技巧。 （6）按所申請的等級，通過了下列相應的航空知識理論考試： （i）對於基礎地面教員等級，根據所申請的航空器類別等級，通過了本規則第61.125條相應航空器類別等級所要求的航空知識理論考試； （ii）對於高級地面教員等級，根據所申請的航空器類別等級，通過了本規則第61.125、61.155和61.185條相應航空器類別等級所要求的航空知識理論考試； （iii）對於儀錶地面教員等級，通過了本規則第61.83條要求的儀錶等級理論考試。 （b）下列申請人不需要進行本條（a）（5）規定的理論考試： （1）已經持有按本規則頒發的飛行教員等級或者地面教員執照的人員； （2）局方認可的高等院校教師資格證書持有人。 第61.235條 地面教員的權利 （a）初級地面教員等級的持有人具有下列權利： （1）提供按本規則頒發私用駕駛員執照或者相關航空器等級所要求的航空知識地面訓練； （2）提供私用駕駛員執照定期檢查所要求的地面訓練； （3）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發私用駕駛員執照所要求的理論考試。 （b）高級地面教員等級的持有人具有下列權利： （1）提供按本規則頒發任何執照和相關等級所要求的航空知識地面訓練； （2）提供任何駕駛員執照定期檢查所要求的地面訓練； （3）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發的任何執照所要求的理論考試。 （c）儀錶地面教員等級的持有人具有下列權利： （1）提供按本規則頒發儀錶等級所要求的航空知識地面訓練； （2）簽字推薦申請人參加按本規則頒發儀錶等級所要求的理論考試。 （d）地面教員執照持有人在其執照的等級限制內，有權在接受其訓練或者推薦的每個人的飛行經歷記錄本或者其他訓練記錄上簽字。 第61.237條 近期經歷要求 地面教員執照持有人應當符合下列規定之一，方能履行地面教員的職責： （a）在前12個日曆月內，擔任地面教員至少3個月； （b）在前12個日曆月內，取得了授權地面教員或者飛行教員的簽字，證明其已熟練掌握本規則61.233（a）（5）和（a）（6）規定的科目。 第61.238條 地面教員執照的更新 地面教員執照持有人可以在其教員執照期滿前申請更新，但應當符合下列條件之一： （a）增加了任何新的地面教員等級； （b）地面教員在其教員執照期滿前90天內向局方展示相應的教學記錄。 第61.239條 地面教員執照過期後的重新辦理 地面教員執照過期後，應當通過了本規則61.233（a）（5）、（a）（6）要求的理論考試後，局方可重新頒發地面教員執照。 L章 法律責任 第61.241條 涉及酒精或藥物的違禁行為的處罰 對於違反本規則第61.15條規定的執照持有人，應當責令當事人立即停止擔任飛行機組成員，並給予警告，或暫扣執照1至6個月的處罰；情節嚴重的，應當給予吊銷執照的處罰；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。 第61.243條 拒絕接受酒精、藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果的處罰 對於違反本規則第61.17條規定拒絕、阻礙接受酒精、藥物檢驗或提供檢驗結果的本規則執照持有人，責令該員立體停止當日飛行運行活動，並移送公安機關進行處理。 第61.245條 理論考試中的作弊或其他禁止的行為的處罰 （a）對於違反本規則第61.37條規定的執照或等級申請人，局方對申請人予以警告，申請人自該行為被發現之日起1年內不得申請按照本規則頒發的執照或等級以及考試。 （b）對於違反本規則第61.37條規定的執照或等級持有人，局方對當事人予以警告，同時撤銷相應的執照等級，責令當事人立即停止飛行運行並交回其已取得的相應執照。駕駛員執照等級被撤銷之日起3年內，當事人不得申請按照本規則頒發的執照或等級以及考試。 第61.247條 提供虛假材料的處罰 （a）對於違反本規則第61.63條（1）或（2）款的執照或等級申請人，由民航地區管理局給予警告的處罰，申請人1年內不得再次申請該執照或等級；對於執照或等級持有人，由民航地區管理局給予警告的處罰，撤銷其相應執照或等級，當事人3年內不得再次申請執照或等級。 （b）對於違反本規則第61.63條（3）或（4）款的執照持有人，由民航地區管理局處以警告或者500元以上1000元以下罰款。 第61.249條對其他違章行為的處罰 （a）本規則執照持有人違反本規則第61.9的規定在行使相應權利時未隨身攜帶執照的，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第二百零八條的規定，局方給予警告。 （b）本規則執照申請人或持有人違反本規則第61.9、61.27、61.53、61.59條的規定，無必需的執照或等級進行飛行，或從事所持執照或等級權限以外的飛行，或在身體缺陷不符合體檢要求而進行飛行，或所需的定期、熟練檢查超過有效期進行飛行，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第四十二條和第二百零五條的規定，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以500元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款，情節嚴重的，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以20萬元以下罰款；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。 （c）本規則執照申請人或持有人違反本規則第61.9、61.213、61.215或者61.235條的規定，教員執照或等級持有人進行所持執照或等級權限以外教學的，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第四十二條和第二百零五條的規定，局方責令其立即停止教學活動，處以500元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款，情節嚴重的，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以20萬元以下罰款。教員執照或等級持有人弄虛作假為不合格的人員出具本規則要求的簽字證明的，局方責令其立即停止教學活動，處1000元以下罰款。 （d）本規則執照持有人違反本規則第61.107條、61.120條、61.137條、61.171條、61.173條、61.179條 或61.197條的規定，違規從事私用飛行活動的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以警告或1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款；違規從事私用載人飛行的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款；違規從事商業飛行活動的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以1000元以下罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款；違規從事商業載客飛行活動的，局方責令其立即停止民用航空活動，處以1000元罰款，對其單位處以10萬元以下罰款。本規則執照持有人違反上述規則情節嚴重的，根據《中華人民共和國民用航空法》第四十二條和第二百零五條的規定，對其單位處以20萬元以下罰款。 第61.251條 受到刑事處罰後執照的處理 本規則執照持有人受到刑事處罰期間，不得行使所持執照賦予的權利。 M章 附 則 第61.281條 施行日期和廢止的規章 本規則自2014年9月1日起施行。中國民用航空總局2002年10月21日發佈的《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》（民航總局令第115號）、2004年12月16日發佈的《中國民用航空總局關於修訂〈民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則〉的決定》（民航總局令第137號）、2006年10月30日發佈的《中國民用航空總局關於修訂〈民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則〉、〈大型飛機公共航空運輸承運人運行合格審定規則〉的決定》（民航總局令第173號）和2008年6月3日發佈的《關於印發〈中國民用航空空勤人員有關責任追究暫行規定〉的通知》同時廢止。 第61.283條 執照有效期、原飛行教員執照的換發 （a）按照原CCAR-61部頒發的航空器駕駛員執照和地面教員執照有效期至2020年8月31日。 （b）原飛行教員執照到期換發時局方將頒發帶有教員等級的駕駛員執照，在換發新執照之前，原教員執照繼續有效。 （c）原駕駛員執照或等級不適合本規則要求的，在2015年8月31日前可換發為符合本規則要求的相應執照或等級。在換發新執照之前，原執照和等級權利繼續有效。 附件Ａ：語言能力評定標準 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第一次修訂的説明 《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員合格審定規則》第二次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第三次修訂的説明 關於《民用航空器駕駛員、飛行教員和地面教員審定規則》第四次修訂的説明 （以上附件、修訂説明略，詳情請登錄民航局網站） 相關稿件

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主辦單位：國務院辦公廳 運行維護單位：中國政府網運行中心 網站標識碼bm01000001 京ICP備05070218號 京公網安備11010202000001號 國務院客戶端 國務院客戶端小程序

主辦單位：國務院辦公廳 運行維護單位：中國政府網運行中心 網站標識碼bm01000001 京ICP備05070218號 京公網安備11010202000001號 中國民用航空局令（第224號） 民用航空器駕駛員和地面教員合格審定規則